“So you think you’re going to teach in a university in the U.S.?” she asked, her tone unbearably sarcastic. “Be careful. The students might end up teaching you.”
“Do they know everything, or do they only think they know everything?”
“They know more than you, you can be sure of that,” said Diana. Lew lowered his eyes and asked if we could go on playing.
But it was Lew Cooper who suggested another game for our nights of Durango tedium. Let’s imagine, he said, that we’re Rip Van Winkle and we’ve been asleep for twenty years. When we wake up, what kind of country will we find?
“Mexico or the United States?” I asked, to make it clear there was more than one country in the world.
They stared at me as if I were a complete idiot.
Cooper immediately launched into the inevitable theme of the loss of innocence, which so obsesses the gringos. I always wondered, When were they innocent: when they were killing Indians, when they took up manifest destiny and unleashed their continental ambitions from coast to coast, when? In Mexico, we cherish the memory of the cadets who threw themselves off the walls of Chapultepec Castle rather than surrender to the invading forces of General Winfield Scott. Were they just perverse adolescents who refused to hand their banners over to invading innocence? When was the United States ever innocent? When it exploited enslaved black labor, when its citizens massacred one another during the Civil War, when it exploited the labor of children and immigrants and amassed colossal fortunes acquired, no doubt, in an innocent way? When it trampled defenseless nations like Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala? When it dropped the bomb on Hiroshima? When McCarthy and his committees destroyed lives and careers through mere insinuation, suspicion, and paranoia? When it defoliated the jungles of Indochina with poison?
I laughed to myself, holding back my possible answer to the question of the Rip Van Winkle game. Yes, perhaps the U.S. was only really innocent in Vietnam, for the first and last time, thinking it could, as General Curtis LeMay, head of the U.S. Air Force, said, “bomb Vietnam back to the Stone Age.” How shocking it must have been for the country that had never lost a war to be losing one to a poor Asiatic, yellow people, a people ethnically inferior in the racist mind that, flagrant or suppressed, ashamed or defiant, every gringo has nailed to his forehead like a cross.
The two Yankees went on talking, and perhaps because both were actors, I imagined that the famous innocence was only an image of self-consolation especially promoted by movies. In literature, from the beginning, from Hawthorne’s tortured Puritanism, Poe’s nocturnal nightmares, and James’s daytime ones, there has been no innocence, just fear of the dark power each human being carries within himself. The enemy self, not a whale, is the protagonist of Moby-Dick, for instance. That’s almost a definition of good literature, the epic of the enemy self …
I don’t know if Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn are true innocents or if it’s just a fine bucolic desire for contact with family (Tom) or the river (Huck) that distracts them momentarily from the obligation to make money, subjugate inferiors, and practice arrogance as a divine right. In any case, Mark Twain wasn’t innocent; he was ironic, and irony is negative, according to its modern inventor, Kierkegaard, “an abnormal development which … like the liver in Strasbourg geese finally kills the individual.” But at the same time it is a way of reaching the truth because it limits, defines, makes finite, abrogates, and castigates whatever we think true.
In American movies, the myth of innocence is created with no irony whatsoever. My childhood eyes were filled with figures from the countryside, from small towns, who come to big cities and are exposed to the worst dangers. They fight against sex (Lillian Gish), locomotives (Buster Keaton), and skyscrapers (Harold Lloyd). How I enjoyed, when I was a kid, the sentimentally innocent movies of Frank Capra, where the valiant small-town Quixote, Mr. Deeds or Mr. Smith, defeats with his innocence the powers of corruption and falsehood.
It was a beautiful myth, consistent with the moral and humanitarian policies of Franklin Roosevelt. Since the New Deal was followed by the world war and the struggle against Fascism, which not only wasn’t innocent but was diabolical, the Yankees (and we along with them) completely believed the myth of innocence. Thanks to their virtue, they saved the world twice, defeated the forces of evil, identified and annihilated the perfect villains, the Kaiser and Hitler. How many times have I heard Yankees of all classes say, “Twice we saved Europe during this century. They should be more grateful.”
For Yankees, as in Henry James’s “international” novels, Europe is corrupt, the United States innocent. I don’t think there’s any other country, especially a country so powerful, that feels innocent or brags about it. The hypocritical English, the cynical French, the haughty Germans (the blameworthy, self- flagellating Germans, so lacking in irony), the violent (or weepy) Russians—none of them thinks his nation has been innocent. As a result, the United States declares that its foreign policy is completely disinterested, almost an act of philanthropy. Since this is not and never has been true for any great power, including the United States, no one believes it, but U.S. self-deception drags everyone into confusion. Everyone knows what kind of interests are in play but no one’s supposed to admit it. What is pursued, disinterestedly, is liberty, democracy, saving the others from themselves.
I imagined Diana as a girl listening to Lutheran sermons in an Iowa church. What could have gone through that childish head when a pastor said that men are all guilty, unacceptable, condemned, yet that Christ accepts them despite their unacceptability, because the death of Christ gives more than sufficient expiation for all our sins? Does a doctrine of that caliber sentence us to live so as to justify Christ’s faith in us? Or does it condemn us to total irresponsibility, since our sins have all been redeemed on Golgotha?
The words of the old actor had drifted far from my own musings. His Rip Van Winkle woke up and didn’t recognize the nation founded by Washington and Jefferson. Lew Cooper saw what he himself lived through with his eyes wide open. He saw the terrible puritanical need to have a visible, indubitable enemy who could be named. The U.S. sickness was a Manichaean obsession that can only conceive of the world as divided into good and evil, with no redemption possible. Cooper said that no Yankee can live in peace unless he knows whom he’s fighting against. He disguises that by saying he’s got to figure out who the bad guys are so he can defend the good guys. But when Rip Van Winkle wakes up, he discovers that, in defending themselves, the good guys have taken on the traits of the bad guys. McCarthy didn’t hunt down the Communists he saw hiding under the bed. He hunted down and humiliated and ruined Democrats, with the same methods that Vyshinsky used in the Soviet Union to fight—of course—Communists. The victims of McCarthyism, of the House Un-American Activities Committee, of the Dies Committee, of all those new-model tribunals of the Inquisition, were Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln, Cooper said, deeply melancholic. We’re condemning ourselves. Rip Van Winkle would rather return to his hollow tree and sleep twenty more years. He knows that when he wakes up he’ll find exactly the same thing.
“A country that despite everything hasn’t lived up to its own ideals?” I asked my fellow players.
“Right,” said Cooper. “No nation has ever lived up to its ideals. But the others are more cynical. We’re idealists, didn’t you know that? We’re always on the side of good. Wherever we are, that’s where good is. When we don’t believe that, we go crazy.”
“We should never leave home,” Diana said very simply. I remember her at that moment, sitting on the rug with her legs crossed and her hands folded on her lap. “The title of Thomas Wolfe’s novel is You Can’t Go Home Again … that’s the truest title in all of American literature … You walk out of your house, and you can never go back, no matter how much you want to…” she added with a tired look.
I asked her if that was her case. She shook her head.
She said that when she came back after living in France, she found a whole new
generation in California, in the Midwest, and on the East Coast who wanted to give the best they had but who weren’t allowed to. There was a huge difference between the ideals of the young people of the 1960s and the corruption, the immense mendacity of the government, the violence pouring out of every orifice of society … That night, Diana said what was on everyone’s mind, but she told it from her own point of view, that of a girl from the Midwest who had gone off to Paris to sleep and then, like Rip Van Winkle, had returned to the whirlwind—the assassination of the Kennedys and Martin Luther King, Jr., the deaths of tens of thousands of boys who’d gone from small towns to the Asian jungles, the dead of Vietnam, the drugged soldiers, the useless dead, all for nothing—well, at least it wasn’t white boys who were out in front but blacks and chicanos, cannon fodder—and at home a chorus of liars was saying we’re containing China, saving Vietnamese democracy, keeping the dominoes from falling …
Johnson, Nixon, the great voices of hypocrisy, ignorance, stupidity—how could they not cause an entire generation to lose its illusions; how could they not end up shooting students at Kent State, beating up demonstrators in Chicago, jailing Black Panthers? And for what? Diana’s voice rose, and she seemed to wake from an extremely long sleep behind a silver screen that was her own way of looking at the world. Not to make fortunes, not for the sake of vulgar corruption, however rich they made a hundred contractors or a dozen large defense companies; that was okay, that I can even understand, but what drives me crazy is the way those creeps fall in love with their power, believe in their power as something that not only will last but is important. My God, the idiots think their power is important—they don’t know that the only important thing is the life of the boy they sent off to die uselessly in an Asian jungle, a confused boy who, to justify his presence there, burned a village and killed all its inhabitants because if he didn’t why was he there, what was the use of that automatic rifle whose manufacturing provided livings for thousands of workers and their families, a single automatic rifle that gave power to Lyndon Johnson, to Richard Nixon, to the Goddess Lie, to the Whore Power?
Diana Soren was losing it. Her voice was falling into a strange, empty abyss; she would go back to sleep for twenty more years as long as she didn’t have to know what was going on in that home to which she could never return … America was what was going on outside her sleep.
She pushed the button on her tape deck and out came the voice of José Feliciano singing “Come On, Baby, Light My Fire.” Cooper stood up, indignant, and turned it off. He parodied Feliciano’s voice. That’s what we’ve come to. That was today’s music, savage music for idiots—come on, baby, light my fire. He mimicked it hideously and excused himself to go to bed.
XVII
With my prerogative to stay at home and write all day firmly established, I paid a surprise visit to the set one morning. Diana wasn’t mad at me for not warning her; she received me with a big display of cheerfulness, showed me off, introduced me to everyone, and invited me to have coffee in her trailer. It was the same one we used at Churubusco Studios in Mexico City. Now, she said, with a roguish look in her eyes, we don’t have to use it the way we did then. Why not? I answered.
When we left the trailer, the makeup and hair people were waiting impatiently. The director was edgy. The cloudy day was going to clear up. He peered at the sky through a very fine and mysterious apparatus, squinting one eye and wrinkling up his entire face, as if he were expecting instructions from above so he could go on filming and saving money for a company that no doubt worked at the right hand of God, with His blessing and mandate.
The landscape of the Santiago mountains falls apart and reconstructs itself according to the whims of the light. I walked across the plain toward the mountains that were storing up all the shade of the day, swaying like trees under the tricky sky. Some kids were playing soccer on an improvised field. The spectacle was funny because the goats the children were tending didn’t respect the boundaries set for the game and would periodically invade, at which point the boys would stop being rustic Pelés and go back to being shepherds.
A flock of stolid lambs, their wool as curly as a filthy wig on an English magistrate, came tumbling down toward the playing field. The boy tending them was received with whistles and insults by the players. One of them even went so far as to jump the shepherd, grab his staff out of his hand, and begin to beat him with it. I ran to stop it, separated them, called the attacker a bully, because he was taller than his victim, and the other members of both teams thugs, because they were taking their revenge on the lambs who were erasing the boundaries marked out with chalk.
“Leave him alone, you thugs. It’s not his fault.”
“Yes, it is his fault,” said the tall boy. “He’s conceited. Who does he think he is? Just because he was Benito Juárez.”
This allusion to a hero of Mexican history seemed so outrageous to me that at first I laughed. Then I grew curious. I carefully studied the boy who’d been attacked. He couldn’t be more than thirteen and looked very Indian, his cheeks like two broken clay pots, his eyes reflecting an inherited sadness, passed down from century to century. He was wearing a shirt, overalls, a straw hat, and huaraches and was even tending a flock. He really was another Benito Juárez, who until he was twelve was an illiterate shepherd who spoke no Spanish and then was president, victor over Maximilian and the French, the “Benefactor of the Americas,” and a specialist in coining celebrated sayings. His impassive face is in a thousand plazas in a hundred Mexican cities. Juárez was born to be a statue. This boy was the original.
I offered him a Coke, and we walked toward the movie set.
“Why do they go after you?”
“It pissed them off that I was Juárez.”
“Tell me how that happened.”
He told me that a year before, an English television company was there making a picture, and they offered him the part of the boy Juárez tending his flock. All he had to do was walk past the cameras with his sheep. They gave him ten dollars. The other boys were furious, even though he spent part of his money treating them all to Cokes. The rest of the money he gave to his father. The boys never eased up. They had it in for him and shut him out. He asked the English people, “When will the movie come out. Can I see it?” They said in a year. It would certainly be announced in newspapers and in TV listings. He told that to the boys, and it only made them angrier. When do we get to see you on TV, Benito? What? They’re going to make you into a movie star, Benito? What a laugh!
He asked me if I knew if the film had been released and when it would come to Santiago, so he could shut these bastards up once and for all.
No, I told him, I don’t know a thing about it. I’ve never heard anything about that picture …
The boy clenched his teeth and left half of the Coke. He asked permission to return to his flock.
I went back to the set. The stuntman was being filmed in a scene in which he was breaking a wild horse. He was wearing the clothes of the male lead, who was watching him from a folding chair, drinking a Bloody Mary. The director ordered a shot to be fired to agitate the pony, and then the stuntman began to break him. His eyes sought out Diana, who was sitting next to the actor, and the director stopped the action to scold him—he had no reason to be looking at the actors, he didn’t need anyone’s approval. Didn’t he realize that he was alone on a Mexican mountain breaking a wild horse, didn’t he know by now that there’s a scenic illusion that consists in denying the existence of the fourth wall of the set, the one that opens onto the audience, the city, the world, to magic? The director became very eloquent, and I could see how in his eyes the student of the arts of Stanislavsky and Lee Strasberg had been reduced (or magnified, depending on how you saw it) to this task of creating an art where art must never be detected. He was good, I said. It was a good compromise. In the hands of a Buñuel, a Ford, a Hitchcock, it was the best compromise: to say everything with artistry so superior and intense as to be undetectable, fusing with
the clarity of technical execution. An art identical to a pair of eyes watching.
The stuntman took it as joke, laughed, and said in a loud voice: “How about the Mexican writer coming over here to break the horse. Everybody says Mexicans are great riders.”
“No,” I shouted back. “I don’t know how to ride. But you don’t know how to write a book.”
He didn’t understand me, or he was very thick, because for the rest of the day he spent his time on practical things: he moved trailers, tied up cables, raised machines, drove horses, tested rifles, and counted blank cartridges out loud, all as if he wanted to impress me with his mechanical ability—me, who can’t drive a car or change a tire. His physical exhibitionism nevertheless comforted me. Once, when the hairdresser told me that the stuntman had been after Diana since Oregon, I had imagined him inside the trailer with her while I stayed behind in Santiago filling page after page with growing diffidence and disillusion. Now, as I watched this macho show-off, I was sure he’d never touched her. He put on too much of a show, made too much of a fuss, wasn’t really sure of himself. He was no rival …
On the way back to Santiago, Diana leaned on my shoulder and played with my nails, exciting me. We passed the boy who’d been Juárez, and I told Diana the story.
“What did you tell him?”
“The truth. That I didn’t know anything about it.”
She made a guttural noise she instantly stifled, raising her hand to her mouth and abandoning my nails.
“What a terrible thing to do!”
“I don’t understand.”