Many of her courtiers posted back to Whitehall, preparing for the change. Orders were issued to transport to Holland all vagrants and unknown persons found in London or Westminster; numerous gentlemen who it was thought were likely to cause trouble were arrested and put in the Tower, to be on the safe side. Arms and ammunition were supplied to the court, an armed guard put on the exchequer. The fleet was ordered to sea. All that could be put in readiness was put in readiness.
At last the Queen was forced to sink back upon some cushions, which had been spread around her, and there lay unspeaking for four more days, her finger in her mouth. Music was played to her, and this seemed to bring a little pleasure to the old eyes. More than did Archbishop Whitgift’s prayers, though he prayed unceasingly at her side. Unlike Philip, religion had never been a dominating influence in her life; this had enabled her to rise above the prevailing passions; now it provided her with small succour at the end.
From her only relative of near contemporary age, the old Lord Admiral Howard, now Lord Nottingham, she accepted one bowl of soup. To him she complained that she was tied with an iron collar about her neck. He tried to reassure her but she said: ‘No, I am tied, and the case is altered with me.’
To the last she would not name her successor, though those about her thought she nodded once at the King of Scotland’s name. Towards the evening of the 23rd she allowed the Archbishop to examine her in her faith; she replied only by nods or a raising of the hand. Then he prayed at her bedside until late in the night, when she fell asleep. At three o’clock in the morning the courtiers remaining around her couch noticed a change in her and saw that she was dead. She had passed away ‘as the most resplendent sun setteth at last in a western cloud’.
Fate sometimes has a way of staging the sorry anti-climax, and one scarcely more painful could have been arranged than the succession of King James. In place of the dead Queen with her great authority, with the aura of forty-five years as a monarch, with her talent for majestic eloquence, her wit, her coarse dynamic vitality, her legendary prestige, there came a thin-shanked, pot-bellied little man, wearing a bonnet awry upon his head and clothes so thickly padded to protect him from possible dagger thrusts that he looked like Humpty Dumpty; a man who could only sit a horse if it were saddled like an armchair, whose fingers were ever fumbling with his codpiece, whose tongue was too large for his mouth, whose eyes were large and watery and his beard thin and straggling. It is extraordinary that two such handsome creatures as Mary and Darnley could ever have produced so unhandsome a son.
But underneath his shambling, drooling exterior he had a good deal of shrewd wisdom and a clear eye for the practical realities of a situation. And the situation regarding Spain was to him perfectly straightforward. As King of Scotland he never had been at war with Spain; why should he now be in his larger domain? He saw himself as the Peacemaker, and on the whole his new subjects were ready enough to accept his point of view. France was already at peace with Spain. Holland was virtually independent. It was time for England to come to terms with her old enemy.
This James did on England’s behalf very quickly, and by 1604 peace was formally signed. The terms of the peace were unsatisfactory to the adventurous and burgeoning spirit of maritime England, and could only lead – as they did – to a renewal of the struggle later in the century; but for the time the treaty sufficed. It sufficed too to see the end of the great Spanish fleets built regularly in the Atlantic ports to be launched against a heretic England. Though religious divisions were to remain as acute for another hundred years, it was the end of Spanish hegemony in Europe and Spanish monopoly in the Caribbean. Though frequently at war with England, or near war with England, Spain never again considered, or was in a position to consider, conquest. It was never again between the two countries a war à outrance.
The last of the Spanish Armadas had sailed. For two centuries England was to be free from the threat of invasion.
This is not the kind of book in which source notes at the bottom of the page are appropriate; in any case they disfigure the page and distract the reader. A full bibliography is therefore the more essential. Clearly all the books listed here are not of equal importance; from some only a few facts have been gleaned, to others my debt is considerable. Yet for the student who wishes to go to source material it is probably more helpful to list the lot, so that he may pick and choose as he wishes.
Allingham, Hugh. Captain Cuellar’s Adventures in Connaught and
Ulster, 1588. London, 1897.
Andrews, K. R. Drake’s Voyages. London, 1967.
Aramburu, Marcos de, account of (translated by W.
Spotswood-Green), in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,
Vol. XXVII. Dublin and London, 1908–9.
Artiñano, G. de. La Arquitectura Naval Española. Madrid, 1920.
Aubrey, John. Brief Lives. Edited by Oliver Lawson Dick. London,
1949.
Bagwell, Richard. Ireland under the Tudors. 3 vols. London,
1885–90.
Baldwin Smith, Lacey. The Elizabethan Epic. London, 1966.
Calderon, Pedro Coco, account of, in Calendar of State Papers
(Spanish), Vol. IV.
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series: Mary and Elizabeth.
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series: Elizabeth.
Calendar of State Papers (Holland and Flanders), 1586–8.
Calendar of State Papers (Ireland), 1586–1603.
Calendar of State Papers (Scotland), 1547–1603.
Calendar of State Papers (Spanish), 1580–1603.
Calendar of State Papers (Venetian), 1558-1603.
Camden, William. Annales … Eltzabetha. Edited by T. Hearne. 3
vols. London, 1717.
Chamberlin, Frederick. The Sayings of Queen Elizabeth. London,
1923.
Cheyney, E. P. A History of England, from the Defeat of the Armada
to the Death of Elizabeth. 2 vols. London, 1914.
Commines, Philippe de. Mémoires. Translated by A. R. Scoble. 2
vols. London, 1855–6.
Copies de Simancas, Vol. 18: Archives Générales Royales. Brussels.
Corbett, Julian S. Drake and the Tudor Navy. 2 vols. London,
1898.
Corbett, Julian S. Papers relating to the Navy during the Spanish
War l585–7, Vol. XII. Navy Records Society. London, 1898.
Corbett, Julian S. The Successors of Drake. London, 1900.
Cottonian MSS.
Cuellar, Francisco de, narrative letter (translated by Frances
Partridge), in Survivors of the Armada by E. Hardy. London,
1966.
Drummond, Humphrey. Our Man in Scotland. London, 1969.
Duro, C. Fernández. Armada Española. 9 vols. Madrid, 1877.
Duro, C. Fernández. La Armada Invencible. 2 vols. Madrid, 1884–5.
Edwards, Edward. The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh. 2 vols. London,
1868.
England, Sylvia L. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. London,
1938.
Erlanger, Philippe. St Bartholomew’s Night. Translated by P. O’Brian.
London, 1962.
Essen, Leon van der. Alexandre Farnèse. 5 vols. Brussels, 1933–7.
Falls, Cyril. Elizabeth’s Irish Wars. London, 1950.
The Four Masters, Annals of Ireland. Edited by J. O’Donovan.
Dublin, 1851.
Fox, John. Actes and Monuments. London, 1576.
Fraser, Lady Antonia. Mary Queen of Scots. London, 1969.
Froude, James Anthony. History of England. London, 1868.
Froude, James Anthony. English Seamen in the Sixteenth Centaty.
London, 1895.
Glasgow, Tom, Jr. ‘The Shape of Ships that defeated the Spanish
Armada’ in Mariner’s Mirror, No. 50, August 1964. Grierson, Edward. The Fatal Inheritance. London, 1969. Guizot, François. Histoire de France. Paris, 1835. Hardy, Evelyn. Survivors of
the Armada. London, 1966. Harleian Miscellany, Vol. I. London, 1808. Hentzner, Paul. Travels in England during the Reign of Queen
Elizabeth. Translated by R. Bentley. London, 1894.
Hilton, Ronald. ‘ The Marriage of Queen Mary and Philip of Spain’
in Papers and Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and
Archaeological Society, Vol. XIV. Part I. 1940.
History of the Spanish Armada … for the Invasion and Conquest
of England … 1588. London, 1759.
Hogg, O. F. G. ‘England’s War Effort against the Spanish Armada’
in Society for Army Historical Research Journal, No. 44. March
1966.
Howard, Charles, 1st Earl of Nottingham. ‘Relation of Proceedings’
in The Defeat of the Spanish Armada by J. K. Laughton. Navy
Records Society. London, 1894.
Hume, Martin A. S. ‘The Visit of Philip II’ in English Historical
Review, Vol. VII. 1892.
Hume, Martin A. S. Two English Queens and Philip. London, 1908.
Hume, Martin A. S. Introductions to the Calendar of Letters and
State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in
the Archives of Simancas, Vols. I–IV.
A Journal of all the Particularities that fell out in the voyage of
two Lord Generals … [to Cadiz, 1596]. Lambeth Palace MSS.,
No. 250.
Keightley, Thomas. History of England. London, 1839.
Laughton, J. K., editor. Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish
Armada, Vols. I and II. Navy Records Society. London, 1894.
Lewis, Michael. The Spanish Armada. London, 1960.
Lewis, Michael. Armada Guns. London, 1961.
Loades, D. M. The Oxford Martyrs. London, 1971.
Loomie, Albert J. ‘An Armada pilot’s survey of the English coastline
October 1597’ in Mariner’s Mirror, No. 49. November 1963. Machyn, Henry. Diary 1550–1563. Edited by John Gough Nicols.
London, 1848. McKee, Alexander. From Merciless Invaders. London, 1963. Mariéjol, Jean H. Master of the Armada. Translated by W. B. Wells.
London, 1933.
Martin, B. L. Henri. Histoire de France. Paris, 1860.
Mattingly, Garrett H. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. London,
1959.
Miller, Amos C. Sir Henry Killigrew. London, 1963.
Motley, J. L. The Rise of the Dutch Republic. 3 vols. London,
1855.
Motley, J. L. History of the United Netherlands. 4 vols. London,
1869.
Mumby, Frank A. The Girlhood of Queen Elizabeth: A Narrative
in Contemporary Letters. London, 1909.
Naish, G. P. B. ‘Documents illustrating the History of the Spanish
Armada’ in The Naval Miscellany, Vol. IV. Navy Records Society.
London, 1952.
Noble, T. C. An Historical Essay on the Rise and Fall of the Spanish
Armada AD 1588. London, 1886.
Petrie, Sir Charles, Philip of Spain. London, 1961.
Ralegh, Sir Walter. A Report of the Truth of the Fight about the
Isles of Azores. London, 1591.
Ralegh, Sir Walter. History of the World. London, 1614.
Rowse, A. L. Sir Richard Grenville. London, 1937.
Rowse, A. L. Tudor Cornwall. London, 1941.
Rowse, A. L. The Expansion of Elizabethan England. London,
1955.
Rowse, A. L. Bosworth Field. London, 1966.
Salisbury MSS.
Sitwell, Edith. Fanfare for Elizabeth. London, 1946.
Stephen, Sir James. Lectures on the History of France. London,
1851.
Stow, John. The Annales or Generall Chronicles of England. London,
1615.
Strachey, Lytton. Elizabeth and Essex. London, 1928.
Straker, Ernest. Wealden Iron. London, 1931.
Strickland, Agnes. Life of Mary Queen of Scots. 2 vols. London,
1837.
Strype, John. Annals of Queen Elizabeth’s Reign. 4 vols. London,
1725–1731.
Thompson, I. A, A. ‘The Armada and administrative reform: the
Spanish council of war in the reign of Philip II’in English Historical
Review, No. 82. October 1967.
Thompson, I. A. A. ‘The Appointment of the Duke of Medina
Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada’ in
HistoricalJournal, Vol. 12. 1969.
Ubaldino, Petruccio, A Discourse concerning the Spanish fleete
invadinge Englande in the yeare 1588 (translated by Dr
Magri-Mahon and Miss Painter and edited by G. P. R. Naish)
in Naval Miscellany, Vol. IV. Navy Records Society. London,
1952.
Vandenesse, J. de. Journal des Voyages de Philippe II, Vol. 4. Brussels,
1882.
Waldman, Milton. Elizabeth and Leicester. London, 1946.
Wallace, Willard M. Sir Walter Ralegh. London, 1959.
Walsh, William T. Philip II. New York, 1937.
Wernham, R. B. ‘ Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of
1589’ in English Historical Review, No. CCLVIII. January 1951. White, Henry. The Massacre of St Bartholomew. London, 1868. Wiesener, Louis. The Youth of Queen Elizabeth 1533–1558.
Translated by Charlotte M. Yonge. London, 1879.
Williams, Neville. Contraband Cargoes. London, 1959.
Williams, Neville. Elizabeth Queen of England. London, 1967.
Williamson, James A. Age of Drake. London, 1946.
Williamson, James A. Hawkins of Plymouth. London, 1949.
Copyright
First published in 1972 by Collins
This edition published 2013 by Bello
an imprint of Pan Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
Pan Macmillan, 20 New Wharf Road, London N1 9RR
Basingstoke and Oxford
Associated companies throughout the world
www.panmacmillan.co.uk/bello
ISBN 978-1-4472-5684-7 EPUB
ISBN 978-1-4472-5683-0 POD
Copyright © Winston Graham, 1972
The right of Winston Graham to be identified as the
author of this work has been asserted in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the material
reproduced in this book. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher
will be pleased to make restitution at the earliest opportunity.
You may not copy, store, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise
make available this publication ( or any part of it) in any form, or by any means
(electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does
any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The Macmillan Group has no responsibility for the information provided by
any author websites whose address you obtain from this book (‘author websites’).
The inclusion of author website addresses in this book does not constitute
an endorsement by or association with us of such sites or the content,
products, advertising or other materials presented on such sites.
This book remains true to the original in every way. Some aspects may appear
out-of-date to modern-day readers. Bello makes no apology for this, as to retrospectively
change any content would be anachronistic and undermine the authenticity of the original.
Bello has no responsibility for the content of the material in this book. The opinions
expressed are those of the
author and do not constitute an endorsement by,
or association with, us of the characterization and content.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Visit www.panmacmillan.com to read more about all our books
and to buy them. You will also find features, author interviews and
news of any author events, and you can sign up for e-newsletters
so that you’re always first to hear about our new releases.
Winston Graham, The Spanish Armadas
Thank you for reading books on BookFrom.Net Share this book with friends