European Macroseismic Intensity Scale (EMS), 391
evacuations, post-earthquake, 312
Ewing, James, 263
Ewing seismographs, 263
Examiner (newspaper), 19
Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Gorges (book), 147
explosives, creating firebreaks with, 300, 305, 311–13
eyewitness accounts, Great San Francisco Earthquake
in San Francisco, 12-22, 243–51, 253
at sea, 20–22, 251–53
in surrounding area, 253–61
Face of the Earth, The (book), 74
Fairbanks, Charles, 305
fallen building insurance policy clause, 328
Farallon Islands, 253
Farallon Plate, 59, 154–56, 166
Farquhar, Francis, 45
fatalities. See casualties
faults. See also earthquakes; plate tectonics; volcanoes
grabens and horsts, 414
Meers, Oklahoma, 105–8
New England, 87–88
New Madrid, 103–5
northern California and San Andreas, 39–42 (see also San Andreas Fault)
right-lateral strike-slip, 174, 180
tectonic plates and, 60–61 (see also tectonic plates)
zoning for, 411
federal government. See government, federal; United States
Federal Writers Project, 355
feeding relief progams, 313
felt area
of New Madrid Sequence of 1811, 96
of Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, 96, 258–61
fence posts, displacement of, 174
Ferry Building, 215
Filben, Thomas, 330
films
The Bells of St. Mary’s, 2
Film Exchanges, 50–51
San Francisco, 292, 351
financial issues
bank and U. S. Mint response, 316–17
costs of Great San Franciscio Earthquake of 1906, 288
costs of San Francisco earthquake of 1989, 361
insurance companies and (see insurance companies)
post-earthquake financial relief, 313–14
post-earthquake public relations compaign to encourage investors, 319–24
stock market decline, 321–22
suicide and financial troubles, 324
firebreaks, creation of, with dynamite, 300, 305, 311–13
fire department, San Francisco. See also fires
efforts of, during Great San Francisco Earthquake, 300
establishment of, 212
firefighting system of, 228–29
Fire Horse, 1906 as Chinese Year of, 23
Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, 329
fires. See also fire department, San Francisco
anti-Chinese riots and, 222
creating firebreaks with dynamite by military, 300, 305, 311–13
early San Francisco and, 211–13, 292–93
effect of, after Great San Francisco Earthquake, 274, 281, 290–302
insurance against, 324, 326
iron safes and, 286
post-earthquake public-relations campaign focus on, 319–24
pre-earthquake, 239–40
Flamsteed, John, 79
Flaugergues, Honoré, 99
Flood, James, 225
flying seal (term), 318
food relief, 310, 313
Forel, François, 389–90
foreshocks, 88–90, 93
Formosa earthquake of 1906, 26
Fort Tejon, 192–93
fossils, 150, 417
France, Oklahoma attitudes toward, 106
Francis (terrier dog), 314
Franciscans, Spanish missionary work of, 203
freedom fries, 106
Fremstad, Olive, 234
French restaurant (term), 224
Freud, Sigmund, 50
Frisco (term), 227
Funston, Brigadier General Frederick, 304–7, 310
furniture, California decorative, 353–55
gabbro (term), 150, 413
Gable, Clark, 292, 351
Gadsden Purchase of 1854, 115
Gaia theory, 4–5, 413–14
Galápagos Islands, 165
Galitzin-Wilip seismograph, 266
Garbo, Greta, 299
Garnet Hill Fault, 196
gaslights, 210
gas pipes, damage to, 290, 310, 361
gas stations, 134
gem swindle, Colorado, 141–42
General Slocum steamship fire, 326
Genthe, Arnold, 215, 221, 297–300, 352
Geological Society of America, 151–52
geological surveys. See also U. S. Geological Survey
Great Western Surveys, 138–49
William Brewer and Mount Diablo, 44
Geological Survey of California, 44, 136–37, 140, 161
Geological Survey of Oklahoma, 106
by Ferdinand Hayden, 138–39
by Clarence King, 139–43
by John Wesley Powell, 144–49
by George Wheeler and Grove Karl Gilbert, 143–44
geological time scale, 401–3
Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Fortieth Parallel, The, 140–43
Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Rocky Mountain Area, 1870–78, The, 144–48
Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Territories, The, 138–39
Geologic and Geographic Survey West of the 100th Meridian, The, 143
geology. See also rocks; science
Arizona meteor crater, 133–36
cordilleran, 148–49
geological surveys (see geological surveys)
geological time scale, 401–3
glossary, 411–17
Eldridge Moores, ophiolite sequences, and plate tectonics, 149–56
of Mount Diablo and San Andreas Fault, 37–42
of Palmdale, California, road cutting, 191–92
plate tectonics and, 6–11, 63–64 (see also plate tectonics)
political boundaries and geological boundaries, 39
response of geologists to Great San Francisco Earthquake, 56, 320–21
Skaergaard Layered Igneous Intrusion, 71–73
space exploration, Gaia theory, and revolution in, 1–5 (see also New Geology)
geothermal energy plant, 198
German insurance companies, 301, 327, 329–30
geysers, Yellowstone National Park, 139, 382–85
Gieseke, Christy, 157–58
Gilbert, Grove Karl, 14, 18–19, 135, 143–44, 145, 172–74, 246–47
Girard House Fire, 292
Glenallen, Yukon, 377
glossary, 411–17
glossolalia (term), 337
gneiss, 414
Goerlitz, Ernest, 250
gold
as California state mineral, 35
discovery of, in California (see Gold Rush)
fraudulent, in Oklahoma, 105–6
geological surveys and, 137–38
in Iceland, 72
Golden Gate Park, 217
Golden State (term), 35
Gold Rush
California growth and, 121–26
Chinatown, Chinese immigrants, and, 217–18
creation of California and, 35–36
Great Western Surveys and, 137
San Francisco growth and, 206–11
Goldstein and Co., 296–97
Gonds people, 74
Gondwana, 83–84
Gondwanaland, 74
Good Friday Earthquake of 1964, 370–72
Gorda Plate, 59, 169
government, California
capital cities, 128
Earthquake Commission, 171, 182, 195, 256, 267, 269–71
Earthquake Fault Zoning Act of 1972, 411
Geological Survey of California, 136–37, 140, 161
governors, 128–31
Spanish and Mexican, 115–17
gove
rnment, democratic Icelandic, 67–68
government, federal
acquisition of California, 113–15
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 222–23, 344
Congress, President James Polk, and Great Western Surveys, 137–38
EarthScope, SAFOD project, and, 185–87
San Francisco’s supremacy and President Teddy Roosevelt, 53–54
government, San Francisco
Chinese regulations and, 222
City Hall (see City Hall)
corruption of pre-earthquake, 223–25, 280
establishment of, 208–10
fire department, 212–13, 228–29
municipal report about damages, 317
response of, to Great San Francisco Earthquake, 307–13
graben (term), 414
Grace Church, 283
Gracie S. (ship), 252
Grady, Michael, 245
Grand Banks Earthquake of 1929, 109
Grand Opera House, 233
granites (term), 77, 81, 85, 414
Grant, Ulysses S., 139, 234
granular dynamite, 312
graywacke (term), 414
Great Charleston Earthquake of 1886, 17, 86–96
Great Comet of 1811, 99
Great Fire of London of 1666, 292
Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
Alaska earthquakes and, 369–80
California history prior to, 113–31 (see also California)
casualties and physical damage caused by subsequent fire, 290–302
casualties and physical damage directly caused by, 274–87 (see also casualties; costs; physical damage)
casualties and physical damage indirectly caused by, 288–90
current lack of preparation for earthquakes like, 360–64
early estimates of effects of, 317–19, 331–33
effects of, on Chinatown, 330–31
effects of fires after, 290–302
epicenter of, 171–79
evening before, in San Francisco, 231–41
eyewitness accounts of (see eyewitness accounts, Great San Francisco Earthquake)
felt area of, 96, 258–61
glossary, 411–17
Great Western Surveys prior to, 133–49
human response to, 54–56, 302–17 (see also human response)
inaccurate accounts of, 419–21
insurance company response to, 324–30
loss of cultural creativity after, 351–56
magnitude of, 397
measurements of, 261–73, 387–403 (see also intensity, earthquake; magnitude, earthquake; seismographs; scales)
New Geology, plate tectonics, and, 1–11 (see also earthquakes; geology; Mount Diablo; New Geology; plate tectonics; San Andreas Fault)
paper people Chinese immigration after, 343–50 (see also Chinese immigrants)
Pentecostal Movement after, 335–42
pictures of, 287, 295–301 (see also photography)
public-relations campaign to minimize effects of, 319–24
rejection of urban planning after, 356–59
San Francisco and (see San Francisco, California)
San Francisco’s loss of supremacy to Los Angeles due to, 331–33
science, technology, politics, and culture of United States in 1906, 49–56
seismic events of 1906 and, 23–28
this book about, 4–5
timing of, 12–18, 253, 267–71
view of, from space, 11–13
Yellowstone National Park geysers and, 380–85
Great Western Surveys, 138–49. See also geological surveys
cordilleran geology as legacy of, 148–49
by Ferdinand Hayden, 138–39
by Clarence King, 139–43
by John Wesley Powell, 144–48
by Wheeler and Grove Karl Gilbert, 143–44
Great Yokohama Earthquake of 1880, 263
greed, Gold Rush, 125–26
Greely, Major General Adolphus Washington, 304, 306, 309
Greenland, North American Plate rocks in, 69–73, 79–81, 85
Green River, 145
Greenwich meridian and Greenwich Mean Time, 79, 177
Gregori-Hosgri Fault, 167
ground displacement
by aseismic creep, 182–84
by Chiayi or Meishan Earthquake of 1906, 26
by Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, 171–74
by San Francisco earthquake of 1989, 360–61
ground waves, 399
Gunn, Mrs. Lewis, 126–27
Haines Junction, Yukon, 376
Hall of Justice Building, 285, 307, 311
Ham and Eggs Fire, 292
Hamburg-Bremen Company, 329–30
handbills, anti-looting, 308–9
Hansen, Gladys, 323
Harbor View Camp, 313
Harding, President Warren G., 234
Harte, Bret, 34, 36, 351
Havasupai Indians, 147
Hay, John, 142
Hayden, Ferdinand, 138–39
Hayes Valley Fire, 292–93
Hayward, California, 232
Hayward Fault, 200, 232, 363
health, post-earthquake, 313
Hearst, William Randolph, 236
Heath, Cuthbert Eden, 326
Hecker, Dr., 264
Hekla volcano, 66
Helena, Montana, 314
hematite, 70
Heng, Zhang, 261
Herbert, Victor, 238
Hermann Safe Company, 285–86
Hertz, Alfred, 250
Hewitt, Fred, 14, 20
highbinders (term), 222
highways
Alaska Highway, 369, 372–77
displacement of Sir Francis Drake Highway, 173–74
first official California state, 128
Gold Rush routes and, 124
Holiness churches, 335–42
homeless, 302, 313. See also refugees
Hong Kong, 361
hoodlum (term), 214
Hopkins, Mark, 128–29, 225–27
Hopper, James Marie, 240
horizontal cut, insurance companies and, 328–29
horses, 240, 249
horsts (term), 414
hospital patients, 280
Hotaling, A. P., 286
Hotel Nymphomania, 224
hotels, San Francisco, 225
housing, refugee, 313, 315–16, 330
Hudson Bay, Canada, 73, 79–82
Hudsonland, 83
Hulbert, Archer Butler, 125
human response, 302–33. See also fire department, San Francisco; military; police
by banks and U. S. Mint, 316–17
by city government and Mayor Eugene Schmitz, 307–13
coping strategies, 295–96
disaster recovery of cities, 302–4
financial relief, 314
to fire, 299–300
firefighters, 300
food and medicine relief, 310
military response, 300, 304–13
modern culture, science, and rational, 54–56
by U. S. Post Office, 314–16
human scale, earthquake intensity scales as, 391
Hunter’s Point, California, 330
Huntington, Collis, 128–29, 225
hydraulic elevators, 233
hydraulic mining, 18, 36–37
hydrogaphy, 387
hypocenters, earthquake, 159
Iceland, 63–73
igneous geologists, 72
immigration
Chinese (see Chinese immigrants)
Civil War, Reconstruction Era, and, 127–28
European, 346
Gold Rush and, 35, 121–27
Indian Plate, 39
Indians. See Native Americans
Indio, California, 197
indirect earthquake effects, 288–90
instruments, earthquake-detecting, 161–62. See also seismographs
insurance companies
earthquake damage and, 274–75, 288, 301
fire danger and, 229, 239
response of, to earthquake damage claims, 324–30
stock market decline and, 321–22
intensity, earthquake, 25, 192, 388–96, 401
International Commission on Stratigraphy, 403
International Latitude Station, 270
intraplate earthquakes, North American Plate, 108–12
intrusions (term), 414–13
Inyo earthquake of 1872, 19
Iranian earthquake of 2004, 28
Iraq War, 106
iridium, 415
iron safes, 285–86
Iroquois Theater fire, 326
Irwin, Will, 227
Islamic movement, 342
Isla Robinson Crusoe, 165
Isthmus of Panama route to California, 124
Isua Formation, 73
Italy, Vesuvius eruption in, 26–27, 234
Ives, Joseph, 147
Jackson, William Henry, 139
Jackson Brewing Company, 285
jails, 317
James, William, 295–96, 310
Jefferson, Thomas, 114
Jesuits, seismographs and, 265–67
Jet Propulsion Lab, 161
John A. Campbell (ship), 252
Juan de Fuca Plate, 59, 169
Juan Fernandez Islands, 165
Judson, Clarence, 20–22, 247
Jurassic Period, 39–42, 415
Kalakaua, King of Hawaii, 234
Keith, William, 352
Kenora, Canada, 81–82
Kenoran Orogeny, 81
Kenorland, 81–82
Kern River, 193
King, Clarence, 139–43
Kingston, Maxine Hong, 345
Klamath Mountains, 169
Kluane Fault, 376
Kluane National Park, 376
Krakatoa eruption
elephants and, 240
Islamic movement after, 342
Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded–August 27, 1883 (book), 71
K-T boundary event, 7, 415
Kula Plate, 59
Lafayette Park, San Francisco, 15, 270
Lake Tahoe Wagon Road, 128
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 176
lamp-shells (term), 412
landfills, 361, 417
Land’s End, San Francisco, 226
La Pérouse, Jean-François, 116
Larkin Street, San Francisco, 14, 19–20
latitude stations, 270
latrine-emptying wagons, 313
Laurasia, 74
Laurentia, 83–84
lavas, 150, 154. See also basalt rock
law, martial, 308
Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, 364
Lawson, Andrew, 164, 182, 195, 256, 267, 269–71
leadership, 303–4. See also human response
Lee, Owen, 338–39
Leese, Jacob, 204–5
Leese, Rosalie, 205
Legler, Mr., 253
Lengfeld’s Pharmacy, 296–97
letter mail delivery, post-earthquake, 314–16
library damage report, 317
Lick Observatory, 257, 270