295 “The mo appelen”: The source for this citation is not known.
295 bloom: the powdery coating sometimes found on the skin of fresh fruit.
295 fugacious: fleeing; volatile.
296 Brand: John Brand (1744-1806), English antiquary and topographer. Thoreau’s journals for the spring of 1860 record his reading Brand’s Observations on Popular Antiquities: Chiefly Illustrating the Origin of Our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstition, 2 vols. (London: F. C. and J. Rivington, 1813). Bradley Dean points out that the following citations (from “on Christmas Eve” to “Hurral”) are from the second volume of Loudon’s Arboretum et fruticetum. Loudon bases them on the “Notes to Twelfth Day” in the first volume of Brand’s Popular Antiquities . The last word of the poem reads “Huzza” in the original, not “Hurra.”
296 toast: in the old sense of bread browned at the fire and put in wine or some other drink. “In state” means done publicly, with ceremony and pomp.
296 several: in the sense of “different”; we would say, “three different times.”
296 “Stand fast”: The source for this citation is not known.
296 Herrick: Robert Herrick (1591-1674), English lyric poet. Thoreau quotes a fourline poem, “Another,” from a series of Christmas poems by Herrick. The last line should read “As you doe give … ,” not “so give.” Brand cites the same poem in the “Twelfth Day” section of Popular Antiquities.
296 “Wassaile”: The Oxford English Dictionary gives this 1648 verse by Herrick as the earliest use of the verb “to wassail,” meaning “to drink to (fruit-trees, cattle) in wassail [that is, in salutation], in order to ensure their thriving.”
297 cider … wine: Fermented cider was then.common; wine was not.
297 English Phillips: John Philips or Phillips (1676-1709), English poet whose most ambitious work was Cyder, an imitation of Virgil’s Georgics.
297 ungrafted: Cultivated varieties of apple do not breed true from seed and so are grown by grafting cuttings or scions.
297 Easterbrooks Country: a twelve-hundred-acre tract of largely uncultivated land lying about a mile and a half north of Concord. Thoreau identifies it as one of two such tracts in the Concord area, the other being Walden Woods.
298 Michaux: All citations in this paragraph come from Francois André Michaux’s North American Sylva, vol. 2, pp. 67-68. See the note for page 94 of “Ktaadn.”
298 sweetmeats: fruits preserved with sugar. Michaux writes that crab apples “make very fine sweet meats …, by the addition of a large quantity of sugar.”
299 “Glades”: In his comments on the crab apple, Michaux writes: “It abounds, above all, in the Glades, which is the name given to a tract 15 or 18 miles wide, on the summit of the Alleghenies, along the road from Philadelphia to Pits burgh.”
299 St. Anthony’s Falls: in Minneapolis, the head of navigation on the Mississippi River.
299 herbarium: collection of dried plants.
299 Nobscot Hill: on the Framingham-Sudbury line, ten miles southwest of Concord.
300 malic acid: found in a range of unripe fruit, including apples, cherries, and tomatoes.
302 Van Mons and Knight: European horticulturists Jean-Baptiste Van Mons (1765-1842) in Belgium and Thomas Andrew Knight (1759-1838) in England. Each published books on the cultivation of fruit trees.
302 Porter, Baldwin: varieties of apple.
302 Hesperides: in Greek mythology the nymphs who guarded, with the dragon Ladon, the golden apples that had been Hera’s wedding gift from the goddess Earth. One of the tasks imposed on Hercules by Eurystheus was to bring him some of this golden fruit.
303 “Et injussu”: Thoreau’s exact source is not known, though Palladius wrote only one book, an agricultural treatise usually called De re rustica, parts of which Thoreau knew from an anthology of Latin agricultural writing. See the note for Palladius, page 366 above.
303 “inteneration”: the act of making soft or tender.
303 “highest plot”: lines 31-32 of “An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return from Ireland.” by Andrew Marvell (1621-1678), a poem that Thoreau. also cites on page 288 of “The Last Days of John Brown.” The bergamot is an old and popular variety of pear.
303 “the custom of grippling”: from Loudon, as above.
304 “Fruits and Fruit-Trees”: generically, but also referring to A. J. Downing’s The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1845).
304 pomological: involved in pomology, the cultivation of fruit trees.
304 verjuice: “green-juice,” the acid liquor expressed from crab apples, unripe grapes, and such, used in sauces, ragouts, and the like.
304 Pomaceœ: the apple family.
304 “apples of a small size”: from Loudon, as above.
304 Evelyn: John Evelyn (1620-1706). Thoreau cites from Evelyn’s Sylva; or, A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions . … 3rd ed. (London: Printed for John Martyn, printer to the Royal Society, 1679).
305 Tityrus: Virgil’s first “Eclogue” is a dialogue between two shepherds, Tityrus and Meliboeus, the first still on his land, the second dispossessed and going into exile. In the final stanza of the poem Tityrus invites his exiled friend to pause for the night and share his apples, chestnuts, and cheese.
305 “producing fruit”: Whitney’s report was in the first volume (1785) of the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Northborough, Massachusetts, lies about twenty miles southwest of Concord.
306 Nawshawtuct Hill: just west of the confluence of the Assabet and Sudbury Rivers; also called Lee’s Hill.
306 squash-bug: a dark-brown ill-smelling insect, Anasa tristis; the young feed on beans, melons, squash, and such.
306 “Prunes sibarelles”: from Loudon, as above. The phrase is not a Latin binomial. The French prunes means plums; sibarelles is not a word in French (or Latin, or Spanish … ), though apparently related to the Latin sibilare, to whistle. Provence is a region in the south of France.
306 papillœ: taste buds.
306 “Nor is it every”: The source for this citation is not known.
306 “Deuxan”: This and “Greening” are varieties of apple.
306 “beshrewed”: cursed.
306 “golden strife”: In Greek mythology the goddess of discord, Eris, threw a golden apple bearing the inscription “For the fairest” into an assembly of the gods. Aphrodite, Hera, and Pallas contended for it; the ensuing strife ended in the Trojan War.
307 meridional lines: north-south lines of meridian (on the globe).
308 lingua vernacula: native language; local dialect.
308 fourteen hundred: from Loudon, as above.
308 Wood Apple: The names are Thoreau’s inventions, the Latin echoing the English. Musketaquidensis alludes to the Native American name of the Concord River, the Musketaquid (Meadow) River. “Chickaree” is another name for the red squirrel. Choleramorbifera aut dysenterifera, puerulis dilectissima means “cholera morbus and dysentery, loved by young boys,” which is to say, stomach troubles attractive to youth. In Greek mythology Atalanta is a virgin huntress; she promised to marry the man who could win a footrace with her and finally lost to Hippomenes, who distracted her with three golden apples given to him by Aphrodite.
309 Bodaeus: Thoreau’s edition of Theophrastus contained commentary in Latin by Johannes Bodaeus, which includes the poem that Thoreau “adapts” below. Bodaeus’s poem is itself adapted from Virgil’s Georgics (II.42-44), and the final word in Bodaeus’s version is pomorum (fruits), which Thoreau changes to “wild apples.”
309 Blue Pearmain: a variety of apple.
309 Curzon: Robert Curzon (1810-1873), who tells of finding such manuscripts in Visits to Monasteries in the Levant (New York: George P. Putnam, 1849).
310 Topsell’s Gesner: Edward Topsell (1572-1625) and Konrad Gesner (1516-1565). Gesner was a Swiss naturalist whose Historiae animalium (1551-1587) attempted to describe and
systematize all known animals. Topsell’s The Historie of Foure-Footed Beasts and Serpents … (London: W. Iagard, 1607) was translated from Gesner’s work. Thoreau read Topsell in February 1860.
310 Albertus: Albertus Magnus (1193-1280), German theologian known for his wide interest in natural science.
311 lappets: parts of a garment that hang loose; flaps.
311 temperance reform: Because fermented cider was the wine of the day, both it and the planting of apple trees were targets of the temperance movement.
312 pomace-heap: the pulp discarded after making cider.
312 plat: piece of land set off.
312 “The word of the Lord”: Joel 1:1-12. A prophet of the fourth century B.C., Joel had witnessed a ravishing locust plague and called on the people to repent.
312 “palmerworm”: a hairy caterpillar injurious to vegetation. In this case the word translates the Hebrew gazam, the root of which means “to cut off.” The Revised Standard Bible renders these lines as: “What the cutting locust left, / the swarming locust has eaten. / What the swarming locust left, / the hopping locust has eaten, / and what the hopping locust left, / the destroying locust has eaten.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The literature on Thoreau being vast, I list here only those works that were useful to me in assembling this volume. For anyone just beginning to work on Thoreau, I recommend three sources, each listed below: Richardson’s Henry Thoreau, Harding’s The Days of Henry Thoreau, and the essays that accompany the Norton Critical Edition of Walden. If one had each of these in hand, and followed each to its sources and antecedents, one would be deep into the work that has been done on Thoreau.
Angelo, Ray. Botanical Index to the Journal of Henry David Thoreau. Salt Lake City; Peregrine Smith, 1984. This index is also available on the World Wide Web at: http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/~rangelo/BotIndex/WebIntro.html
Broderick, John C. “Thoreau, Alcott, and the Poll Tax.” Studies in Philology 53 (1956): 612-26.
Buell, Lawrence. Literary Transcendentalism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1973.
Cavell, Stanley. The Senses of Walden. Expanded ed. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1981.
Christie, John Aldrich. Thoreau as World Traveler. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965.
Cooley, Henry Scofield. A Study of Slavery in New Jersey. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1896.
Dean, Bradley P. “Reconstructions of Thoreau’s Early ‘Life without Principle’ Lectures.” In Studies in the American Renaissance, edited by Joel Myerson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987, pp. 285-364. An updated version of this text is available at the Web site: http://www.walden.org/thoreau
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “Address on Emancipation in the British West Indies.” In Miscellanies. Vol. 11 of The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883, pp. 131-75.
Etzler, J. A. The Collected Works of John Adolphus Etzler. Facsimile reproductions with an introduction by Joel Nydahl. Delmar, N.Y.: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1977.
Foster, David R. Thoreau’s Country. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Franklin, John Hope. “Slavery and the Constitution.” In Enryclopedia of the American Constitution. New York: Macmillan, 1986, pp. 1688-95.
Gray, Asa. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. 2nd ed. New York: George P. Putnam & Co., 1856.
Harding, Walter. The Days of Henry Thoreau. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965.
Huber, J. Parker. The Wildest Country: A Guide to Thoreau’s Maine. Boston: Appalachian Mountain Club, 1981.
Lynd, Staughton, and Alice Lynd, eds. Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.
Moldenhauer, Joseph J. Introduction to The Illustrated Maine Woods. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974, pp. xi-xxii.
“Mr. Hoar’s Mission.” The Southern Quarterly Review 14 (April 1845): 455-78.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Knowledge and the Sacred. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989.
Oates, Stephen B. To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown. 2nd ed. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984.
Ostrander, G. M. “Emerson, Thoreau, and John Brown.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39(1953): 713-26.
Packer, Barbara L. “The Transcendentalists.” In Prose Writing, 1820-1865, edited by Sacvan Bercovitch. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of American Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 329-604.
Paley, William. The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1825.
Redpath, James. The Public Life of Capt. John Brown. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860.
————, ed. Echoes of Harper’s Ferry. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860.
Richardson, Robert D., Jr. Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Rosenwald, Lawrence. “The Theory, Practice, and Influence of Thoreau’s ‘Civil Disobedience.’” In William E. Cain, ed., A Historical Guide to Henry David Thoreau (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 153-79.
Sanborn, Franklin B., ed. The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of kansas, and Martyr of Virginia. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1885. Reprint, New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969.
Sattelmeyer, Robert. Thoreau’s Reading. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Scheidenhelm, Richard, ed. The Response to John Browm. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1972.
Schneider, Richard J. “‘Climate Does Thus React on Man’: Wilderness and Geographic Determinism in Thoreau’s ‘Walking.’” In Thoreau’s Sense of Place, edited by Richard J. Schneider (Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 2000), pp. 44-60.
Sweet, John Wood. “The Liberal Dilemma and the Demise of the Town Church: Ezra Ripley’s Pastorate in Concord, 1778-1841.” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 104 (1992): 73-109.
Thoreau, Henry D. Faith in a Seed. Edited by Bradley P. Dean. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993. ————. “Huckleberries.” In The Natural History Essays. Edited by Robert Sattelmeyer. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, 1980, pp. 211-62.
————. The Maine Woods. Edited by Joseph J. Moldenhauer. Princeton, N.J.: Prince ton University Press, 1972.
————. The Moon. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927.
————. Reform Papers. Edited by Wendell Glick. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1973.
————. Thoreau in the Mountains. Edited by William Howarth. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.
————. Thoreau on Birds. Edited by Francis H. Allen. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993.
————. Walden and Resistance to Civil Government. Edited by William Rossi. 2nd ed. A Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
————. Wild Fruits. Edited by Bradley P. Dean. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000.
————. The Writings of Henry David Thoreau. 20 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906.
———. A Year in Thoreau’s Journal: 1851. Edited by H. Daniel Peck. New York: Penguin, 1993.
Von Frank, Albert J. The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emerson’s Boston. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Warren, Robert Penn. John Brown: The Making of a Martyr. New York: Payson & Clarke, 1929.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages of your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abenaki
Abies nigra, see black spruce
abolitionism
Aboljacarmegus Falls
Abu Musa
Acer rubrum, see red maple
acorns
actinism
Adams, John Quincy br />
AeschylusPrometheus Bound
Aesop
Aesthetic Papers
Africa
African Americanssee also slavery
Agassiz, Louis
agrestia poma, see wild apple
agriculture seed dispersal
Albertus Magnus
Alcott, Bronson
alder
Alexander the Great
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade,”
Allen, Ethan
almshouses
Amazon
Ambejijis Lake
Amelanchier, see serviceberry
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
American Romantics
Anacreon; “Return of Spring,”
Andropogon furcatus, see forked beard-grass
Andropogon nutans, see Indian-grass
Andropogon scoparius, see purple wood-grass
animals; seed transportation; see also specific animals
antelope
apple (Pomaceae); crab; history of apple tree; ungrafted; wild
Appleseed, Johnny
“apprentices,”
arbor-vitae
Archimedes
architecture
Aristotle
Aroostook
Aroostook War
Asia; see also specific countries
aspen
Assabet River
aster
astronomy
Atholl, Dukes of
Atlantic Monthly, The
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantis
Audubon, John James; Ornithological Biography
Augustus Caesar
Australia
Austria
autumntints
“Autumnal Tints,”
azalea
Bacon, Francis
Bailey, J. W.
Balaklava
Balboa, Vasco Núñez de
bald eagle
Ballou, Adin
ball spruce
Baltimore
Bangor
Banvard, John
Bartram, William
Batchelder, James