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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The journey at the spine of The Trigger was made in the high Balkan summer of 2012 yet important steps began long before and continued long after. For the help I received from many people over many years, I will remain eternally grateful.
No traveller in Bosnia could ask for a better companion than Arnie Hećimović. And old friends who helped me in the 1990s as an ingénu foreign correspondent again gave generous support: Amela Filipović, Tamara Levak Potrebica and Aleksandra Nikšić.
My journey through the place and history of Bosnia and Serbia was added to by many including: Mile Princip and his family, Zdravko Lučić, Josip Tomas, Avdo, Adis and Tess Hećimović, Eloise Grout, Nick Penny, Božo Čičak, Ljupko Kuna, Kemal and Elma Tokmić, Muzafer Latić, Ahmed ‘Sini’ Begičević, Nadja Ridžić, Drago and Marija Taraba, Damir Osmanović, Father Branko, Paul Lowe, Elma Kafedžić Haverić, Ed Serotta, Jakob Finci, Jan Munk, Ivar Petterson
, Mirsad Kurgaš, Džile Omerović, Sefer Zahid, Martin Böhnlein, Paul Leslie, Svjetlana Trifković and her colleagues at the Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine Action Centre, Nigel and Clare Casey, Rob Tomlinson, Fikret Kahrović, the band Franz Ferdinand, Mirza Ibrahimović, Graham Binns, Dan Bradbury, David Harland, Shahid Butt, Darius Guppy, Jo and Carolina Menell, Jamie Maclean, Richard Greene, Celia Hawkesworth, Peter Villiers, David Mantero, David McNeill and colleagues at the Royal Geographical Society, Amber Paranick, Margaret Hrabe, Marian Eksteen, Josh Irby, David DeVoss, Ian Mathie, Sylvie Nickels, Cherie Collins, Michael Smith, Mike Smith, Nick Alexander and Maggie Matheson.
And archival research was made easier by many. In Austria – Klaus Honisch, Helga Fichtner, Brigitte E. Leidwein, Gerhard Floszmann, Georg Rütgen, Christoph Hatschek and Sue Wodmans. In Turkey – Murat Siviloglu, Ayten Ardel and Sinan Kuneralp. In Germany – Angelika Betz and her colleagues from the Bavarian State Library and Count Rupert Strachwitz. For RAF/RFC history – Gareth Morgan, Oliver Woodroffe, Andy Kemp and his colleagues from The First World War Aviation Historical Society, Andrew Renwick and colleagues at the Royal Air Force Museum and Thomas Allen and his colleagues at the Special Collections department of the University of Texas.
In Sarajevo, I was helped immensely by Haris Zaimović, Saša Beltram, Jasmin Halilagić and their colleagues at the Sarajevo Historical Archives. Further assistance came from others including Sandra Biletić, Mihret Alibasić, Alma Leka, Adnan Busuladžić, Andrea Dautović, Hrvoje Potrebica, Salmedin Mesihović, Amir Duranović, Edin Radušić, Goran Milkulvić, Bruno Peskovan, Amra Madžarević, Mirsad Avdić, Guido van Hengel and Paul Miller.
In Belgrade, Miloš Paunović and Gavrilo Petrović assisted tirelessly and skilfully. Others included Slobodan Mandić, Vladimir Tomić, Danica Jovović Prodanović, Miladin Milošević, Ljubodrag Dimić, Andzelija Radović, Sladjana Bojković, Mirjana Slaković, Ivan Obradović and Biljana Grujović.
Special thanks to Poppy Hampson, my editor at Chatto & Windus, and Rebecca Carter, my agent from Janklow & Nesbit. Only we know how much they have added to The Trigger. It has been long in gestation so thanks to Elizabeth Sheinkman and former colleagues at Curtis Brown who helped at its conception.
No author could ask for finer pastoral care than that given by Stanley and Lisette Butcher, Patrick and Marilyn Flanagan and Susanne Bittorf, who provided the perfect writing space. And, as ever, my greatest debt is for the love of Jane, Kit and Tess.
INDEX
Aćamović, Sonja, 81–4
Ahmići massacre (1993), 144
al Hazmi, Nawaf, 140
al Mihdhar, Khalid, 140
al-Qaeda, 140
Albertini, Luigi, 13–14, 254–5, 278
Alexander II, Tsar, 188
All Quiet on the Western Front, 10–11
Andrassy, Gyula, 55
Andrić, Ivo, 51, 97, 109, 153, 180, 193
Apis see Dimitrijević, Dragutin
Artstetten Castle, 85, 289
Austria–Hungary see Habsburg Empire
Bakunin, Mikhail, 189–90
Balkan Wars (1912–13), 26, 239–40, 247
Balkans: ethnic mix, 18; etymology, 23; history, 18, 23, 47–8; languages spoken, 30; relationship to West, 189, 191–2; religion and identity, 47–8; see also individual countries by name
Banja Luka, 46, 134, 136, 138
bears, 32, 126–7
Behr, Ferdinand, 19, 277
Belgrade: Bosnian community, 241–2; Golden Sturgeon café, 241, 244–5; GP lives in, 26–7, 203, 237–47; Green Wreath Square, 241, 243–5, 252; Kalemegdan Park, 245–6, 249–50; Knez Mihailova, 245; National Military Museum, 245; present day, 243–7, 258; Topčider Forest and Park, 252–3; Turkish fortress, 237–8, 245; Vojvoda Vuk Park, 246–7
Berlin, Congress of (1878), 54–5
Binyon, Laurence, 4
Black Hand (Crna Ruka; Union or Death), 239, 253–5
Blackadder Goes Forth (TV series), 10, 15
Bogomilism, 48
Bond, James (fictional character), 118
Bosna River, 129, 265, 290
Bosnia: attitude to communist era, 124–5; attitude to outsiders, 97, 109; Bosnian community in Belgrade, 241–2; country life, 34, 42, 43–4; ethnic loyalties, 103–10; Habsburg annexation (1908), 194–8; Habsburg occupation, 54–8, 102–3, 166–7; history, xx, 18, 23, 48–58; national identity, 134, 175–6; Ottoman occupation, 49–53, 149, 164–6; radical politics in early 20th century, 188–92; religion, 48; in Second World War, 115–25, 138–9; self-sufficiency of local families, 83; under Tito, 114–16
Bosnian War (1990s): Ahmići massacre, 144; aid convoy attack, 96–7; Bosnian attitude to British soldiers, 96, 97; Bugojno area, 32, 108–10, 114; checkpoints, 95; Croat experience, 78–81, 92, 104–10, 125, 138–9, 144, 216, 233–4; Dayton Peace Accords, 80, 239; and Drina bridge, 51; ethnic tensions in, 104–10; impact and legacy, 103, 152–4; jihadis in, 139–43; and Mount Igman road, 154–9; Muslim experience, 78, 106–10, 144, 149–54, 155–6, 212–34; in Sarajevo, xvii–xx, 16, 155–6, 289–90, 291–2; Šator area, 77–81, 92; Serbian attitude to now, 249–50; Serb experience, 77–81, 106, 108, 110, 138–9, 164, 212–34; Srebrenica, 28–9, 212–34, 249–50, 256–7; Stupni Do, 106; UN peacekeepers, 108–9, 155, 214–15, 217, 218; in Vitez, 145–8
Bozić, Ačim and Staka, 178, 186
Britain: annual remembrance service, 19–20; and Bosnian War, 96, 97, 217; and First World War, 12–13, 14, 288; racism in 1970s, 140–1; radicalism in 19th and early 20th centuries, 188; stability, 126; and Tito, 28, 117, 118, 119–20
Brooke, Rupert, 6, 10
Buchanan, John, 5
Bugojno, 32, 33, 108–10, 114, 128–30
Bukovac, Djulaga, 248, 252
Bulgaria, 204, 240, 247
bullfighting, 154
Butt, Shahid, 140–3
Čabrinović, Nedeljko: background, 291; tells GP about Franz Ferdinand’s visit to Sarajevo, 251; joins assassination plot, 252; journey to Sarajevo for the assassination, 255–6, 257–8; weapons, 270; throws grenade at Franz Ferdinand, 271–2; arrest, 272; trial, 278–81
Chetniks, 116–17, 119
Christianity: in Bosnia, 52; influence in the Balkans, 47–8; in Sarajevo, 164; see also religion
Churchill, Winston, 6–7, 28, 117, 118, 119–20
Ciganović, Milan, 252–4, 255
cluster bombs, 220
coffee, 82–3
Conrad, Joseph, 126
Crna Ruka see Black Hand
Croatia: Bosnian Croats, 103–4, 145, 164; Croats and Bosnian War, 78–81, 92, 104–10, 125, 138–9, 144, 216, 233–4; Croats and religion, 48; Croats in Second World War, 116, 138–9; foundation, 105–6; history, 18, 23, 105
Croatian War (1990s), 105–6
Čubrilović, Vaso, 269–70, 274, 278–81
Davison, Emily, 188
Dayton Peace Accords (1995), 80, 239
Dedijer, Vladimir: on Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, 254, 273; on GP’s life, 17, 168, 174, 179, 180, 193–4; on Ilić, 192; life during Second World War, 123; on life of young Bosnians in Belgrade, 241
Dimić, Ljubodrag, 250
Dimitrijević, Dragutin (Apis), 254
Diocletian, Emperor, 23
Divjak, Jovan, 116
dogs, 81–2
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 189–90
drenjak, 82, 83
Drina River, 51, 211, 213, 256, 261
Dumas, Alexandre, 193
Dumas, Alexandre (Serbian driver), 259
Durrell, Lawrence, 111
Evans, Sir Arthur, 31, 63, 73, 164, 166, 170
Exit music festival, 30
Farish, Linn (‘Slim’), 121
Filipović, Amela, 171–3
First Balkan War (1912–13), 26, 239–40, 247
First World War (1914–18): enduring sense of loss, 8–10, 294; Gallipoli, 13; impact, 10–13; Italian Front, 11–12; morality, 3–4, 294; origins, 13–15, 287–8, 294; remembrance, 3–10, 19–20; trench conditions, 7–
8, 10–11
fishing, 58, 110–12
Fleming, Ian, 118
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke: appearance, background and character, 266–8; private estate, 85; and hunting, 127, 266; marriage, 267–8; assassination plot, 27–8, 251–5, 268–70; GP’s fellow conspirators, 18–19, 113–14, 252, 268–9; GP’s motives for assassination, 17, 19, 67–8, 247–50; Sarajevo visit, 265–8; assassination, 15, 19, 270–7; limousine being driven in when shot, 130, 287, 288–9; books about assassination, 16; assassins’ trial, 279–81; assassination’s role in starting First World War, 15, 287–8, 294; tomb, 289; memorials to, 292; plaques marking assassination site, 292–3, 294–5
Franz Ferdinand (band), 134, 136–8
Franz Joseph, Emperor, 268, 273
Freemasons, 253
Fronius, Hans, 199–200, 211, 271, 272
Gaddafi, Muammar, 127
Gallipoli campaign (1915), 13
Germany: Bosnian attitude to, 204; Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia, 116–25; and origins of First World War, 13, 14, 288
Glamoč, 88, 94–5, 97–8, 103–4
Glamoč plain, 88, 94–7, 115–16, 117, 121–5
Gorky, Maxim, 189–90
Grabež, Trifko: background, 246; in Belgrade, 246–7; GP persuades to join assassination plot, 252; journey to Sarajevo for the assassination, 255–8; weapons, 270; role in assassination, 274; arrest and trial, 278–81; tomb, 296
Grahovo, 64, 66–67
Greece, 18, 23, 117, 240
Gunther, John, 167, 189
Habsburg Empire: annexation of Bosnia (1908), 194–8; and Balkans, 18; history, 25, 49, 50; maps, 85; occupation of Bosnia, 54–8, 102–3, 166–7; and origins of First World War, 14, 288; political opposition, 25–6; reaction to Bosnian radicals, 190–1; Serbia, relationship with, 238–9
Hadžići, 154, 156
Hardy, Bob, 137
Harrach, Count Franz, 275, 276–7
Hećimović, Arnie: on Tito, 114–15; and Bosnian War, 144, 149–54; hired as translator for author’s trip through Bosnia, 35–6; start of journey, 41, 42; in Obljaj, 43–4, 46, 50, 58, 65, 67, 69; journey to and over Mount Šator, 73–7, 81–9, 91–6, 98; journey from Glamoč to Bugojno, 101, 110–11, 112, 125–6, 128–30; trip to airstrip near Glamoč, 123–4; bus journey to Sarajevo, 133–4, 139, 143–9, side trip to Banja Luka, 134–6; Franz Ferdinand gig, 136–8