28. Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, p. 59.
29. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran (New York: Random House, 1985).
30. Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (1959; reprint New York: Fawcett, 1969).
31. Lawrence J. McCaffrey, “Components of Irish Nationalism,” in Perspective on Irish Nationalism, eds. Thomas E. Hachey and Lawrence J. McCaffrey (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1989): 16.
32. Yeats, Collected Poetry, p. 212.
33. Ibid., p. 342.
34. Quoted in Hachey and McCaffrey, Perspectives on Irish Nationalism, p. 117.
35. Ibid., p. 106.
36. See David Lloyd, Nationalism and Minor Literature: James Clarence Mangan and the Emergence of Irish Cultural Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
37. For a collection of some of their writings see Ireland’s Field Day (London: Hutchinson, 1985). This collection includes Paulin, Heaney, Deane, Kearney, and Kiberd. See also W. J. McCormack, The Battle of the Books (Gigginstown, Ireland: Lilliput Press, 1986).
38. R. P. Blackmur, A Primer of Ignorance, ed. Joseph Frank (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967): 21–37.
39. Joseph Leerssen, Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development, and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1986).
40. Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, p. 210.
41. Ibid., p. 214.
42. Yeats, Collected Poetry, p. 343.
43. R. P. Blackmur, Language as Gesture: Essays in Poetry (London: Allen & Unwin, 1954): 118.
44. Ibid., p. 119.
Chapter 12: Performance as an Extreme Occassion
1. Richard Poirier, The Performing Self: Compositions and Decompositions in the Languages of Contemporary Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971): 87.
2. Ibid., p. xiv.
3. Theodor W. Adorno, “On the Fetish Character in Music and the Regression of Listening” (1938), in The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, ed. Andrew Arato and Eike Gebhardt (New York: Urizen Books, 1978), especially pp. 286–99.
4. I have discussed this in The Nation, December 25, 1989, pp. 802–4.
5. Carl Dahlhaus, Nineteenth Century Music, trans. J. Bradford Robinson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), especially pp. 137–42.
6. Adorno, “Spatstil Beethovens” (1937), in Gesammelte Schriften 17 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1982), pp. 13–17. By far the best English-language account of the significance of Adorno’s views is to be found in Rose R. Subotnik, “Adorno’s Diagnosis of Beethoven’s Late Style: Early Symptoms of Fatal Condition,” Journal of the American Musico-logical Society 29 (Summer 1976): 251–53.
7. This is the theme of Adorno’s Philosophie der neuen Musik (1949), whose English translation is Philosophy of Modern Music, trans. Anne G. Mitchell and Wesley V. Blomster (New York: Seabury Press, 1973). The book depends allusively on Adorno’s conceptions of late Beethoven and Wagner.
8. Adorno, Philosophy of Modem Music, p. 102.
9. Ibid., p. 131.
10. Ibid., p. 133.
11. Adorno’s thesis is that, whereas for Schoenberg the twelve-tone system was the enactment of a historical and philosophical crisis, for today’s component it has lost its urgency entirely. “Modern Music Is Growing Old,” The Score 18 (December 1956): 18–29.
12. ”Quelques souvenirs de Pierre Boulez,” Critique 471–72 (Aout– Septembre 1986): 745–47.
13. A perspicacious example is Alan Durant’s Conditions of Music (London: Macmillan, 1984).
14. Subotnik, “The Historical Structure: Adorno’s ‘French’ Model for the Criticism of Nineteenth-Century Music,” 19th Century Music 2 (July 1978): 36–60.
15. The full tide is Understanding Toscanini: How He Became an American Culture-God and Helped Create a New Audience for Old Music. I reviewed the book in some detail in The New York Times Book Review (March 8, 1987).
16. Adorno, “Die Meisterschaft des Maestro,” in Gesammelte Schriften 16 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1982), p. 66, and passim.
17. Otto Friedrich, Glenn Gould: A Life and Variations (New York: Random House, 1989); see pp. 15–16 for the story about Gould’s not playing marbles, his unwillingness to catch a tennis ball, etc.
18. The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984).
19. B. W. Powe, The Solitary Outlaw: Trudeau, Lewis, Gould, Canetti, McLuhan (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys, 1987).
20. The Glenn Gould Reader, pp. 331–57. See also Payzant, note 22, below.
21. Jonathan Cott, Conversations with Glenn Gould (New York: Little, Brown, 1984).
22. Geoffrey Payzant, Glenn Gould, Music and Mind (1978; reprint, Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1984).
23. Glenn Gould: Non, je ne suis pas de tout un excentrique, montage et presentation de Bruno Monsaingeon (Paris: Fayard, 1986).
Chapter 13: Jane Austen and Empire
1. Michael Gorra, “Who Paid the Bills at Mansfield Park?” The New York Times Book Review (February 28, 1993): 11; John Leonard, “Novel Colonies,” The Nation (March 22, 1993): 383; W. J. T. Mitchell, “In the Wilderness,” The London Review of Books (April 8, 1993): 11; Michael Wood, “Lost Paradises,” The New York Review of Books (March 3, 1994): 44–47.
2. Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973): 112–19.
3. V. G. Kiernan, Marxism and Imperialism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974): 100.
4. John Stuart Mill, Disquisitions and Discussions, vol. 3 (London: Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1875): 167–68. For an earlier version of this see the discussion by Nicholas Canny, “The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America,” William and Mary Quarterly 30 (1973): 575–98.
5. Williams, Country and the City, p. 281
6. Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492–1797 (London: Methuen, 1986). See also his anthology with Neil L. Whitehead, Wild Majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the Present Day (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1992).
7. Hobson, Imperialism, p. 6.
8. This is most memorably discussed in C. L. R. James’s The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (1938; reprint, New York: Vintage, 1963), especially Chapter 2, “The Owners.” See also Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776– 1848 (London: Verso, 1988): 149–53.
9. Williams, Country and the City, p. 117.
10. Jane Austen, Mansfield Park, ed. Tony Tanner (1814; reprint, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966): 42. The best account of the novel is in Tony Tanner’s Jane Austen (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986).
11. Ibid., p. 54.
12. Ibid., p. 206.
13. Warren Roberts, Jane Austen and the French Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1979): 97–98. See also Avrom Fleishman, A Reading of Mansfield Park: An Essay in Critical Synthesis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1967): 36–39 and passim.
14. Austen, Mansfield Park, pp. 375–76.
15. John Stuart Mill, Principles of Politcal Economy, vol. 3, ed. J. M. Rob-son (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965): 693. The passage is quoted in Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Viking, 1985): 42
16. Austen, Mansfield Park, p. 446.
17. Ibid., p. 448.
18. Ibid., p. 450.
19. Ibid., p. 456.
20. John Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982): 76.
21. Austen, Mansfield Park, p. 308.
22. Lowell Joseph Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean, 1763–1833: A Study in Social and Economic History (1928; reprint, New York: Octagon, 1963): 27.
23. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961): 211. See also his From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean, 1492–1969 (London: Deutsc
h, 1970): 177–254.
24. Austen, Mansfield Park, p. 213.
Chapter 14: Intellectual Exile: Expatriates and Marginals
1. Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life, trans. E. F. N. Jephcott (London: New Left Books, 1951): 38–39.
2. Ibid., p. 87.
Chapter 16: On Writing a Memoir
3. Justus Reid Weiner, “My Beautiful House and Other Fabrications by Edward Said,” Commentary (September 1999).
4. Alexander Cockburn, “The Attack on Said,” Counterpunch (September 1, 1999).
5. Christopher Hitchens, “Whose Life Is It Anyway?” The Nation (October 4, 1999): 9.
6. Ammiel Alcalay, “Stop-Time in the Levant,” The Nation (December 20, 1999).
PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many of the essays in this collection were originally published in the following:
“Islam as News” (1980) from Covering Islam by Edward W. Said (Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., 1981).
“Yeats and Decolonization” (1988) and “Jane Austen and Empire” (1990) from Culture and Imperialism by Edward W. Said (Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., 1993).
“The Introduction” and “The Scope of Orientalism” from Orientalism by Edward W. Said (Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., 1978).
“On Writing a Memoir” from Out of Place by Edward W. Said (Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., 1999).
“The Middle East ‘Peace Process’: Misleading Images and Brutal Actualities” from Peace and Its Discontents by Edward W. Said (Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., 1995).
“The Palestinian Experience” (1969) and “Permission to Narrate” (1984) from The Politics of Dispossession by Edward W. Said (Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., 1994).
“Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims” from The Question of Palestine by Edward W. Said (Random House, Inc., 1979).
“Intellectual Exile: Expatriates and Marginals” (1993) from Representations of the Intellectual by Edward W. Said (Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., 1994).
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:
Columbia University Press: “Interiors” (1986) from After the Sky by Edward W. Said, copyright © 1999 by Columbia University Press; “Performance as an Extreme Occasion” (1989) from Musical Elaborations by Edward W. Said, copyright © 1991 by Columbia University Press; and “Molestation and Authority in Narrative Fiction” (1971) from Beginnings: Intention and Method by Edward W. Said, copyright © 1985 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted by permission of Columbia University Press.
Harvard University Press: Excerpted text from “Secular Criticism” and “Traveling Theory” from The World, the Text, and the Critic by Edward W. Said (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). Copyright © 1983 by Edward W. Said. Reprinted by permission of Harvard University Press.
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Moustafa Bayoumi received his Ph.D. from the Department of English and Comparative Literature of Columbia University. He is an Assistant Professor of English at Brooklyn College, City University of New York.
Andrew Rubin earned his M.A. from the University of Sussex and in 1995 received his M.A. from Columbia University, where he is currently a doctoral candidate in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. He is the coeditor of Theodor W. Adorno: A Critical Reader.
The Edward Said Reader
Edward W. Said was the author of over twenty books, including Orientalism, which was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award, Culture and Imperialism, and a memoir, Out of Place. He died in 2003.
ALSO BY EDWARD SAID
Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography
Beginnings: Intention and Method
Orientalism
The Question of Palestine
Literature and Society (editor)
Covering Islam
The World, the Text, and the Critic
After the Last Sky (with Jean Mohr)
Blaming the Victims
Musical Elaborations
Culture and Imperialism
The Politics of Dispossession
Representations of the Intellectual
Peace and Its Discontents
The Pen and the Sword
Entre guerre et paix
Out of Place
The End of the Peace Process
A VINTAGE BOOKS ORIGINAL, SEPTEMBER 2000
Copyright © 2000 by Edward W. Said
Introduction, headnotes, and bibliography copyright © 2000
by Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by
Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New
York.
Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Edward Said reader / edited by
Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin.
New York: Vintage Books, 2000.
I. Bayoumi, Moustafa. II. Rubin, Andrew.
Includes bibliographical references.
00-34947
CIP
www.vintagebooks.com
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eISBN: 978-0-307-42849-3
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Edward W. Said, The Edward Said Reader
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