in Seven Days campaign, 338, 339, 349, 352, 354–55, 356, 357, 358–60, 361, 364, 365–66, 367, 371–73, 375–78
Seven Days flanking marches of, 338, 339, 352, 354–55, 356, 357, 358–60, 361, 364, 365–66
straggling in, 215, 279
strength of, 7, 8, 177, 184, 191, 195, 196, 200, 203, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 215, 220, 222–23, 225, 227, 228, 234, 240, 251, 252, 255, 267, 268, 275, 278–79, 280, 284, 292, 293, 300, 308, 310, 316, 319, 323, 324, 326, 331, 349, 356, 361, 371, 377
successes of, 7, 8
supply train of, 372; see also Valley campaign, Jackson’s supply lines in
tactics of, 7, 209
Valley campaign marches by, 7, 209, 215, 240, 242, 247, 257, 272–73, 279, 280, 286–87, 297, 301, 307, 310
in Winchester Battle, 291–98
Winchester casualties in, 298
Winchester retreat of, 196, 200–201, 202, 203
Winchester’s first occupation by, 175, 176, 179, 180, 193–94, 195
Winchester’s reoccupation by, 295–96, 298, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307
Army of Virginia:
Army of the Potomac reinforcement of, 397, 410–11, 413, 418, 430, 438, 440, 441
in Cedar Mountain Battle, 399, 400, 401–6
early August 1862 position of, 397, 399
formation of, 392–93, 394
Jackson’s flanking march around, 413–18, 449
McClellan’s command of, 446
Pope’s appointment to, 392, 394
pre–Second Manassas attacks of, 419–20, 421, 439
pre–Second Manassas position of, 410, 411, 413, 415–16, 418, 421, 422
in Second Manassas Battle, 423–38, 440, 441–45
Second Manassas retreat of, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448
strength of, 393, 400, 402, 406, 410–11, 418, 419, 421, 422, 423, 429, 430, 431, 439, 442, 443
subsistence policy of, 396
supply lines of, 413, 417–18, 419
Arnold, Jonathan, 140, 146, 235
Arnold, Laura Jackson, 106, 118, 125, 136, 137, 138, 139–41, 146, 148, 155, 235–36, 346, 566
Arnold, Thomas Jackson, 19, 140, 343
Ashby, Richard, 211
Ashby, Turner, 43, 177, 200, 204, 206, 207, 209–11, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 240, 241, 242, 243, 248, 250, 261–63, 273, 275, 278, 279, 280, 287, 296, 308, 310, 318–19
Atlantic, 481
Augur, Christopher, 401, 403
Bagby, George, 194
Baird, Absalom, 116
Baker, Edward (Ned), 167
Ball’s Bluff, Battle of, 167
Baltimore American, 451
Baltimore and Ohio (B & O) Railroad, 41, 44, 48, 243, 288
Banks, Nathaniel, 199–200, 574
Army of Virginia appointment of, 394
in Cedar Mountain Battle, 399–400, 401, 402, 405, 406
during Romney Expedition, 191
early 1862 promotion of, 202
enemy strength assessments by, 200, 251, 272, 275, 297, 299
Jackson’s valley campaign contest against, 207, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 227, 228, 234, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242–44, 245, 246, 249–50, 251, 255, 256, 265, 266–73, 274, 275, 277, 278–81, 282–87, 290, 291–98, 299, 300, 307, 334
Lincoln’s planned reinforcement of, 289, 291, 300
Northern press portrayal of, 332
planned Shenandoah Valley withdrawal of, 204, 205, 207, 209, 213, 215, 217
post–Second Manassas position of, 444
pre–Second Manassas position of, 416
Shenandoah Valley redeployment of, 228
troop strength of, 177, 195, 196, 203, 228, 234, 239, 245, 251, 292, 293, 300
valley campaign vulnerability of, 271–72, 283, 291
“Barbara Frietchie” (Whittier), 559–60
Barclay, Tedford, 88
Barksdale, William, 471, 494, 496
Barringer, Rufus, 396
Barry, William, 380
Bartlett, William H. C., 127
Bartlett’s Optics, 15
Bartow, Francis, 82, 83, 84, 92, 100, 101
Bates, Edward, 165
“Battle Cry of Freedom, The,” 513
“Battle Hymn of the Republic, The” (Howe), 162
Baylor, W. S. H., 568
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant:
Davis’s relationship with, 171–72
in First Manassas Battle, 75–76, 78, 79, 84, 87, 92, 93, 99–100
First Manassas defensive position of, 68–69, 72, 74, 78, 166
First Manassas signal system ordered by, 77
incompetence of, 66–67, 68, 75, 76, 100
initial First Manassas Battle plan of, 66–67, 68, 100
Johnston’s First Manassas strategy disagreement with, 67, 68
late 1861 troop strength of, 170
Mexican-American War service of, 56, 104
mid-July 1861 Virginia position of, 56, 60, 62
military reputation of, 56–57
Northern invasion proposals by, 68, 173
post–First Manassas hero status of, 99–100, 101, 110, 338
post–First Manassas position of, 162
revised First Manassas Battle plan of, 74–76, 78, 79
Beckwith, Amos, 117
Bee, Barnard, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85–86, 90, 92, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110
Beecher, Henry Ward, 20, 385, 559
Benjamin, Judah, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188–89, 190, 258, 387
Bennett, Jonathan, 35, 101
Bennett, R. T., 527
Blackford, Charles Minor, 27–28, 389, 404, 405
Blackford, William, 52, 424, 460
Black Hat Brigade, see Iron Brigade
Black Horse Troop, 414
Blue, John, 401
Blue Ridge Mountains, 120
Army of the Potomac’s positioning near, 397
Army of the Valley’s passages across, 242, 247, 248, 250, 265, 273, 336
Confederate forces east of, 196, 240, 246, 270
Luray Valley’s position in, 242, 313
Maryland extension of, 456
passes through, 204, 207, 242, 246, 247, 248
2nd Corps crossing of, 492
Union forces east of, 239, 267, 268
Union’s planned spring 1862 withdrawal across, 204, 212
Virginia Central Railroad’s importance in, 245
Bonham, Milledge L., 76
“Bonnie Blue Flag, The,” 512, 513
Borcke, Heros Von, 459
Boswell, J. K., 568
Boswell, Keith, 539, 540, 541
Boteler, Alexander, Jr., 225
Boteler, Alexander Robinson, 1–2, 4–5, 6, 175, 176, 186, 188–89, 190, 301, 302–3, 304, 305, 307, 336, 388, 567
Brady, Mathew, 490
Bragg, Braxton, 104, 569
Brake, Polly and Isaac, 138, 139
Branch, Lawrence, 359, 360, 403–4
Brandy Station, Battle of, 570
Brown, John, 21, 22–27, 31, 182, 302
“buck and ball,” 221
Buckingham, Catharinus P., 491
Bull Run:
Anna’s impression of, 175
fords at, 69, 74, 76, 78, 81, 94
Stone Bridge at, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 89
topography of, 69
Union’s Second Manassas retreat across, 445
see also Manassas, First Battle of
Bureau of Military Information, 520
Burgoyne, John, 458
Burks, Jesse, 186
Burnside, Ambrose, 82, 88, 104, 231, 397, 475, 476, 477, 478, 491–92, 493, 494, 496–97, 499, 500, 501–2, 504, 572
Burnside carbine, 491
Burton, James, 230
Butcher, Gibson, 341
Butler, Benjamin, 56, 237–38
Butterfield, Dan, 533
Cameron, Simon, 161, 162
Campbell, John A., 278
canister, 91, 218, 232
Carolinas, Confederate losses in
, 7
Carroll, Samuel S., 313, 315, 317, 318, 319, 323, 326
Casler, John, 64, 92, 224
Castiglione, Battle of, 455
Catton, Bruce, 445
Cedar Mountain, Battle of, 398–407, 516
consequences of, 410
Jackson’s pride in, 407
Centreville, Va.:
Beauregard’s planned attack on, 75, 76
Bull Run’s course through, 69
Confederate late 1861 camp at, 170
Pope’s mistaken convergence on, 424, 427, 428, 430
Union’s July 1861 camp at, 66, 72, 74
Union’s Second Manassas retreat to, 444, 445
Cerro Gordo, Battle of, 105
Chancellor, Fanny, 523
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 519–38, 539–45, 560
casualties in, 537, 545
Confederate victory in, 545, 552
Hooker’s defeat in, 545
Hooker’s movements prior to, 518, 519–20, 521, 522, 526, 527
Hooker’s position in, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 554
Jackson’s attack in, 536–38
Jackson’s flanking march in, 529–32, 533–36, 544
Jackson’s movements prior to, 521–22, 523, 525–27
Jackson’s night reconnaissance in, 539–41
Jackson’s removal from, 544–45
Jackson’s wounding in, 541–44
Lee’s plan in, 528–32, 534, 535, 536, 538
Lee’s repositioning prior to, 521–22
Longstreet’s absence from, 530, 532, 545
Chancellorsville, Va.:
Hooker’s camp near, 520, 522, 523
Jackson “grave” near, 568
Lee’s movement toward, 522
terrain surrounding, 523
Chandler, Mrs., 553
Chandler, Thomas, 546
Chandler, Zachariah, 502
Chantilly, Battle of, 445, 448
Chapultepec, Battle of, 107, 108, 117, 179, 404
Charleston Mercury, 102
Charlestown, Va.:
John Brown’s hanging in, 23–24, 183, 302
skirmish at, 302
Chase, Salmon P., 57, 58, 287–88, 289, 300
Cheat Mountain, Lee’s defeat at, 3
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 44, 179, 191
Chestnut, Mary, 102
Chickahominy River:
Army of Northern Virginia’s crossing of, 370
Army of the Potomac’s position astride, 338, 351–52, 356, 357, 359, 361, 362, 364
Army of the Valley in crossing of, 375, 376
destroyed bridges on, 371, 372, 376
Chickamauga, Battle of, 569, 571
children:
of Jackson, 147, 153, 157, 198, 492–93; see also Jackson, Julia Laura
Jackson’s fondness for, 135, 140, 150, 510–11
Childs, Thomas, 114
Chilton, R. H., 372, 373, 381, 382, 454, 534
Christian, William, 565
Cincinnati Commercial, 502
Civil War, US:
artillery batteries in, 86
artillery in, 229–33; see also Confederate army, equipment of; Union army, equipment of
artillery ranges in, 218
battlefield deployments in, 220
battlefield tactics in, 230–31, 343
brigade sizes in, 74
casualties in, 167, 168, 231, 232, 335, 386, 405–6, 456, 458; see also specific battles
cavalry functions in, 63, 210, 231–32
celebrity generals in, 110
cities destroyed in, 496
communication in, 69, 269, 284
early defensive strategies in, 166, 170
1st Virginia Brigade preparation for, 52–56
flanking maneuvers in, 293
heroic figures made by, 6
inept generals in, 61–62, 334
infantry charges in, 231
innovations of, 69, 191, 192, 218, 233, 299, 335
Jackson’s entry into, 13, 14, 16–17, 18–19, 20, 29, 30–31, 32–36
Jackson’s first combat experience in, 49–51, 61
Jackson’s first command in, 5, 35, 37–45, 47, 49–51
Jackson’s wish to avoid, 17–19
McClellan’s vision of, 164, 384–85, 397
mid-July 1861 army positions in, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68–69
national anguish over, 557
Northern anticipation of, 55–56, 59
Northern debate over, 447, 450
North’s advantages in, 99
officer casualties in, 232, 318
piecemeal attacks in, 219, 365, 469, 479
pneumonia in, 547
political causes of, 20–21, 30
political commissions in, 36, 199, 271
proximity of capital cities in, 55, 56
railroad use in, 1, 4, 5–6, 41, 48, 62, 64, 65, 69, 176, 207, 241, 243, 245, 249, 250, 251, 256, 288, 303
realities of, 507
retreats in, 320–21
Scott’s early strategy for, 58–59
signal systems used in, 76–77
sound of, 222
and Southerners’ reasons for fighting, 21–31, 452
Southern perception of, 191, 507
South’s destruction in, 383, 385, 572
standard-bearers in, 223
start of, 13–14
straggling in, 215, 279, 309, 387, 408–9, 423, 424, 452, 531
tactical advancements in, 7, 218, 343
tactical success in, 502
troop strength statistics from, 278
Virginia’s anticipation of, 52, 59
Virginia’s ravaging by, 32
in West, 7, 168, 173, 191, 192, 194, 203, 243, 253, 277, 288, 334, 338, 382, 394, 448, 480
West Point Class of 1846 generals in, 340–41
see also specific battles
Cobb, Thomas, 97
coffee, 248
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 571, 572
Colston, Raleigh, 16, 147, 522, 531, 537, 539, 552
Columbia, S.C., as alternate Confederate capital, 3
Compromise of 1850, 21, 22
Confederacy:
draft in, 240, 264, 279, 408
Europe’s importance to, 169, 170, 193, 386, 450, 481
financial reserves of, 3, 348
First Manassas reaction in, 97–98, 99–100, 101–3, 110
first war council of, 68
flag of, 553–54
industrial strength of, 3
Jackson’s death and, 560
Jackson’s loyalty to, 19
Manassas Junction’s importance to, 66
Northern perception of, 237
politicians’ roles in, 2
size of, 55
Virginia’s importance to, 20
“White House” of, 392
see also South
Confederate army:
Antietam casualties in, 468, 478
in Ball’s Bluff Battle, 167
Beauregard’s position in, 57
Beauregard’s revised First Manassas Battle plan for, 74–76, 78, 79
camp conditions in, 53–54, 174, 193, 257, 451
Cedar Mountain casualties in, 405–6
Chancellorsville casualties in, 545
diet of, 247–48, 302, 451, 507
disease in, 53–54, 59, 174, 194, 195, 248, 257, 387, 451, 507
early 1862 defeats of, 7, 194, 195, 203, 256, 277
early 1862 Virginia positions of, 2, 193, 201, 202, 203, 207, 244
early disorganization in, 38
early summer 1861 western Virginia defeat of, 53
equipment of, 32, 38, 41–42, 65, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 196, 203, 231, 232, 233, 380, 433, 442, 451, 452, 498, 501, 531, 536; see also Army of the Valley, equipment of
First Manassas casualties in, 82, 83, 84, 88, 90–91, 92, 93, 97, 98
First Manassas defensive line of, 68–69, 71, 72, 74, 77, 78, 79–80, 93
/>
in First Manassas Henry Hill fight, 84–93, 98, 100
in First Manassas Matthews Hill fight, 81–83
First Manassas strategy of, 60, 62–63, 68, 72
First Manassas victory of, 93–94, 97–98
formation of, 14, 16–17, 32–36, 37–42, 55–56
in Fort Donelson Battle, 192
Fredericksburg casualties in, 500, 501
in Gettysburg Battle, 560
Jackson’s commission in, 51
Jackson’s importance to, 473
Johnston’s position in, 47
late 1862 defeats of, 480
mid-July 1861 Virginia positions of, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68–69, 72
officer casualties in, 232, 318
officer protocol in, 186, 187, 188, 190
officers’ training in, 40
politicians’ links to, 2
post–First Manassas positions of, 162, 170, 172, 174
public’s attitude toward, 13–14
recruitment furloughs in, 195
Richmond’s defense by, 1, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 207, 268, 308, 335–37, 338–39, 369, 410, 411, 490, 521; see also Seven Days campaign
Second Manassas casualties in, 445
signal system of, 77
South Mountain casualties in, 456
straggling in, 215, 279, 387, 408–9
strength of, 2–3, 7, 8, 49, 50, 53, 56, 60, 73, 74, 82, 84, 162–63, 167, 170, 239–40, 278; see also Army of Northern Virginia, strength of; Army of the Valley, strength of
structure of, 75
supply lines of, 173, 414, 415, 451, 453, 521, 526, 529, 534, 546; see also Valley campaign of 1862, Jackson’s supply lines in
Union’s First Manassas flanking march around, 73–74, 75, 78, 80–81, 83, 87–88
Union strength assessments of, 60, 162, 166, 167, 196, 200, 202–3, 205, 227, 228, 251, 272, 275, 288, 289, 297, 299, 308, 319, 353, 354, 356, 361, 369, 397, 416, 439, 456, 460, 462, 479, 520, 532
VMI students and faculty in, 14, 33, 34, 39, 40, 54, 89, 131, 133, 236, 251, 255, 257, 266, 267, 278, 280, 323, 405, 438, 531–32, 542, 575
Washington’s threatening by, 414, 418, 430, 439, 445–46, 447
see also specific units and commanders
Confederate cavalry:
Chancellorsville reconnaissance by, 529, 535
early war dominance of, 43, 206, 209–10, 292
following Winchester Battle, 296, 298
in Front Royal Battle, 278, 280, 281
Hooker’s evasion of, 520
in Port Republic Battle, 322
in race for Winchester, 284–85, 286, 297
in Valley army’s secret transfer, 336
War Department’s command of, 261
wounded Jackson’s escorting by, 546
see also Ashby, Turner; Munford, Thomas; Stuart, James Ewell Brown (Jeb)
Confiscation Acts, 238
Congress, US:
Ball’s Bluff investigation by, 167
Confiscation Acts in, 238