Tertulla, wife of Crassus (1st century B.C.), 168

  Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), Latin father of the Church (160?-230?), 307, 385, 465, 524, 558, 591, 597, 598, 603, 612-613, 617, 618, 647-649, 652, 665

  Tetrabiblios (Ptolemy), 503

  Tetricus, Caius Pesuvius, pretender in Gaul (274), 638

  Teutones, 118-119, 472

  textbooks, 159

  textiles, 77, 92, 473, 486, 510

  Thallus, secretary to Augustus, 229

  Thallus, pagan commentator on Christ (fl. 1st century), 555

  Thames (anc. Tamesis), 176, 179, 441, 477

  Thamugadi (Timgad), 466

  Thapsacus, 512

  Thapsus, battle in 46 B.C., 54, 189, 465, 466

  Theagenes, 636

  theater, 98-99, 133, 193, 219, 266-267, 274, 278, 296, 302, 316, 317, 319, 340, 352, 357, 360, 362, 363, 369, 371, 377-379, 381, 418-419, 421, 456, 458-459, 464, 466, 470, 473, 474, 480, 499, 508-509, 513, 515, 532, 548, 598, 612-613

  Thebaid, 445

  Thebaid (Statius), 316

  Thebes (anc. Thebae), 316, 483* 498, 499, 630

  Theocritus, Greek pastoral poet (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 235, 236, 637

  Theodora, wife of Constantine (4th century), 653

  Theodosius I the Great (Flavius Theodosius), Roman emperor (346?-395), 486

  Theodotians, 605

  Theodotion, Bible translator (fl. 2nd century), 614

  theology, 304, 308, 501-502, 522-525, 547-548, 553-554, 556, 562, 575, 582, 586-590, 594-595. 601, 603-615, 618, 626, 635, 656, 658-661

  Theophila, philosopher and friend of Martial, 370

  Theophrastus, Greek philosopher (?-287 B.C.), 310, 311, 490

  Theopompus, Greek historian (ca. 378-? B.C.), 7

  Therapeutae, 525

  thermae, see baths, public

  Thermus, Marcus Minucius, general (fl. 1st century B.C.), 167

  Theseus, 354

  Thessalonians, The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*

  Thessalonians, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the, 587*, 591

  Thessaionica (Salonika), 78, 324, 483, 546, 583, 585, 591, 602, 630, 637, 655

  Thessaly, 184, 185, 467, 483, 519

  Third Legion, 466

  Thirteenth Legion, 182

  Thisbe, 256

  Thoreau, Henry David, American philosopher and writer (1817-1862), 609

  Thrace, 203, 366, 482, 483, 516, 519, 595, 630, 632, 633, 639, 655

  Thrasea, Publius Paetus, Stoic philosopher and senator (?-66), 279, 282, 300, 426, 441

  Thrasymachus, Greek Sophist and rhetorician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 96

  Thucydides, Greek historian (471?-400? B.C.), 4

  Thugga (Dougga), 465

  Thurii (Terra Nuova), 37, 51, 138

  Thysdrus (El. Djem), 465

  Tiber, 5, 11, 17, 36, 62, 65, 78, 81, 94, 115, 117, 159, 179, 193, 253, 265, 270, 278, 280, 283, 285, 325, 326, 327, 339, 365, 366, 378, 410, 422, 439, 453, 625, 654

  Tiberias (Tabariah), 535, 644

  Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar), Roman emperor (42 B.C.-A.D. 37), 215, 217, 229, 230-231, 232, 234, 248, 259-265, 266, 268, 270, 275, 281, 290, 291, 292, 293, 323, 329, 331-332, 344, 347, 350, 358, 365*, 371, 373, 386, 434, 436, 478, 543, 558, 560

  Tibullus, Albius, poet (54-19 B.C.), 60, 155, 234, 235, 252-253, 370, 407

  Tibur (Tivoli), 35, 78, 121, 155, 252, 344, 421, 454, 638

  Ticino, 49

  Tigellinus, Sophonius, favorite of Nero (?-69), 279, 282

  Tigranes, King of Armenia (fl. end of 1st century B.C.), 217

  Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia (reigned 94-56 B.C.), 528

  Tigranocerta (Sert), 528

  Tigris, 546, 627, 641

  time, measurement of, 66-67

  Timocles the Stoic (in Lucian), 496

  Timomachus of Byzantium, Greek painter (fl. 1st century B.C.), 354

  Timothy, colleague of St. Paul (1st century), 583, 590

  Timothy, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to, 590

  Tingis, see Tangier

  Tinia, 7

  Tiridates, King of Armenia (fl. 1st century), 280

  Tiro, Marcus Tullius, writer and secretary to Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 163

  Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), Roman emperor (40-81), 287, 288-289, 290, 291, 345, 348-349, 351, 359, 361, 365, 375, 383, 404, 419, 533, 538, 544-545, 546, 577, 603

  Titus, Arch of, 348-349, 357, 412

  Titus, Baths of, 291, 345, 359, 375

  Titus, colleague who forsook St. Paul (1st tentury), 590

  Tiu (Tyr), 479

  toga, 70

  Toletum (Toledo), 470

  Tolosa (Toulouse), 473

  Tolstoy, Count Leo Nikolaevich, Russian novelist (1828-1910), 301, 537

  Tomb of the Lioness (at Corneto), 11

  tombs, in Etruria, 6, 7, 8, 339, 443;

  under Rome, 57, 69, 84, 226, 243, 284, 298, 334, 348, 389, 414, 443, 474;

  in Saba, 508;

  Christian, 601

  Tomi (Constanta), 232, 256-257, 301, 480

  Tom Jones (Fielding), 299

  Torah, 535-542, 547-549, 560, 567-568, 576-577, 579, 580, 581, 585-589, 591, 595, 605

  Torlonia, Villa, 454*

  Torquatus, Manlius (Caius Nonius Asprenas?), friend of Horace (fl. 1st century B.C.), 233

  Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus, dictator (fl. 363-340 B.C.), 37*

  Torso Belvedere (Apollonius of Athens), 349

  torture, 267, 270, 285, 292, 334, 395, 403, 424, 520, 534, 615, 643, 649, 651-652

  totemism, 60

  Toulouse (anc. Tolosa), 650

  town planning, 356

  trade, Etruscan, 6;

  Carthaginian, 40-41, 54, 105, 106, 107;

  under Rome, 38, 54, 77-81, 88, 90, 92, 107, 111, 116, 118, 139-140, 170, 190, 205, 211-212, 215, 218-219, 233, 321-322, 324-326, 328-331, 332-334, 336-337, 340-342, 362, 364-365, 399, 411, 432, 448, 454, 455, 456, 465, 466, 470-471, 473, 474, 476, 477, 480, 482-483, 486, 487, 499, 508, 510, 514, 520, 528-529, 532, 535, 579, 632-633, 642-644, 665, 668, 671

  trade routes, 413, 455, 508, 511-512, 529, 602, 632 632

  tragedy, 74-75, 98, 301-302, 378

  Traiana, Via, 410

  Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajanus), Roman emperor (52-117), 28, 97, 234, 275, 291, 299, 307, 322, 326, 330, 335, 341, 345, 349, 361, 368, 371, 375, 387, 395, 408-413, 414, 433, 434, 436, 439, 441, 442, 455, 456, 457, 470, 480, 499, 508, 510, 520, 521, 528, 554, 599, 628, 634, 648, 662

  Trajan, Arch of, 411

  Trajan, Baths of, 345, 375, 635

  Trajan, Column of, 411-412, 413, 442-443

  Trajan, Temple of, 411

  Tralles (Smyrna), 312, 329, 431, 504, 515, 546, 592, 603, 617, 648, 650

  Tranquillity of the Soul, On the (Seneca), 302

  Transjordania, 530

  transport, 77-78, 271, 323-6, 328, 339, 341, 411, 473, 477, 499, 668

  Transylvania, 410

  Trapezus (Trebizond), 418, 518, 520, 629

  Trasimene, Lake (anc. Trasimenus, It. Trasimeno or Perugia), battle in 217 B.C., 49

  travel, 323-326

  treaties, violation of, 90

  Trebia (battle, 218 B.C..), 91

  Trebonius, Caius, governor and conspirator (?-43 B.C.), 197

  Treves, see Augusta Trevirorum

  tribunes, 22-25, 27, 30, 85, 114, 126, 139, 191, 213, 216

  tribute, see taxation

  tributum capitis, 220

  tributum soli, 220

  triclinium, 343, 376

  Trimalchio, 297-298, 333, 380

  Trinity, 595, 660

  Trionn, Via dei, 662

  Tripoli (anc. Tripolis), 464, 465

  Tripoli, see Oea

  Tristia (Ovid), 257-258

  Tristram Shandy (Sterne), 299

  triumphs, 82-83, 86, 119, 121, 136, 138, 170, 171, 177, 190, 206, 208, 211, 219, 271, 272, 283, 288, 291, 348-349, 365, 3
81, 413, 428, 432, 466, 545, 546, 669

  Triumvirate, First, 134, 171, 174, 175-176

  Triumvirate, Second, 201-208, 531

  Troad, the, 157

  Troas, see Alexandria Troas

  Troesmis (Iglitza), 480

  Trojan War, 663

  troubadours, 255, 638

  Troy (anc. Troia, now Hissarlik), 12, 61, 74, 190, 239-240, 278, 280, 516, 522, 663

  True Word (Celsus), 606-607

  tuberculosis, 313, 504, 506

  Tullia, daughter of Cicero (fl. 1st century B.C.), 163, 165

  Tullus, Desumius, millionaire (fl. 1st century), 461

  Tullus Hostilius, third King of Rome (fl. 7th century B.C.), 13-14

  Tunis, 39, 42

  Tunisia, 105, 465

  Turanians, 528

  Turbo, Marcius Livianus, general of Trajan (fl. 2nd century), 413

  Turin, 254, 654

  Turkestan, 528

  Turkey, 513

  Turnus, 240-241, 278

  Tuscan (Etruscan) style (architecture), 18, 81, 92, 357

  Tuscany, 5, 6, 11, 666

  Tusculan Disputations (Cicero), see Disputationes Tusculanae

  Tusculum, 11, 35, 132, 162, 454

  Tutumus, 60

  Twelfth Legion, 182

  Twelve Great Gods, 7

  Twelve Tables, 23, 31-33, 72, 75, 79, 83, 99, 393, 398, 400, 401, 403

  Tyndaris, 247

  Tyne, 417, 476

  typhus, 227

  Tyre, 39, 329, 331, 373, 469, 509, 510, 534

  Tyrrha (Tireh), 6*

  Tyrrhenian (Etruscan) Sea, 6, 453

  U

  Uffizi Gallery, 348*

  Ulpian (Domitius Ulpianus), jurist (?-228), 392, 398, 405, 510, 621, 626, 634

  Umbria, 99, 253, 455

  Umbrians, 5, 12, 35, 37, 51, 122

  unemployment, under Rome, 38, 116, 176, 180, 192, 205, 213, 288, 290, 323, 326, 336, 410, 641;

  in Athens, 418

  United States, 79, 218, 372, 546, 632

  unities, Horace on, 249

  Universal History (Eusebius), 662

  Universal History (Poseidonius), 514

  universities, 465, 474, 487-489, 500, 504, 510, 515, 661

  Urals, 218

  Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope (1568-1644), 420

  urbanization, under the Republic, 90, 111, 113, 118;

  under the Principate, 222, 237, 286, 319, 481, 498, 508-509, 510, 516;

  under the monarchy, 631, 633, 667

  urology, 313, 318

  Ursus, Flavius, friend of Statius (fl. 1st century), 335

  Ustica, 244

  usury, see moneylending

  Utica (Utique), 39, 40, 80, 106, 107, 186, 188, 189-190, 325, 418, 465

  Utrecht (anc. Trajectus), 324

  V

  Valentia (Valencia), 470

  Valentinian I (Flavius Valentinianus), Roman emperor in the West (321-375), 665

  Valentinus, Alexandrian heretic (fl. 160), 604

  Valerian (Caius Publius Licinius Valerianus), Roman emperor (?-260), 340, 629, 650

  Valerian Way, 78

  Valerii, Roman clan, 21, 364

  Valerius Maximus, historian (fl. 1st century), 352, 471-472

  Vandals, 358, 638, 639, 670

  Van Dyke, Sir Anthony, Flemish painter (1599-1641), 354

  Van Gogh, Vincent (1853-1890), 355

  Vardar (anc. Axius), 630

  Varro, Caius Terentius, consul and general (fl. 216 B.C.), 50

  Varro, Marcus Terentius, scholar and writer 116-26 B.C.), 60, 146, 159-160, 193, 238, 308, 379, 456, 509

  Varus, Publius Quintilius, governor (?-9 A.D.), 218, 543

  Varus, Quintilius, noble (?-42 B.C.), 203

  Vasari, Giorgio, Italian artist and biographei of artists (1511-1574), 349

  vases, see ceramics

  Vatican (hill), 12, 340, 578

  Vatican, the, 348*, 349, 350, 407

  vault, 339, 355-361, 529, 661, 671

  vehicles, 323, 341

  Veii (Isola Farnese), 6, 10, 17;

  war with (405-396 B.C.), 24, 36, 62, 344

  Velia, 455

  Velitrae (Veletri), 200

  venereal disease, 268, 313

  Veneti, 454-455

  Venetia, 454, 461

  Venice, 429, 455, 516

  Venus, 12, 61, 82, 148-149, 152, 167, 193, 204, 239, 241, 253, 254, 255, 256, 346, 468, 487, 510, 511, 548;

  Venus Genitrix, 349;

  Venus Pompeiana, 458

  Venus, Temple of, 196

  Venus and Mars, Temple of, see Pantheon

  Venus and Roma, Temple of, 421

  Venusia (Venosa), 78, 244, 455, 546

  Veratius, Lucius, slaveowner (2nd century), 404

  Verbanus, Lacus, see Maggiore, Lago

  Vercellae (Vercelli), battle in 101 B.C., 120

  Vercingetorix, Gallic chief of the Arverni (?-45 B.C.), 176-177

  Verona, 11, 78, 154, 155, 410, 429, 454, 628

  Verres, Caius Cornelius, governor (?-43 B.C.), 92, 141, 462, 464

  Versailles, 345

  versification, 74, 98, 99, 155, 295;

  of Lucretius, 148, 154;

  of Catullus, 155-158;

  of Virgil, 236, 238, 243;

  of Horace, 244-248;

  of Tibullus, 253;

  of Ovid, 254, 256-258;

  of Statius, 316;

  of Martial, 317, 318;

  of Juvenal, 439

  Verulamium (St. Albans), 476

  Verus, Lucius Aurelius (Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus), Roman emperor (127-169), 422, 426-428, 430

  Verus, Lucius, friend of Hadrian (?-138), 421, 422

  Vespasian (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), Roman emperor (9-79), 234, 271, 284-288, 290, 301, 309, 311, 312, 313, 322, 336, 337, 341, 345, 348, 351, 358, 361, 365, 368, 378, 383, 396, 402, 407, 409, 461, 489, 516, 544, 546, 575

  Vespillo, Quintus Lucretius (fl. 1st century), 370

  Vesta, 12, 58, 61, 518;

  House of, see Aedes Vestae;

  Temple of, 4, 635

  Vestal Virgins, 61, 63, 94, 133, 142, 199, 202, 206, 290, 348, 351, 370, 388, 397, 622;

  Palace of, see Atrium Vestae

  Vesuvius, 137, 289, 346, 352, 456, 457

  veterinarians, 313

  Vettii, House of, 352-353

  Vetulonia, 17*

  viaducts, 326

  Victor I, Roman Pope (ca. 190-198), 617

  Victor, Sextus Aurelius, writer (fl. 4th century), 641

  Victory, 627;

  Temple of, 94

  Victory Hill, see Clivus Victoriae

  Vicus Lorarius, 342

  Vicus Margaritarius, 342

  Vicus Sandalarius, 342

  Vicus Vitrarius, 342

  Vienna (anc. Vindobona), 78, 324, 346, 432, 480, 633

  Vienne, 49, 649

  Villa Item, 354

  Villanova, 5;

  culture, 5, 9;

  migrants from, 11

  villas, see mansions

  Viminal, 12*, 340, 342

  Viminal Gate, 263

  Vinci, Leonardo da, Italian artist (1452-1519), 220, 232, 356

  Vindex, Caius Julius, legate of Gallia Lugdunensis (fl. 1st century), 283, 473

  Vindobona, see Vienna

  Vindonissa (Windisch), 480

  vineyards, 320, 344, 456, 464, 473, 535, 631, 639

  Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Agrippa (fl. 1st century B.C.), 230, 259

  Virbius (“King of the Woods”), 62

  Virgil (Publius Vergilius [or Virgiliusl Maro), poet (70-19 B.C.), 3, 8, 60, 61, 74, 98, 102, 154, 155, 157, 158, 205, 215, 225, 233, 234, 235-244, 245, 248, 250, 251, 252, 258, 278, 283, 307, 348, 382, 438, 441, 454, 456, 625, 671

  Virgin, 236-237

  Virginia, daughter of Lucius Virginius (5th century B.C.), 23, 72

  Virginius, Lucius, plebeian (5th century B.C.), 23

  Virgo, 298

  Viriathus, Lusitanian leader (fl. 2nd century
B.C.), 87

  Viroconium (Wroxeter), 477

  Virtue, 358;

  Temple of, 358

  Virtutibus, De (Cicero), 163*

  Visigoths, 670

  Vistula, 478

  vitalism, 507

  Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius Germanicus), Roman emperor (15-69), 268, 284-285, 287

  Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, architect and engineer (1st century B.C.), 9, 343*, 356

  vivisection, 504-505, 506

  Voconia, lex, 224, 399

  Volga (anc. Rha), 669

  Volney, Comte de, Constantin François de Chasseboeuf, French skeptical author (1757-1820), 553

  Vologases III, King of Parthia (fl. 2nd century), 428

  Vologases IV, King of Parthia (?-209), 530

  Vologases V, King of Parthia (?-227?), 530

  Volscians, 15, 35, 36, 37, 326*

  Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, French writer (1694-1778), 99, 131, 154, 225, 244, 304, 495, 497, 553

  vote buying, 128-129, 192

  vows, 64-65, 311, 606

  Vulcan, 59, 63

  Vulci, 9

  Vulso, Cnaeus Manlius, general (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 88

  W

  wages, 111, 112, 632, 642-643

  Walden Pond, 609

  Wales, 36, 73, 475, 477

  Wall Street, 340

  war, 24, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 90, 91, 96, 193, 198, 232, 233, 242, 253, 255, 261, 301, 310, 330, 336-337, 387, 424, 478, 602, 622, 632, 636, 641, 650, 665, 666, 667

  War of the Mercenaries, 46

  Wars of the Jews, The (Josephus), 546

  Washington, D. C, 356

  water clock, see clepsydra

  watering places, 133, 324, 377, 456, 477, 664

  water supply, of Rome, 220, 281, 326-328, 343;

  in Italian cities, 461;

  in Syria, 511, 512;

  in Smyrna, 515

  Watt, James, Scottish inventor (1736-1819), 504

  Watteau, Jean Antoine, French painter (1684-1721), 351

  wealth, 88-89, 90, 91, 95, 108, 118, 128, 130-134, 212, 221, 337, 339, 391, 399, 448, 483, 510-512, 514, 631-633, 657, 667

  weapons, 33, 77, 106-107, 322, 328*

  weddings, 223, 379

  weights, 78

  West, the, 154, 188, 203, 208, 234, 251, 283, 329, 331, 366, 389, 392, 406, 420, 463, 473, 475, 481, 512, 529, 603, 605, 612, 616-617, 629, 640, 644, 654, 657, 661, 665, 666, 669, 670, 671

  Westminster Hall, 635

  Wieland, Christopher Martin, German poet and novelist (1733-1813), 553

  Winchester (anc. Venta Belgarum), 477

  Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, German archeologist and art historian (1717-1768), 349

  Wisdom of Solomon, Book of the, 540, 541, 589

  Wissowa, George, German classical philologist (1859-1931), 504*

  witchcraft, 526, 559