At Canberra Airport, Prime Minister Holt seems to assert his unity of intent with President Johnson, and will express it as, ‘All the way with LBJ’. The memory of American deliverance from the Japanese had been invoked but was rejected by millions of Australians. (David Moore Photography)

  In a Melbourne store, in 1968, shoppers confront the conundrum of their Prime Minister’s tragic death, and the genial and worldly Holt, smiling back at them, seems to offer few indications of what happened. (Newspix)

  NOTES

  GENERAL HISTORIES OF THE PERIOD

  In nearly all cases of individually mentioned Australians, the admirable online Australian Dictionary of Biography, founded and maintained by the Australian National University, was throughout the writing of this history are most valuable resource, though for the vast majority of Australians dealt with in this narrative other sources were also consulted. I shall not therefore mention case-by-case recourse to Australian Dictionary of Biography, but acknowledge my enthusiastic thanks for it once and for all here.

  Another highly appreciated reference which I acknowledge but mention once and for all here is Graeme Davison, John Hirst, Stuart Macintyre (eds), The Oxford Companion to Australian History (South Melbourne 2001).

  There also exists a debt to general histories of Australia, including: Geoffrey Blainey, A Shorter History of Australia (Melbourne 1994); Geoffrey Bolton, The Oxford History of Australia, Volume 5: The middle way, 1942–95 (Melbourne 1995); Manning C Clark, A Short History of Australia (London 1964); Frank Crowley (ed), A New History of Australia (Melbourne 1974); David Day, Claiming a Continent: A new history of Australia (Sydney 1996); Stuart Mcintyre, The Oxford History of Australia, Volume 4: The succeeding age 1901–1942 (Melbourne 1993); Stuart Macintyre, A Concise History of Australia (Melbourne 2004); Ernest Scott, A Short History of Australia (Melbourne, 1936); Frank Welsh, Great Southern Land: A new history of Australia (Melbourne, 2004).

  CHAPTER NOTES

  Abbreviations to the Notes

  AWM

  JAS

  JRAHS

  ML

  NAA

  NLA Australian War Memorial

  Journal of Australian Studies

  Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society

  Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales

  National Archives of Australia

  National Library of Australia

  CHAPTER 1 WAR’S AFTER-SHADOWS

  Secret armies to save Australia

  Andrew Moore, The Secret Army and the Premier: Conservative paramilitary organisations in New South Wales, 1930–32 (Sydney 1989)

  Keith Amos, The New Guard Movement, 1931–35 (Melbourne 1975)

  D.H. Lawrence, Kangaroo (Sydney 1989)

  Geoffrey Bolton, Land of Vision and Mirage (Perth 1972)

  Geoffrey Bolton, A Fine Place to Starve In (Perth 2008)

  Beverley Kingston, A History of New South Wales (Melbourne 2006)

  L.F. Fitzhardinge, The Little Digger 1914–52 (Sydney 1979)

  Peter Cochrane, ‘Billy Hughes and the Brisbane guns’, Bowyang 1, n.d.

  Andrew Moore, ‘Writing about the extreme Right in Australian history’, Labour History, volume 89, November 2005

  Those Irish again

  Patrick O’Farrell, The Irish in Australia (Sydney 1986)

  Edmund Campion, Rockchoppers: Growing up Catholic in Australia (Sydney 1982)

  Jeremy Sammut, ‘Busting the anti-conscription legend’, JRAHS, June 2006

  The fearful after-shadow

  Marina Larsson, Shattered Anzacs: Living with the scars of war (Sydney 2009)

  Michael Tyquin, Madness and the Military: Australia’s experience of the Great War (Canberra 2006)

  J.P. Lowson, ‘The treatment of war neuroses by abreaction of the war shock’,

  The Medical Journal of Australia, 6 November 1926

  S.J. Minogue, ‘Suicides amongst returned soldiers of the 1914–18 war’,

  The Medical Journal of Australia, 24 February 1945

  Joanna Bourke, ‘Shell shock and Australian soldiers in the Great War’,

  Sabretache, volume XXXVI, July–September 1995

  Ross McMullin, Pompey Elliott (Melbourne 2002)

  Clem Lloyd and Jacqui Rees, The Last Shilling: The story of repatriation in Australia (Melbourne 1994)

  Kiss me, you fool

  Philip Bell and Roger Bell, Americanization in Australia (Sydney 1998)

  Constance Backhouse, ‘Her protests were unavailing: Australian legal understandings of rape, consent and sexuality in the “Roaring Twenties”’, JAS, issue 64, 2000

  Judith Smart, ‘Feminists, flappers and Miss Australia: contesting the meanings of citizenship, femininity and nation in the 1920s’, JAS, issue 71, 2001

  Peter Cowan, ‘Edith Cowan’, Royal Western Australia Historical Society, volume 7, part 8, 1976

  More business with ‘aviating’

  David Wilson, The Brotherhood of Airmen: The men and women of the RAAF in action 1914–today (Sydney 2005)

  F.J. Howard, Charles Kingsford Smith (Melbourne 1962)

  Norman Brearley, ‘Pioneering development of civil aviation in Australia’, Royal Western Australian Historical Society Journal, volume 6, part 5, 1966

  Managing the new woman

  Bell, Americanization in Australia

  Douglas Booth, Australian Beach Cultures (London 2001)

  Leone Huntsman, Sand In Our Souls (Melbourne 2001)

  Judith Smart, ‘Feminists, flappers and Miss Australia’

  Art, doctrine and making a living

  Geoffrey Serle, From Deserts the Prophets Come: The creative spirit in Australia, 1788–92 (Melbourne 1973)

  Norman Lindsay, Art in Australia (Sydney 1920)

  Norman Lindsay, Creative Effort (Sydney 1924)

  John McDonald, Art of Australia, Volume I: Exploration to Federation (Sydney 2008) Richard Haese, Rebels and Precursors: The revolutionary years of Australian art (Melbourne 1981)

  Bernard Smith, Australian Painting 1788–1960 (Melbourne 1962)

  John F. Williams, The Quarantined Culture: Australian reactions to Modernism, 1913–39 (New York 1995)

  The war claims Pompey Elliott

  Marilyn Lake, The Limits of Hope: Soldier settlement in Victoria, 1915–38 (Melbourne 1987)

  Larsson, Shattered Anzacs

  Tyquin, Madness and the Military

  McMullin, Pompey Elliott

  Sydney Morning Herald, 24 March 1931

  Play time

  Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, A Reference Guide to Australian Films, 1906–69 (Canberra 1981)

  Viola Tate, A Family of Brothers (Melbourne 1971)

  Hal Porter, Stars of Australian Screen and Stage (Adelaide 1965)

  Cecil Hadgraft, Australian Literature: A critical account to 1955 (Melbourne 1960)

  A.A. Phillips, with an introduction by Harry Heseltine, The Australian Tradition: Studies in a colonial culture (Sydney 1966)

  The ogre is born

  Stuart Mcintyre, The Reds: The Communist Party of Australia from origins to illegality (Sydney 1998)

  L.L. Sharkey, An Outline History of the Australian Communist Party (Sydney 1944)

  Kevin Windle, Undesirable: Captain Zuzenko and the Workers of Australia and the World (Sydney 2012)

  L.F. Crisp, The Australian Federal Labour Party, 1901–51 (Sydney 1978)

  Ian Turner, Industrial Labour and Politics: The dynamics of the labour movement in eastern Australia, 1900–21 (Melbourne 1965)

  Barbara Curthoys, ‘The Communist Party of Australia and the Communist International (1927 to 1929)’, Labor History, number 64, May, 1993

  Kevin Windle, ‘A Russian account of the Brisbane red flag riots of 1919’, Labor History, number 99, November 2010

  Tom Poole and Eric Fried, ‘Artem: A Bolshevik in Brisbane’, including a translation of Artem Sergeiev’s ‘Australia the Lucky Country’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, volume 31, number 2, 1
985

  Two imperfectly remembered politicians

  John Robertson, J.H. Scullin: A political biography (Perth 1974)

  C. Edwards, Bruce of Melbourne (London 1965)

  Crisp, The Australian Federal Labour Party

  Paul Bartropp, Bolt from the Blue: Australia, Britain and the Chanak Crisis (Sydney 2002)

  Peter Spartalis, The Diplomatic Battles of Billy Hughes (Sydney 1983)

  Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, online, Vatican encyclicals website (1891)

  Documentation on Prime Ministers through www.primeministers.naa.gov.au

  Scullin: Fact Sheet 74

  NAA, John Connor, A Guide to the Archives of Australian Prime Ministers: Stanley Melbourne Bruce, online

  Centre and north

  Michael Cathcart, The Water Dreamers: The remarkable history of our dry continent (Melbourne 2009)

  J.W. Gregory, The Dead Heart of Australia (1906)

  Michael McKernan, Drought: The red marauder (Sydney 2005)

  Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black responses to White dominance 1788–2001 (Sydney 2001)

  Alan Powell, Far Country: A short history of the Northern Territory (Melbourne 1982)

  Henry Reynolds, North of Capricorn: The untold story of the people of Australia’s north (Sydney 2003)

  David Walker, ‘More, more, more: Populating “empty” Australia’, www.hyperhistory.org

  Russell McGregor, ‘Develop the north: Aborigines, environment and Australian nationhood in the 1930s’, JAS, issue 81, 2004

  Labor and the Reds

  Crisp, The Australian Federal Labour Party

  Stuart Mcintyre, The Reds

  Sharkey, An Outline History of the Australian Communist Party

  Vere Gordon Childe, How Labor Governs (Melbourne 1923)

  Success in the west

  Bolton, Land of Vision and Mirage

  F.K. Crowley, Australia’s Western Third: A history of Western Australia from the first settlement to modern times (Melbourne 1960)

  Ruth McGrath, ‘Efforts by the Western Australian government to encourage immigration of farmers’, Royal Western Australian Historical Society, volume 9, part 4 1986

  CHAPTER 2 THE GREAT CRASH AND FACISM’S RISE

  The villain of Threadneedle Street

  C.B. Schedvin, Australia and the Great Depression (Sydney 1977)

  Robertson, Scullin

  Gordon Greenwood, Australia: A social and political history (Sydney 1955)

  Heather Radi and Peter Spearritt (eds), Jack Lang (Sydney 1977)

  J.T. Lang, The Turbulent Years (Sydney 1970)

  Crisp, The Australian Federal Labour Party

  NAA, Susan Marsden, A Guide to the Archives of Australian Prime Ministers: Joseph Lyons, online

  Peter Love, ‘Niemeyer’s Australian diary and other English records of his mission’, Historical Studies, volume 20, issue 79, 1982

  NAA, MS 4851, Lyons Correspondence

  Marmite jar years

  Bolton, A Fine Place to Starve In

  Wendy Lowenstein, Weevils in the Flour: An oral record of the 1930s depression in Australia (Melbourne 1978)

  Beverley Kingston, A History of New South Wales

  Radi and Spearritt, Jack Lang

  Robertson, Scullin

  Elaine Thompson, Fair Enough: Egalitarianism in Australia (Sydney 1994)

  ‘The Great Depression’, Australia.gov.au (2009)

  Unhappy valleys and evictions

  Lowenstein, Weevils in the Flour

  Drew Cottle and Angela Keys, ‘Anatomy of an “eviction riot” in Sydney during the Great Depression’, JRAHS, volume 94, part II

  Naming an Australian

  Robertson, Scullin

  Zelman Cowan, Isaac Isaacs (Melbourne 1979)

  NAA, Letter from Scullin to Isaacs informing Isaacs’ of Scullin’s appointment to Privy Council, 22 January 1931

  NAA A6661,145, ‘Jewish experience in Australia’, online

  The end for Scullin

  Robertson, Scullin

  Schedvin, Australia and the Great Depression

  Irene Dowsing, Curtin of Australia (Melbourne 1969)

  David Day, John Curtin: A life (Sydney 1999)

  Lloyd Ross, John Curtin: A biography (Melbourne 1977)

  E.M. Lyons, So We Take Comfort (London 1965)

  NAA, A Guide to the Archives of Australian Prime Ministers: Joseph Lyons

  Sack Jack

  Graham Freudenberg, Cause for Power: A centenary history of the New South

  Wales Labor Party (Sydney 1991)

  Radi and Spearritt, Jack Lang

  Andrew Moore, The Secret Army and the Premier: Conservative paramilitary organisations on New South Wales (Sydney 1989)

  Lang, The Turbulent Years

  Beverley Kingston, A History of New South Wales

  Our ice

  Douglas Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard (London 1915)

  A. Grenfell Price, The Winning of Australian Antarctica: Mawson’s BANZARE voyages 1929–31 (Sydney 1962)

  David Day, Flaws in the Ice: In search of Douglas Mawson (Melbourne 2013)

  David Day, Antarctica: A biography (Sydney 2013)

  For fear of Japan

  Yoichi Hirama, ‘Japanese naval assistance and its effect on Australian–Japanese relations’ in Phillips P. O’Brien (ed.), The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–22 (New York 2004)

  C.M.H. Clark, A History of Australia, Volume 6: The old dead tree and the young green tree (Melbourne 1987)

  David Walker, Anxious Nation: Australia and the rise of Asia 1850–1939 (Brisbane 1999)

  Werner Levy, Australia’s Outlook on Asia (Ann Arbor 1958)

  Max Beloff, ‘Leo Amery, the last imperialist’, History Today, volume 39, issue 1, January 1989

  Sydney Morning Herald, 28 March, 1939

  On the air

  Kenneth Stanley Inglis, This is the ABC: The Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1932–83 (Melbourne 2006)

  www.abc.net.au/corp/history, history of broadcasting australia.gov.au, radio in Australia

  Fascio

  G. Papalia, ‘Imaginary colonies: Fascist views of Australia in Italian diplomatic

  correspondence, 1922–40’, Eras Journal, Monash University, 14 Feb 2008, online

  David Brown, ‘Within the pre-World War II Italian population of Queensland:

  A study of community processes and interaction’, JRAHS, volume 93, part 1, June 2007

  Gianfranco Cresciani, ‘The proletarian migrants: Fascism and Italian anarchists in Australia’, The Australian Quarterly, March 1979

  Cooking and Nazism

  Bruce Muirden, The Puzzled Patriots: The story of the Australia First Movement (Melbourne 1968)

  Emily Turner-Graham, ‘Food as an ideological tool: German National Socialism and the German–Australian community’, JAS, issue 87, 2006

  John Moses, ‘Reflections on the internment of persons of German origin in

  Australia during two world wars: context and arguments’, JRAHS, volume 91, part II

  Bruce Pennay, ‘An Australian Berlin and hotbed of disloyalty: shaming Germans in a country district during two world wars’, JRAHS, June 2006

  The East is to blame

  Bolton, Land of Vision and Mirage

  Clark, History of Australia, Volume 6

  Thomas Musgrave, ‘The Western Australian Secessionist Movement’, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol 6, 2003

  State Library of Western Australia, ‘Secession!’, online article

  CHAPTER 3 AGGRESSION EVERYWHERE

  Aloof from the wars of the world

  Jeremy Maton Farrel, United Nations, League of Nations Sanctions and the Rule of Law (Cambridge 2008)

  Day, Curtin

  Ross, Curtin

  NAA, A Guide to the Archives of Australian Prime Ministers: Joseph Lyons

  Cristiano Andrea Ristuccio, ‘The 1935 sanctions against Italy: would coal and oil have made a difference?’, European Review of Economic History, volum
e 4, number 1, 2000

  Carl Bridge, ‘Australia and the Italo–Abyssinian crisis of 1935–36’, JRAHS, volume 92, part I

  C.H. Kirmess, The Australian Crisis, electronic edn (University of Sydney 2003)

  Viva Christo Rey

  Amirah Inglis, Australians in the Spanish Civil War (Sydney 1987)

  Fay Wodehouse, ‘Catholic Action and anti-Communism: the Spanish Civil War debate at the University of Melbourne, March 1937’, JAS, 2002

  Peter Monteath, Fighting the Good Fight: Political commitment in the international literature of the Spanish Civil War (Westport Connecticut 1994)

  Agnes Hodgson, Last Mile to Huesca (Sydney 1988)

  Richard Baxell, British Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War: The British Battalion in the International Brigades, 1936–39 (New York, 2004)

  Bryan Besley, ‘Death charged missives: Australian literary responses to the Spanish Civil War’, B.A. (Hons) dissertation, University of Southern Queensland

  Les Dalton, ‘Politics of the Australian peace movement 1930s to 1960s’, Latrobe University Centre for Dialogue, Working Paper, 2011-1

  Joe goes

  Lyons, So We Take Comfort

  Day, Curtin

  Ross, John Curtin

  A.W. Martin, Robert Menzies: A life, volume I (Melbourne 1993)