13. Arden Albee, interview with the authors at Cal Tech, Pasadena, California, 19 July 1997.
14. AUFORA news update via CNI News.
15. Ibid.
16. McDaniel, Quest for Knowledge lecture.
16. CITIES OF THE GODS
1. See Graham and Bauval, Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, 244–45.
2. J. Michell, The New View Over Atlantis (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1983), 131.
3. Ibid, 131.
4. See discussion in Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods.
5. See Hancock and Faiia, Heaven’s Mirror.
6. Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods.
7. Pete Tompkins, Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, 263.
8. Ibid, 279.
9. Ibid, 263.
10. Ibid, 251.
11. McDaniel, Report, 142.
12. Hoagland, Monuments of Mars, 358.
13. For Avebury, see The Face on Mars: The Avebury Connection, VHS video presented by David Percy (London: Aulis Publishing).
14. Hoagland, Monuments of Mars, fig 40.
15. Skyglobe 3.6, Klassin Software, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1993.
16. J. Legon, “A Ground Plan at Giza,” Discussions in Egyptology 10 (1988): 35.
17. Ibid., 33.
18. Ibid., 34–35.
19. Measurement by the authors is based on Legon’s measurements of the Giza plateau.
17. THE FEATHERED SERPENT, THE FIRE-BIRD, AND THE STONE
1. Hancock and Bauval, Mysteries of the Mexican Pyramids, 266–69.
2. Ibid., 271.
3. Appian Way, The Riddle of the Earth (London: Chapman and Hall, 1925), 165.
4. Joseph Campbell, The Mythic Image (New York: Princeton-Bollingen Series, 1974), 141.
5. Ibid., 149, quoting H. Jacobi, “Indian Ages of the World,” in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. James Hastings (New York: 1928), 201.
6. In Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods (London, 1996), 213–14.
7. Ibid., 106–8.
8. E. A. E. Reymond, The Mythical Origin of the Egyptian Temple (New York: Manchester University Press, Barnes and Noble, 1969).
9. Ibid., 113.
10. Ibid., 109, 113–14, 127.
11. Ibid., 77.
12. Robert Bauval and Adrian Gilbert, The Orion Mystery. (London: Heinemann, 1994), 203ff.
13. Ibid., 300.
14. Ibid., 201.
15. Ibid., 202.
16. Ibid., 202.
17. Ibid., 203.
18. Ibid., 202.
19. Ibid, 203.
20. Ibid, 203.
21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition.
22. Who was also said to have died and returned to life.
23. Hancock and Bauval, The Orion Mystery, The Message of the Sphinx, Heaven’s Mirror.
24. Ibid.
25. See discussion in The Message of the Sphinx.
26. The Orion Mystery.
27. Ibid.
28. The Message of the Sphinx.
29. See discussion in Fingerprints of the Gods.
30. The Message of the Sphinx.
31. Ibid.
32. The Orion Mystery.
33. The Orion Mystery; The Message of the Sphinx.
34. Ibid.
35. R. O. Faulkner, ed., The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts (Oxford University Press, 1969).
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid. See also Jane Sellers, The Death of Gods in Ancient Egypt (London: Penguin, 1992).
39. The Message of the Sphinx.
40. Fingerprints of the Gods; Heavens Mirror.
41. See discussion in Fingerprints of the Gods.
42. The Message of the Sphinx.
43. Hoagland, Monuments of Mars, 287.
44. Ibid, 289.
45. Otto Neugebauer and Richard A. Parker, Egyptian Astronomical Texts, Vol. III (London: Lund Humphries, 1960), 179.
46. Ibid.
47. The Message of the Sphinx.
48. Alain Danielou, The Myths and Gods of India (Rochester, Ver.: Inner Traditions International, 1991), 166.
49. Robert Graves, The Greek Myths (London: Penguin, 1960).
50. Quoted in Wood and Campbell, Genset, 279.
51. Shakespeare, Henry VI, 1.1.
52. Milton, Paradise Lost.
Part Four: The Darkness and the Light
18. THE MOON IN JUNE
1. In the Julian calendar used in Gervase’s time 18 June. This date converts to 25 June in the Gregorian calendar, which was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII and is used to this day.
2. From the chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury, in Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 159.
3. Physicist Graeme Waddington, quoted in David H. Levy, The Quest for Comets: An Explosive Trail of Beauty and Danger (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 132.
4. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 159–60.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 161.
7. Ibid., 161–62.
8. Levy, Quest for Comets, 144.
9. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 161–62.
10. Ibid, 162; Levy, Quest for Comets, 130.
11. Gerrit L. Verschuur, Impact: The Threat of Comets and Asteroids (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 10.
12. Levy, Quest for Comets, 130.
13. See chapter 4.
14. Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Life on Mars? The Case for a Cosmic Heritage (Bristol, England: Clinical Press, 1997), 179.
15. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 140.
16. Ibid.
17. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 156.
18. Ibid, 156.
19. Ibid, 155.
20. H. J. Melosh, Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 207.
21. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 156.
22. Trevor Palmer, Catastrophism, Neocatastrophism and Evolution (Nottingham, England: Society for Interdisciplinary Studies, 1994), 6.
23. Duncan Steel, Rogue Asteroids and Doomsday Comets: The Search for the Million Megaton Menace that Threatens Life on Earth (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995), 58–59.
24. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 140.
25. Palmer, Catastrophism, 6.
26. Donald W. Cox and James H. Chestek, Doomsday Asteroid: Can We Survive (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1996), 17.
27. Verschuur, Impact, 133; M. E. Bailey, S. V. M. Clube, W. M. Napier, The Origin of Comets (Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1990), 397–99.
28. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 150.
29. Richard Leaky and Roger Lewin, The Sixth Extinction: Biodiversity and its Survival (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1996), 47.
30. Science, 25 July 1997.
31. Dr. Joseph Kirschvink, quoted in Cal Tech press release, 24 July 1997.
32. Schultz, “Polar Wandering on Mars.”
33. Hancock, Fingerprints of the Gods.
34. Rand and Rose Flem-Ath, When the Sky Fell (Toronto, Canada: Stoddart, 1995).
35. William Glen, ed., The Mass-Extinction Debates: How Science Works in a Crisis (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), 25.
36. Cal Tech press release, 24 July 1997.
37. Walter Alvarez, T-Rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 15.
38. Ibid, 141; David M. Raup, The Nemesis Affair: A Story of the Death of Dinosaurs and the Ways of Science (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986), 158.
39. Verschuur, Impact, 7; Raup, Nemesis, 49.
40. Verschuur, Impact, 7.
41. Raup, Nemesis, 158.
42. Luis W. Alvarez, Science, June 1980.
43. Fred Hoyle, Ice (London: Hutchinson, 1981), 167; Alvarez, Crater of Doom, 7.
44. Verschuur, Impact, 28.
45. Alvarez, Crater of Doom, 15; David Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, Diamonds and Things from Outer Space: The Great Extinction (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1995), 102.
r /> 46. Alvarez, Crater of Doom, 9.
47. Verschuur, Impact, 123.
48. Paul J. Thomas, Christopher F. Chyba, Christopher P. McKay, Comets and the Origin and Evolution of Life (New York: Springer Verlag, 1997), 225.
49. Alvarez, Crater of Doom, 14; Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Comets and Origin, 225.
50. Alvarez, Crater of Doom, 14.
51. Verschuur, Impact, 10; Claude C. Albritton Jr., Catastrophic Episodes in Earth History (London and New York: Chapman and Hall, 1989), 109.
52. Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 169–70.
19. SIGNS IN THE SKY
1. David Morrison, quoted in Patricia Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid: Earth-Destroyer or New Frontier? (New York and London: Plenum Press), 246.
2. NASA, Fact Sheet on Asteroid and Comet Impacts, 1997, and authors’ personal communication with David Morrison, NASA, 3 February 1998.
3. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 246ff.
4. Ibid, 247.
5. Ibid, 248; and see Natural Catastrophes During Bronze Age Civilizations, Second SIS Cambridge Conference, 11–13 July 1997,5, 6; Verschuur, Impact, 199.
6. Quoted in Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 254.
7. Hoyle, Ice, 144.
8. Brez-Carlisle, Dinosaurs, 169–70.
9. George Foster, The Meteor Crater Story: Full Dramatic Story of the World’s First Proven Meteorite Crater (Meteor Crater Enterprises, 1993), 10–15; Kathleen Mark, Meteorite Craters (Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1987), 25–39.
10. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 157; Verschuur in Impact puts the rate of discovery at 3–5 per year (p. 148).
11. John S. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice: The Very Real Threat of Comet and Asteroid Bombardment (New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1996), 88.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 71.
16. Verschuur, Impact, 150.
17. Melosh, Impact Cratering, 215.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid, 7.
20. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 91.
21. Quoted in Cox and Chestek, Doomsday Asteroid, 30.
22. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 59.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid, 203.
25. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 62; Hoyle, Ice, 141; Levy, Quest for Comets, 149.
26. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 72.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid, 72; Hoyle, Ice, 141.
29. Levy, Quest for Comets, 148.
30. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday Asteroid, 298.
31. Ibid.
32. Evening Standard (London), 12 March 1998; Daily Telegraph (London), 13 March 1998; Guardian (London), 13 March 1998; Independent (London), 13 March 1998.
33. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 75.
34. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 2; see also Palmer, Catastrophism, 6–7.
35. Duncan Steel, quoted in Verschuur, Impact, 112.
36. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 168.
37. Ibid, 169.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 86.
41. Ibid, 87.
42. Gribbin, Fire on Earth, 58; Verschuur, Impact, 33.
43. Verschuur, Impact, 33.
44. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 85.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid, 86.
47. Ibid, 85.
48. Verschuur, Impact, 69.
49. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 105.
50. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
51. Ibid.
52. Verschuur, Impact, 69.
53. Gribbin, Fire on Earth, 73.
54. Plato, Timaeus and Critias (London: Penguin Classics, 1977), 46.
55. Ibid.
56. David H. Levy, Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (New York and London: Plenum Press, 1995), 159.
57. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Jupiter.”
58. Moore, Planets, 128.
59. Verschuur, Impact, 170.
60. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 259; Gribbin, Fire on Earth, 131.
61. Verschuur, Impact, 178; Levy, Impact Jupiter, 258–59.
62. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 248.
63. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 2.
64. Ibid, 45.
65. Ibid, 48–49.
66. Ibid, 49.
67. Ibid, 158.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid, 167.
70. Ibid, 170.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid, 173.
73. Verschuur, Impact, 187.
74. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 176.
75. Verschuur, Impact, 177, 184.
76. Ibid, 178.
77. Levy, Impact Jupiter, 210.
78. Caroline Shoemaker, quoted in Ibid, 113.
20. APOCALYPSE NOW
1. See chapter 18.
2. Owen B. Toon, et al, “Environmental Perturbations Caused by the Impacts of Asteroids and Comets,” Reviews of Geophysics 35 (February 1997): 46, 48–49.
3. Ibid, 47.
4. Hoyle and Wickramasinghe, Lifecloud, 107.
5. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 81.
6. Trevor Palmer, “The Fall and Rise of Catastrophism,” lecture delivered at Nottingham Trent University, 25 April 1996, 11.
7. Emilio Spedicato, Apollo Objects (Bergamo, Italy: Instituto Universitario di Bergamo, 1990), 17.
8. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 222.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid, 8.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid, 8.
13. See chapter 18.
14. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 99.
15. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 8–9.
16. Palmer, “Catastrophism lecture,” 11.
17. Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 17.
18. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 101.
19. Cited in Glen, Mass-Extinction Debates, 19.
20. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 57–58.
21. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 205.
22. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 49.
23. Verschuur, Impact, 159.
24. Palmer, Catastrophism, 6.
25. Levy, Quest for Comets, 205.
26. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 49.
27. Jack Hills and Patricia Goda, quoted in Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 150.
28. Ibid.
29. Verschuur, Impact, 153.
30. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 40.
31. Verschuur, Impact, 153.
32. Hills and Goda, quoted in Verschuur, Impact, 154.
33. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 102.
34. Ibid, 102.
35. Don Gault, quoted in Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 21.
36. Ibid, 21–22.
37. Ibid, 22.
38. Ibid.
39. Emiliani, Kraus, Shoemaker, quoted in Albritton, Catastrophic Episodes, 114–15.
40. Ibid.
41. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 103.
21. EARTH CROSS
1. See chapter 19.
2. Tom Van Flandern, Dark Matter, Missing Planets and New Comets: Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated (Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, 1993), 215–36.
3. Hoyle, Ice, 143.
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System;” Moore, Planets, 119, 123.
5. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 126–27; Thomas, Chyba, McKay, Comets and Origin, 216; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 259–60; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
6. Verschuur, Impact, 44.
7. Palmer, Catastrophism, 8; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127.
8. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127.
9. Moore, Planets, 124.
10. Ibid.
11. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127.
12. Ibid, 27–28.
13. An example is 1993 HA2, Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 127. See also Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets; they include in this category the still unnamed minor planets, 3552 (1983 SA), 405 (1979 VA), and 1983
XF.
14. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
15. Verschuur, Impact, 43.
16. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.” Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 64.
17. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 64.
18. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.” Moore, Planets, 115.
19. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
20. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 325–28.
21. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
22. Verschuur, Impact, 44.
23. Nature, 25 April 1996, 689; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 56.
24. Nature, 25 April 1996, 689.
25. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 57.
26. Nature, 25 April 1996, 689.
27. Verschuur, Impact, 44–45.
28. Ibid.; Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 29; Levy, Quest for Comets, 193.
29. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
30. Ibid, 578.
31. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5.
32. Milton Zysman and Clark Whelton, eds, Catastrophism 2000 (Toronto: Heretic Press, 1990), 7.
33. Steel, Rogue, 29; Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 73.
34. Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 119.
35. Ibid, and Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 66–67.
36. Barnes-Svarney, Asteroid, 66–67.
37. In 1992. Reported in Cox and Chestek, Doomsday, 119.
38. Ibid.
39. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 83.
40. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Winter, 152–53; Bailey, Clube, Napier, Origin of Comets, 397; Verschuur, Impact, 45; Palmer, Catastrophism, 6.
41. Agence France Presse, 9 February 1998.
42. Spedicato, Apollo Objects, 14.
43. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
44. See chapter 19.
45. Brian Marsden, “100 Potentially Hazardous Asteroids,” Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 25 September 1997.
46. Clube and Napier, Cosmic Serpent, 73.
47. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 81.
48. Palmer, Catastrophism, 5; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edition, “Solar System.”
49. Verschuur, Impact, 116.
50. Lewis, Rain of Iron and Ice, 83; Cox and Chesteck, Doomsday, 314.
51. Col. John M. Urias, et al, “Planetary Defense: Catastrophic Health Insurance for Planet Earth,” research paper presented to Airforce 2025, October 1996, chapter 3, 4.
52. Steel, Rogue Asteroids, 204.