Page 66 of The Innovators

Smith, E. E. “Doc,” 204, 205, 206

  SNARC, 203

  SNDMSG, 384

  Snow, C. P., 487

  Snow White, 129

  Snyder, Betty, 86, 97–99, 117

  ENIAC’s glitch fixed by, 114

  and public display of ENIAC, 113–16

  social networking, 4, 400

  software, 313–81

  open-source, 261, 370–81

  Software Publishing Industry, 121n

  Sokol, Dan, 341

  solid circuit, 173–74

  solid-state physics, 134, 135–36, 138–41

  Solomon, Les, 306, 308–9

  Somerville, Mary, 14–15, 32

  sonic waves, 95

  Source, 392–93, 395, 400

  source code, 322

  Soviet Union, 247, 278

  space program, 169

  Spacewar, 200, 202, 204, 205–7, 209, 224, 320, 329, 388

  speech-recognition technologies, 472

  Spence, Frances Bilas, see Bilas, Frances

  Spencer, Herbert, 2

  Sperry Rand, 82, 83, 84n, 116

  Sputnik, 169, 171, 228, 436

  SRI, 255–56

  Srinivasan, Srinija, 448

  Stallman, Richard, 349, 370–73, 376, 379–80, 413, 438

  Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL), 269, 281, 285, 286

  Stanford Industrial Park, 199

  Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 415

  Stanford Research Institute, 221, 252, 275

  Stanford Research Park, 156

  steam engine, 33

  stepped reckoner, 20

  Stevenson, Adlai, 116

  Stibitz, George, 49, 50, 52, 58, 64, 75, 80, 104, 119, 133

  store-and-forward switching, 238

  Strachey, Oliver, 77

  Strategic Air Command, 181, 251

  subroutines, 28, 93

  in ENIAC, 75

  of video games, 205–6

  Suess, Randy, 385

  “Summit Ridge Drive,” 150

  Sun Microsystem, 450, 463

  surface states, 141

  Sutherland, Ivan, 208, 231–32, 243, 252, 283

  Swarthmore University, 67–68

  Swimming Across (Grove), 190

  Switchboards, 301

  “Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, A,” 49

  symbolic logic, 17, 26, 49, 54, 58, 123, 344

  Symbolics, 371

  Syzygy, 210

  Tanenbaum, Andrew, 374

  Taylor, Bob, 216, 221, 224, 225, 229–33, 252, 276, 294, 385, 482

  ARPA funding raised by, 235–37

  Internet designed as decentralized by, 250

  Kleinrocker criticized by, 245

  on nuclear weapons myth of Internet origin, 247

  On Distributed Communications read by, 241

  online communities and, 261

  PARC leadership style of, 287

  personality of, 230, 234

  recruited to PARC, 286–87

  Robert’s hiring suggested by, 234

  TCP/IP protocols, 259, 383

  Teal, Gordon, 150

  teamwork, innovation and, 1, 84, 85, 91–92, 108, 110, 246, 260, 479–86

  Tech Model Railroad Club, 202, 203, 204, 207, 224, 288, 370–71, 483

  technotribalism, 267–68

  Teitelbaum, Ruth Lichterman, see Lichterman, Ruth

  Tektronix, 433

  Teledyne, 184–85, 187

  telephones, 240, 241

  television, 218

  Teller, Edward, 102, 112, 113

  Tennis for Two, 215

  Terman, Fred, 136n, 156, 187, 199, 450

  Terman, Lewis, 136–37

  Terrell, Paul, 352

  Tesla, Nikola, 448–49, 461

  Texas Instruments, 149–50, 168, 171, 173–74, 177–78, 179, 482

  military microchips by, 181

  textiles, 33

  Thacker, Chuck, 287, 291, 363

  “That’s All Right,” 152

  Third Wave, The (Toffler), 394

  Thompson, Clive, 427

  Time, 3, 218, 219, 248, 268, 390, 420

  Time Inc., 420, 421–22

  Times (London), 124

  time-sharing, 224–26, 229, 242, 249, 384, 390

  Time Warner, 3

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 265, 378

  Toffler, Alvin, 394

  Tolkien, J. R. R., 257

  Tomlinson, Ray, 384

  Tom Swift Terminal, 303

  Tools for Conviviality (Illich), 302–3

  TOPS-10, 321

  Torborg, Jeff, 445

  Torvalds, Linus, 349, 373–79, 380

  traffic jams, 244

  Traf-O-Data, 326–27, 329, 332, 333

  transistors, 3, 48, 131–69, 174–76, 184, 243, 406, 480, 502–3

  on ballistic missiles, 169

  invention of, 131, 144–45, 150, 227, 414, 485

  licensing fee for, 149–50

  name coined for, 148

  press conference for, 148–49

  price of, 151, 184

  production of, 150

  for radios, 149–52

  Shockley’s taking credit for, 145–49, 177

  Transmission Control Protocol, 259

  Trellix, 431

  Triplanetary (Smith), 204n

  Tri-Pos (Minskytron), 205, 206

  Trips Festival, 269–71, 273, 278, 388

  Truman, Harry, 219, 220, 263n

  “Tube Relay and Techniques of Its Switching, The” (Schreyer), 54

  Tuck, Hugh, 209–10, 215

  Turing, Alan, 34, 40–47, 92, 101, 119

  Bletchley Park code-breaking by, 77–78

  Colossus and, 76

  death of, 129, 500

  on general-purpose computers, 87, 326–27, 406

  homosexuality of, 41, 46, 128–29

  influence of, 82, 84

  spartan existence of, 102–3

  stored-program computer of, 120, 242

  on thinking machines, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485

  Turing, John, 40

  “Turingery,” 78–79

  Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine), 44–46, 47

  Turing’s Cathedral (Dyson), 120

  Turing Test, 124–28, 478

  Watson and, 470

  Turner, Ted, 391

  Twitter, 433, 479–80, 485

  2001: A Space Odyssey, 311, 468, 477

  TX-2, 243

  U-2 planes, 155

  UCLA, 253, 255–56, 259

  Ulam, Stanislaw, 113

  Uniform Resource Locators, 411

  Unisys, 116

  Unitarian Universalist Church, 413–14

  UNIVAC, 109, 116, 238, 274

  UNIX, 372, 374, 375, 381, 389, 414

  untyped lambda calculus, 46

  uranium-235, 103

  USCO, 269

  Usenet, 386, 422

  “Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating, The” (Mauchly), 73

  vacuum tubes, 39, 48, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64–65, 73, 75, 79, 94, 133, 135

  Shockley’s search for replacement for, 137, 141–45

  Vail, Theodore, 132

  Valentine, Don, 214n

  Veblen, Oswald, 73–74, 120

  Venrock Associates, 186

  venture capital, 185–88, 189, 213–14

  video games, 200, 201–15, 393

  artificial intelligence and, 11

  Vietnam War, 248, 278, 295, 299, 329, 397

  Vinge, Vernor, 474

  Virtual Community, The (Rheingold), 425

  VisiCalc, 354, 355–56, 431

  Vitruvian Man, 474

  von Meister, William Ferdinand, 382, 390–94, 396, 397

  von Neumann, John, 42, 46, 64, 77, 92, 101–5, 109, 110, 111–12, 118, 119, 134, 269

  AI work of, 469, 472

  atomic bomb work of, 103–4

  death of, 104n

  Goldstine’s first meeting with, 105–6

  singularity coined by, 474


  on stored memory, 110–11

  stored-program computer work of, 105, 110–11, 120, 478

  von Neumann, Klára, 119, 120

  von Neumann, Nicholas, 102

  Waldrop, Mitchell, 223

  Wales, Ada, 446

  Wales, Jimmy, 379, 435, 436–41, 442–44, 445–46

  Wall Street Journal, 167, 363

  Wang, 356

  War Department, U.S., 68, 73, 115

  Warnock, John, 208

  Washington, George, 481

  Washington Post, 172, 392

  Watson (computer), 470–71, 475, 476–77, 486

  Watson, Dr. John (char.), 477

  Watson, Thomas (Bell’s assistant), 132, 477

  Watson, Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151

  Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477

  Wavy Gravy, 388

  Wayne, Ron, 348

  weather patterns, 95

  weather predictions, 115

  weaving looms, 14, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35

  WebCrawler, 227

  Weiland, Ric, 318–19, 323

  WELL, 302, 388, 389–90, 421, 422, 426

  Wellington, Duke of, 7, 8

  Wells Fargo, 213

  Wescoff, Marlyn, 97–98

  Westinghouse, 155, 181, 265

  WhatsApp, 485

  What the Dormouse Said (Markoff), 267, 281, 341n

  Whitney, John Hay “Jock,” 186

  Whole Earth Catalog (Brand), 265, 271–72, 278, 280, 297, 303, 388, 389, 408

  Whole Earth communalists, 265, 294, 295, 297, 305, 309

  Who Owns the Future? (Lanier), 419

  Wiener, Norbert, 64, 223, 226, 243, 267, 269, 272

  Wiesner, Jerome, 217–18, 219

  WiFi, 387n

  Wigner, Eugene, 140

  Wikipedia, 264, 302, 379, 381, 441–46, 470, 482, 483, 486

  creation of, 439–41

  WikiWikiWeb, 434, 436

  Wilkes, Maurice, 119, 120

  Williams, Evan, 428–33, 435, 479–80

  Williams, Frederic Calland, 119

  Wilson, Woodrow, 132

  Windows, 368–69, 370, 381

  Winer, Dave, 429

  Winograd, Terry, 455–56, 457–58

  Wired, 303n, 420, 425

  Wojcicki, Susan, 464

  Wolfe, Tom, 157, 159, 193, 194, 270, 281

  women:

  as ENIAC programmers, 95–100, 117

  math doctorates received by, 88

  word processing, 2467

  Wordsworth, William, 3

  World Book Encyclopedia, 436–37, 442

  World Health Organization, 388

  World’s Fair (1939), 218

  World War II, 72, 89, 138, 172

  code breaking in, 76–79

  science promoted by, 218–19

  Z3 destroyed in, 54, 81

  World Wide Web, 3, 405–65

  Berner-Lee’s collaborative vision of, 413–14, 418, 433

  initial creation of, 412–13

  placed in public domain, 413, 436

  profits from, 419, 420–21

  World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 420–21

  Wozniak, Steve, 134, 211, 333n, 341n, 344–47, 348, 349, 353, 355, 398, 407, 464, 483–84

  Apple partnership share of, 352

  Breakout work of, 348, 350

  terminal designed by, 350–52

  Xanadu, 410–11, 419

  Xerox, 371

  Xerox Alto, 291, 293

  Xerox PARC, 133, 221, 278, 286–91, 292, 293–94, 308, 363–64, 365, 367, 388, 482

  Ethernet invented at, 256

  Xerox Star, 365

  X Mosaic, 416

  Yahoo!, 447–48, 449, 450, 462, 464–65, 481

  Yang, Jerry, 447–48

  YouTube, 436

  Z1, 52

  Z2, 53

  Z3, 53–54, 80–81

  Znaimer, Sam, 328–29

  Zuckerberg, Mark, 391

  Zuse, Konrad, 52–54, 57, 75, 80–81

  influence of, 82, 85

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  Copyright © 2014 by Walter Isaacson

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  First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition October 2014

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  Excerpts from “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace” from The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster by Richard Brautigan. Copyright © 1968 by Richard Brautigan. Reproduced by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

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  Photo research and editing by Laura Wyss, Wyssphoto, Inc., with the assistance of Elizabeth Seramur, Amy Hikida, and Emily Vinson, and by Jonathan Cox.

  Interior design by Ruth Lee-Mui

  Jacket design by Pete Garceau

  Jacket art (from top to bottom):

  Ada Lovelace by Margaret Carpenter/Hultpn Archive/Getty Images; Steve Jobs by Justin Sullivan /Stringer/Getty Images News; Bill Gates by Theo Wargo/WireImage for OMEGA /Getty Images; Alan Turing by Private Collection/Prismatic Pictures/Bridgeman Images; Author photo by Patrice Gilbert

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Isaacson, Walter.

  The innovators : how a group of inventors, hackers, geniuses, and geeks created the digital revolution / Walter Isaacson. — First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition.

  pages cm

  1. Computer scientists—Biography. 2. Computer science—History. 3. Internet—History. I. Title.

  QA76.2.A2I87 2014

  004.092′2—dc23

  [B]     2014021391

  ISBN 978-1-4767-0869-0

  ISBN 978-1-4767-0871-3 (ebook)

  Photo credits appear on page 525.

 


 

  Walter Isaacson, The Innovators

 


 

 
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