In April 1909 there is a mutiny among troops sent to Istanbul under the assumption that they would be loyal. They are joined by Islamic students and teachers, and they march on parliament, chanting “We want the Holy Law” and killing a naval officer and two politicians who had been mistaken for someone else. From Salonika the Young Turks send soldiers, among them Mustafa Kemal in charge of a division, and the mutiny is suppressed. The Sultan is deposed, fainting into the arms of his chief eunuch when he is informed that he is to be sent to Salonika, and his trepidatious, pliable brother is released from thirty years’ house arrest in order to be enthroned in his place. Eighty counter-revolutionaries are hanged, including the leader of the Mohammedan Union, and even the unfortunate who used to blend the Sultan’s tobacco. In Adana, the hot-headed and nominally Christian Archbishop Moushegh encourages his fellow Armenians to acquire arms and kill Muslims, causing a backlash that leads to the burning of the town and the massacre of twenty thousand Armenians and two thousand Muslims. Çemal Pasha arrives and quells the disturbances, executing forty-seven guilty Muslims and one Armenian.
Mustafa Kemal begins to argue that it is necessary to keep the army out of politics. He says that members of the Committee of Union and Progress should decide whether they want to be politicians or soldiers, and to forswear political activity altogether should they opt for the latter. This does not prove popular with politicised officers such as the handsome and respectable Enver Pasha. Mustafa Kemal’s assassination is set in train, but the latter suspects the young man who has been sent to talk to him, and he places a revolver before him on the desk. His revolver, coupled with his cool eloquence, so impress the young man that he confesses to his mission, and announces a change of heart. Now the party arranges for Yakup Cemil to kill Mustafa Kemal, but the former has much admiration for the latter, refuses the mission and warns him in advance. One dark night Kemal ducks into a doorway and draws his revolver because he senses that he is being followed. The man who passes by is Enver Pasha’s uncle. Kemal boasts, “I am my own policeman.”
CHAPTER 31
The Circassian Mistress (1)
It is said that in those days one could hear seventy languages in the streets of Istanbul. The vast Ottoman Empire, shrunken and weakened though it now was, had made it normal and natural for Greeks to inhabit Egypt, Persians to settle in Arabia and Albanians to live with Slavs. Christians and Muslims of all sects, Alevis, Zoroastrians, Jews, worshippers of the Peacock Angel, subsisted side by side and in the most improbable places and combinations. There were Muslim Greeks, Catholic Armenians, Arab Christians and Serbian Jews. Istanbul was the hub of this broken-felloed wheel, and there could be found epitomised the fantastical bedlam and babel, which, although no one realised it at the time, was destined to be the model and precursor of all the world’s great metropoles a hundred years hence, by which time Istanbul itself would, paradoxically, have lost its cosmopolitan brilliance entirely. It would be destined, perhaps, one day to find it again, if only the devilish false idols of nationalism, that specious patriotism of the morally stunted, might finally be toppled in the century to come.
At the time of Rustem Bey’s arrival, Istanbul was still the latest living incarnation of Constantinople and Byzantium, whereby names and rulers had changed, but customs, institutions and habits had not. His first plunge into this teeming and colourful chaos was necessarily at the railway station, kindly donated by the Germans (whose Kaiser had proclaimed himself protector of the world’s Muslims) and which was predictably equipped with towers that made it look like a fort.
Infidel Smyrna had been good practice for the ordeal of coping with Istanbul’s extraordinary confusion, but since then Rustem Bey had had to endure the railway journey between the two cities, and he was not in the best of tempers. He possessed little aptitude for Islamic fatalism, so that by the time the train had ground and jolted its laborious way through more mountains than it seemed reasonable for God to have created, and by the time that it had reached Eskişehir, he was already beyond all patience. The train had inexplicably halted for up to two hours at a time, in the full heat of the day, so that perspiration dripped down his forehead and into his eyes, before making its way down to the tips of his moustache and falling into his lap. Four times the train had actually gone backwards for considerable distances. More than once he had been unable to prevent himself from exclaiming, “By God, it would have been quicker to walk!” Once, when the view was so beautiful that it had almost calmed him down, he had put his head out of the window and had collected a large smut in his left eye, projected there with uncanny accuracy by the slipstream. His servants’ concerned dabbing at the sooty water with kerchiefs had added injury to what seemed like the locomotive’s personal insult. Furthermore, despite his efforts to secure private and comfortable seating, the carriages had inexorably filled up until they were bursting at the rivets. Opportunistic travellers congregated at the points where the gradient forced the train to a snail’s pace, and leapt on, often accompanied by goats, babies, rolls of carpet and huge copper pots. At the legitimate stops it seemed that no one got off, but a great many more got on. Outside, the çay-sellers with their prodigious samovars kept up a constant supply of sweet tea, and little boys ran back and forth bearing dusty rings of unleavened bread threaded through a stick.
Rustem Bey found himself crammed into a corner beneath a sweaty heap of the most diverse forms of humanity. On his lap was a birdcage containing two pretty hawfinches of unknown ownership, and between his feet was a mastiff puppy that chewed at the new patent leather of his boots. People were smoking at strange angles so as not to burn the clothes of their neighbours, and the air had grown thick, heavy and blue, the smoke settling in gently wreathing horizontal bands. The passengers, unable to resist the temptation to share each other’s parcels of food and to tell each other the stories of their lives, and their relatives’ lives, and even the lives of those they had never heard of, turned the compartment into a kind of ferocious indoor picnic. A very old long-faced Kurd with hypnotic eyes, a filthy white turban and no teeth, regaled Rustem Bey for three hours with Karagiosiz and Temel stories, in an eastern dialect of which he understood barely one word.
When he arrived in Istanbul therefore, Rustem Bey was in a state of irritable disrepair. Both his eyes were red and stinging, the left much more than the other. His new boots bore small toothmarks, and his nose was itching on account of the birds. His new Stamboul frock coat was dusty and creased, his new crimson fez was impregnated with cigarette ash, his moustache felt like a rodent that had adhered to his upper lip and died, and there were saliva stains on his trousers where the ancient Kurd had dribbled on him, having fallen asleep in an upright position, jammed between a dejected soldier and a crook-backed Jewish tailor. Rustem Bey had become more and more strongly aware that the musty and stale smell that had been tormenting him for several hours was in fact emanating from himself.
As he waited on the platform for his servants to disembark his baggage, Rustem Bey surveyed the press of people and listened to the hubbub, wondering whether in fact he was about to make a complete fool of himself. He was suffering from severe misgivings about the whole project, dimly aware that there was something self-defeating about it, something to which he could not adduce a precise analysis. Nonetheless, he also knew that he was an obstinate man, and that once he had made a decision, he would stick to it. This was why he had never given in to the suspicions aroused by the rumours that Mariora, mother of Polyxeni, had, quite without motive, been the cause of the deaths of all his family. Rumours are the great seducers of reason, but, once he had decided that they were simply malicious gossip such as infect all small towns, he had steadfastly stuck to that decision and had not once allowed himself to be tempted to believe otherwise. He had felt as vindicated as Polyxeni herself when Mariora’s bones turned out to be clean, even though he set no store by such Christian superstition.
At that time there were about 180 khans in Istanbul, endowed by philanthrop
ic Muslims, where one could arrive with one’s own bedroll and sleep in peace in the upper rooms whilst the horses occupied the stables below. Some were famous, such as the Valideh Khan and the Yeni Khan, with their courtyards of trees and fountains, and their fireproof storerooms for merchandise, but even the modest ones were pleasant and clean. They were unfurnished, and were therefore easily swept free of fleas, lice and bedbugs, so that even travellers as demoralised as Rustem Bey could make themselves comfortable and quickly recover their beaux esprits. Rustem Bey directed one of his servants to hire one of the many stray errand boys to lead them to the nearest one, since it was almost dusk, and another of his servants to hire four hamals to transport their luggage. After so many hours of discomfort in the train, he decided not to hire a sedan chair for himself, feeling that a walk would loosen his limbs and do him good. The hamals in those days were Armenians from Lake Van, who had formed themselves into a union in order to monopolise the trade in porterage. These immanitous men were single-handedly capable of carrying pianos uphill on their necks, in the full fire of the sun, with nothing but a cushion by way of assistance. There was a rumour, believed by almost everybody, and widely disseminated by the hamals themselves, that it was only possible to maintain the enormous strength necessary for the job if one lived solely on cucumbers and water, and it was by this means that they discouraged others from taking up the trade.
Thanks to these formidable gentlemen, Rustem Bey was soon installed above a calm courtyard that was washed with the gentle noise of a fountain and the sweet smell of figs. Longing for cleanliness with a desperation that was akin to a thirst in a foundry, he set out for the hamam that was attached to the local mosque, having sent a servant ahead to inform the bath attendants that an important personage was about to arrive, and that this personage did not take kindly to homoerotic suggestions. After having bathed and made certain enquiries of the masseurs at the hamam, he would find a barber to shave away the journey’s stubble, and to massage its horrors out of his neck. Like all barbers, this one entertained him with gossip about the Sultan and his courtiers, and then helpfully informed him that a foolproof way to avoid insect bites for a whole twelve months was to say “Nevruz suyu” on the Persian new year. Rustem Bey raised his eyebrows, the quantity of balderdash presented as indisputable fact never ceasing to amaze him.
CHAPTER 32
The Circassian Mistress (2)
Despite the cacophonous and diligent howling of the city’s tribes of dogs, Rustem Bey slept well, and quite early next morning he breakfasted on bread, honey, yogurt, olives and sweet coffee. It being Friday, he then made his way to the mosque near the hamam where he had bathed the previous evening. He was not by any means devout or punctilious in his religious observance, but, like most people who are brought up in a faith, his natural impulse in difficult or testing times was to enlist the assistance of God. In this he was perhaps, from the Deity’s point of view, rather like those old friends who suddenly remember their affections when they have run out of money, or when one has suddenly become famous, or been appointed to a position of influence.
He washed himself at the fountain outside, left his boots at the door, and entered. In his right hand, draped over his fingers, he held the fine, heavy tespih that he had inherited from his grandfather. The thirty-three beads were made of polished onyx, its string and embellishments were made of silver, and between the eleventh and twelfth beads, and the twenty-second and twenty-third, were twin silver discs cut to resemble flowers. With his eyes closed, and his thumbnail flicking the beads, he named the name of God thirty-three times. He recited internally the first sura of the Koran, the Arabic phrases lining up in his head quite automatically, even though he would have been quite unable to translate them. Then he knelt and touched his forehead to the carpet, hoping that God would look down and hold out His hand in blessing on his enterprise.
Out in the sunlight, he stood on the steps of the mosque and slipped the prayer beads into the inside pocket of his new coat. For a moment he watched the crowds, the red fezzes of the men, with their black tassles, reminding him of the wheat fields full of poppies at home, before they had all turned pink. A group of Mevlevi dervishes walked past together, clad in their great skirts and their hats that looked like tombstones. A hamal strode by, bearing a cast-iron cauldron upon his head. A Jewess was borne past, her sedan chair inlaid with nacre and ivory. Behind her came a letter-writer, bearing his pens and scrolls, an accidental ink mark slanting across his cheek like a scar. A mixed party of Muslims and Christians took their first steps towards Ephesus, making pilgrimage together to the house of the Virgin Mary. Two gypsy women with babies at their backs walked hand in hand with two capuchin monkeys. A portly Orthodox priest sweated behind a party of bedouins draped in white cloaks, and after them a golden-vested Greek merchant rode side by side with a merchant from Italy, discussing prices in French. Four more hamals appeared, bearing between them a small dead camel that hung forlornly from two poles that rested upon their shoulders, then came another, laden with a black tin trunk. Clutching a pink silk parasol, the dainty wife of one of the European ambassadors tripped along, flanked by four black servants and a grotesque eunuch from Ethiopia. A small group of Maltese nuns, whispering and giggling together, pattered along with parcels of medicines in their hands, whilst a group of Persians jostled with a band of Albanians, armed to the teeth and dressed entirely in white. Two young Greek women with scarlet skullcaps, their black hair flowing down over their shoulders, caught Rustem Bey’s eye and nudged one another. A solemn Turk on a small ass led twelve ludicrously pompous camels, strung together, their halters hung with large azure prayer beads. Such was the normality of Istanbul, and none of these people found anything remarkable in such heterogeneity.
All this mommixity and foofaraw was compressed into a street no more than three paces wide, and was further complicated by the dogs who, exhausted by their nocturnal serenades and excursions, slept promiscuously in the paths and alleyways. Their numbers had begun to decline rapidly because of the advent of wheeled vehicles, since for centuries they had merely been stepped over, and had never been obliged to develop any ideas about getting out of anyone’s way. At this time, however, they yet populated the city in numbers equal to the humans, and fouled it to about the same degree. The Muslims were very fond of them, fed them, and even left them money in their wills, but at night the Greeks left them poison. This was because, although they were sweet-natured with humans, the dogs themselves were tribal, and had divided the city between them into small canine republics, devoting much of their energy to assaulting dogs that strayed in from foreign neighbourhoods. This made it impossible for Christians to keep dogs as pets, since Christian house-dogs were considered to be interlopers and were routinely set upon. Muslims, fond as they might be of the street-dogs, never adopted them as household pets because the Koran declares them to be unclean, and hence their concern was only for the ones that lived in the streets, pleading for alms with their big brown eyes. So it was that the followers of Christ poisoned the freebooting Muslim dogs so that they could keep captive Christian ones. Situations analogous to this, involving humans rather than animals, but just as hard to explain, are not unknown to this day in the nearby regions of the Balkans.
Stepping over these somnolent Islamic mutts, and avoiding as best he could the press and shove of the crowds, he sidestepped the open sewage channels with their varied but uniformly loathsome flotsam, holding to his nose a kerchief soaked in lemon cologne. He pressed small coins into the hands or turbans of the wonderfully distorted cripples and beggars that loomed up to bar his passage, and worked his way back towards the railway station, because from the waterfront nearby he would be able to take a boat across the Bosporus. At the khan he would collect two of his servants, because he was about to venture over to Galata where no sensible outsider, however brave or strong, would hazard himself without a bodyguard, a place so infamous that it had even been heard of back home in Eskibahçe.
A
s the day warmed up and the sun brightened they dipped past the Kizkalesi Tower, where once upon a time a tragic princess had been immured, in order to preserve her from a prophesied death by snakebite, only to be killed by a serpent hauled up to the windows in a basket of fruit. Rustem Bey trailed his hand in the black water and marvelled at what he saw. He wondered how he might have described it to the people back home in Lycia. He felt both exhilarated and discomfited by the splendour, diversity and cacophony of it all. The channel was clogged with caiques, rowing boats, skiffs and barques of all shapes and sizes and in all states of repair, some propelled by sail, but most of them by brawn. The air seemed crowded by the hollow knock of hulls, the creaking of rowlocks, the shrieks of seagulls, and the hoarse shouts of the boatmen as they called insults to each other and jested in their impenetrable patois. Before him on the southern side of the Golden Horn rose the imposing walls of the Topkapi Palace, and on its northern side, those of the Galata Tower. Beneath him on the seabed, he fancied, shivering a little at the thought, bobbed the corpses of those discarded wives and concubines of past sultans, which were popularly supposed to have been disposed of in weighted sacks.