PART IV.
[Footnote 4.1: Female parts continued to be played by boys in Englanddown to the Restoration (1660). The practice of women playing in femaleparts was introduced somewhat earlier in Italy, but only in certainkinds of performances.]
[Footnote 4.2: This word is undoubtedly connected with _Pasquillo_ (asatire), or with _Pasquino_, a Roman cobbler of the fifteenth century,whose shop stood near the Braschi Palace, near the Piazza Navona. Helashed the follies of his day, particularly the vices of the clergy,with caustic satire, scathing wit, and bitter stinging irony. After hisdeath his name was transferred to a mutilated statue, upon which suchsatiric effusions continued to be fastened.
Pasquarello would thus combine the characteristics of the English clownwith those of the Roman Pasquino.]
[Footnote 4.3: Doctor Gratiano, a character in the popular Italiantheatre called _Commedia dell' Arte_, was represented as a Bolognesedoctor, and wore a mask with black nose and forehead and red cheeks.His _role_ was that of a "pedantic and tedious poser."]