Pydna, battle of, 190, 193; dedication commemorating victory, 299–300
Pylaioi, 174
Pyrrhus of Epirus, 173, 175
Pythaïs festival, 194–95, 204, 299; hymn inscription, 299; procession, 204
Pythia: access to, 90, 135, 136; and arbitration of disputes, 58, 135–36, 138, 140, 174; as authority on ritual practices, 86, 155–56; and competition among oracles, 39–40; decline of influence, 336n19; discover of “lost” oracles, 145; establishment of, 48, 53–54; “forced” prophecy, 20–21, 311n13; as fraud, 22–23, 27–28; in literature, 285–86; longevity and, 39, 41–42, 132; “madness” of the, 21–22, 312n34; as “management consultant,” 30, 55, 57; myths linked to, 319n8; operation during reconstruction, 96–97; “peristyle house” as residence of, 214; political roles of (see political roles of oracle; politics); as religious authority, 364n33; reputation of, 26–27, 30, 39–42, 61, 63, 127–28, 132, 142, 145, 210, 285, 336n19; selection of, 12, 312n26, 315n14; “vapors” and inspiration of, 20–24, 211, 284, 357n18. See also consultation of the Pythia
Pythian, meaning of epithet, 32
Pythian games, 73, 75, 79–80, 123–24, 142, 174; 20th century revival of, 277; access to, 169; agonothetes, role of, 213; boycotted by Athens, 155; canceled during Sulla’s campaign, 198; commemoration of victories at, 174; decline in attendance, 237; as economic enterprise, 236–37; “export” of, 236–38; funding of, 72; gymnasium and stadium built for, 157–59, 158; Jason of Pherai and intent to preside over, 145; Nero as competitor in, 209–10; as Pan-Greek occasion, 76; Perseus and, 189; Philip II of Macedon and, 155; popularity of, 183–84, 197; returned to Greek control, 213; as Soteria festival, 175–76; theater constructed for, 295–296; victors list compiled, 159; women as competitors in, 209
Pythian Odes, 73
pythioi, 56
Pytho (serpent), 35, 36, 121, 316n30
quarries, 95, 235, 285
Quintus Fabius Pictor, 179
Raikes, Henry, 255
“Red house” (maison rouge), 64, 74
Regilla (wife of Herodes Atticus), 230
Replat, Joseph, 274–75
Revett, Nicholas, 252
Rhegion, 123
Rhodes, 184; border dispute arbitrated by, 188; sculpture of Helios dedicated by, 160 (another one collect)
Rhodopis, 87–88, 219
Robertson, Noel, 72
rock of the Sibyl: discovery and excavation of, 272
Romaia festival, 187, 220, 350n14
Rome, 173; Achean War, 193; consultation of Delphi by, 168–69, 179–80; control and management of Delphi, 194–96, 213, 226; dedications by, 168, 175, 179, 184–85, 190, 193, 203–4, 223; defeat of Antiochus and allies, 185–86; defeat of Carthage, 193; as enemy of Greece, 180; and “liberation” of Delphi, 186, 190; and “liberation” of Greece, 184–85, 209, 211; occupation of Delphi by, 189–90; and Perseus of Macedon, 189–90; Philip V of Macedon as enemy or ally of, 185; and Punic Wars, 179–80; relationship with Delphi, 168–69, 201–2, 203–14; Romaia festival at Delphi, 187; unified Greece as part of empire, 205–6; “unipolar” domination of Mediterranean by, 190–91, 193
roofing styles, 86–87, 329n50
Ross, Ludwig, 257
running track, 213, 224–26
sacred space: activities prohibited in sanctuary, 348n45; adyton as restricted space, 18; agriculture on sacred land, 183, 226; boundary markers and definition of, 66; cultivation of sacred land, 71–72, 73, 75, 80, 151, 161, 169; dedicators attempts to monopolize, 127; definition of boundaries for, 196; entryways into, 66, 103, 242, 246, 294, 347n28; land belonging to Apollo, 210; manipulation of dedicatory landscape within sanctuary, 167; monopolization of, 176, 293; paths and movement within, 103; placement of dedications and rivalry among dedicators, 166; reorganization and repositioning of dedications, 173; structures and definition of, 74–75, 87; visibility and domination of, 87; walls and definition of, 177
Sacred War, 72; First, 71–74, 144–45; Second, 130–32; Third, 149–51; Fourth, 161–62; Alcmaeonids and, 131–32; Amphictyony and, 144–45; in literature, 72–73, 160; and status of Delphi, 286
“sacred way,” 103, 246, 293, 299; 331n23, 299
sacrifice, 15, 17–21, 26, 47, 67–68, 364n33; altars for, 94; and consultation of the Pythia, 15, 17–21, 364n33; Croesus and human, 84
sacrilege: accusations of, 148–49; theft and, 148–49, 199
Salamis, 81; battle at, 117, 120
Salamis Apollo, 120, 295; location of, 16
Samnite Wars, 168–69
Samos, 46–47; sanctuaries at, 173
Samos, sanctuary at, 47
Sarapion, 217
Sarcophagus of Meleager, 231–32, 232, 257, 296
Sardinia, 132
Sardis, 179, 229
Satyrus of Samos, 184, 349n3
scandals, 114–16, 195–96; bribes, 25, 100–101, 111–12, 114–16, 134, 141; during Persian invasion, 114–16
Sciathus, inscription of, 17, 141, 311n16
Scipio Africanus (P. Cornelius Scipion), 350n12
Scordisci, 199
sculpture: Aetolian monument style at Delphi, 176; cultural homogeneity and, 77; as dedications, 87–88; and definition of community identity, 133; Elgin and Parthenon marbles, 256; kouroi statues, 110; kouros/kore style, 77; on metope panels, 82; paint and metal embellishment of, 107; pedimental sculptures, 102, 103, 298; reconstruction depicting placement of, 129; Roman copies of Greek works, 362n15. See also Specific dedications
Scylla and Hydra group, 210–11
Scyros, 126
Sebasta festival, 220
Second Punic War, 179–80
Second Sacred War, 130–32
Seleucids, 173, 185
Seleucius II, 347n32
Septerion festival, 221
Septimus Severus, 235
serpent column. See Plataean serpent column
serpent of Delphi, 35, 36, 121; and Christian myth of St. George, 248
Seven Sages, 138, 184, 362n13
shields: as dedications, 67–68, 111, 113, 128, 160, 171–72, 185, 332n39, 346n25; in Museum, 296
Sibyls, 35–36
Sicily: Athenian expedition to, 136–37; colonization and, 60–63; dedications, 16, 122–23, 142, 151, 295
Sicyon, 75, 105, 179; conflict with Corinth, 325n13; dedications of, 75, 82–83, 105, 272, 297, Plate II; and purification of Apollo, 35; Sicyonian treasury, 105, 272, 297, Plate II; tholos and monopteros dedications by, 82, 105; treasury at Olympia, 332n31; and war against Crisa, 71–72, 75
Sicyonian treasury: discovery and excavation of, 272
Sikélianos, Angelos, 277
silver: bull, 88, 89, 297; mines of Siphnos, 105–6; vessels, 83, 84, 93, 151, 198
Sinope, 238
Siphnos,: Gigantomachy frieze, 107; reconstruction, 106; Siphinian Treasury at Delphi, 105–8, 147, 293
slavery: manumissions at Delphi, 200, 355n58, 355n59
Smyrna, 176
Snodgrass, Anthony, 62
Society of Dilettanti, 252, 255–56
Society of Friends of the Muses, 254
Socrates, 139–40
Solon, 71, 81
Sophists, 229
Sosius Senecio, 215
Soteria (festival of “the saving” of Delphi), 173, 175–76, 220, 348n41, 354n52
space: dedications designed for Delphic, 107; Delphi as neutral, 134; domination of sanctuary, 87, 130, 162, 176; sanctuary space as undefined, 64–66, 68, 74; spatial politics of Delphi, 288; walls and definition of, 74–75, 89, 93
Sparta, 56–57, 70, 109; Aegospotamoi, dedication to victory at, 129, 137, 147, 156, 219; Athens as political/military rival of, 100–102, 111, 130–32, 134–35, 134–37, 139–40; constitution and government of, 141; consultation of the Pythia by, 56–57, 114, 126, 137, 232; control of Delphi, 130–31, 134–37, 142; decline of, 140; dedications by, 129, 131–32, 137, 141, 146, 199; defeat at Leuctra, 145–46; Delphi and, 134, 140–41; Great Rhetra constitution, 56–57; and Messe
nia, 57, 320n17; and Peristratid/Alcmaeonid rivalry, 98–101, 130–32; preeminence in Delphi, 142; promanteia granted to, 131; proxenia granted to, 199; reconstruction depicting dedications at entrance to Apollo sanctuary, 129
Spartan stoa, 128, 129, 137
spatial politics. See sacred space
Speusippos, 72
Sphinx, Naxian, 87, 88, 147, 278, 297, Plate II
Sphinx of Delphi, 87, 88, 147
Spon, Jacob, 251
springs, sacred: dragon of Delphi and, 32
Spurius Postumius Albinus, 197
stadium, 157–59, 158, 197, 231; completion of, 173; Herodes Atticus and, 231, 235; inscriptions on, 157–58, 296; location of, 3, Plate I; used for target practice during W.W.II, 281
statuary. See sculpture
Stewart, Iain, 295
Stoa of Attalus, Plate II; converted to cistern for baths, 365n43; dedication of, 177; location of, 16
stoas: converted to house, 246; Spartan, 128, 129, 137; the West Stoa, 171–72, 347n28, Plate II. See also Stoa of Attalus
Strabo, 6, 21, 35, 60, 72
Stuart, James, 252
Sturtzenbecker, A. F., 253
Sulla, 197–98, 206
Syngros, Iphigenia, 273
Syracuse, 86, 122–23, 137, 144–45
Tarantines, 127–28 Tarquinius Superbus, 168
Temple of Apollo, 295, Plate II; Amphictyony and construction of, 75, 113; archaeological excavation of, 258; Domitian and refurbishment of, 211–12; fourth century construction, 295; inscriptions on, 208, 211–12, 215; location of, 16; pedimental sculptures, 153, 153, 153–54, 298; photograph of, 157; rebuilding of columns, 278; restoration during Roman period, 235; sixth century, reconstruction, 101; temple terrace, 16, 102, 295, Plate II
Tenos, 176
terracing of site, 45, 87, 94, 102–3, 156, 287; and destruction of previous structures, 102, 105, 156; polygonal wall and, 102; during renovation of sanctuary, 156; for stoa of Attalus, 177; Temple Terrace, 16, 102, 295, Plate II; for West Stoa, 171–72
Thasos, 136
theater, 295–296, Plate II; civic use of, 326n23; constructed at Delphi, 188; Delphi as theatron, 6; Delphi in Greek tragedies, 126–27, 135, 136; plays staged at Delphi, 136, 277, 371n16
Thebes, 110, 145; as ally of Athens, 161; dedications commemorating victories by, 160; defeated at Chaeroneia, 161–62; as Persian ally, 160; Phocians accused of sacrilege by, 149; rebellion and destruction of, 165; rivalry with Athens, 148; sanctuary of Dionysus at, 178
theft: accusations of, 85, 148–49; appropriation of dedications, 195; bandit attacks on pilgrims, 73; Brennus the Gaul and looting of Delphi, 170–71; northern tribes looting of Delphi, 199; tripod stolen by Heracles, 74
Themis, 132
Themistocles, 117, 122, 335n8
Theocles, 207
Theodosius II, Emperor, 244–45
Theogony (Hesiod), 38–39
Theopompus, 219
Theoxenia, 220
Thermon, sanctuary at, 346n27
Thermopylae, 78, 117, 120; Roman defeat of Antiochus and allies at, 185–86; sanctuary at, 164
Theseus, 113, 126, 198, 298–99, 316n27
Thessalonike, games at, 237
Thessaly, 43, 45, 52, 70, 75, 132, 145; Aetolians and control of, 178; as Amphictyony member, 82, 210, 227, 342n44; dedications from, 239, 323n56; dedications from Daochus of, 163; and purification of Apollo, 35; relationship with Delphi, 82, 323n56, 342n44; as Roman province, 238–39; and war against Crisa, 71–72
Thiersch, Friedrich, 257
Third Sacred War, 149–51
tholos, 82; in Athena sanctuary, 149, 220, 278, 292; dedicated by Sicyonians, 82, 105; reconstruction of, 278
Thrace, 199
Thucydides, 59, 63, 121, 135, 136
Thurii, 132–33
Thyades, 152, 220–21
Tiberius, 207
Tiberius Flavius Soclarus, 213
Timon, 116–17
tin, inscribed sheets used in oracle consultation, 151–52
Titus, emperor of Rome: as archon of Delphi, 211
Titus Quinctius Flamininus, 184–85 tourism: 18th century, 252–53; 19th Century, 253–54; Plutarch on, 218–19; sights in modern city of Delphi, 300–301; tour of Museum, 296–300; tour of site, 291–96; visitors per year, 283
Tournaire, Albert: drawing by, 296
trade, 46–48, 52–53; trade networks and provenance of dedications, 68
Trajan, 214–15
treasuries at Delphi, 66, 68, 81, 86–87; Athenian, 112–13, 115, 128, 194, 274–75, 293–94, Plate II; Cnidian, 212, 272, Plate II; converted to mundane use, 239, 246; Corinthian (Cypselus’s), 66, 108, 327n32, Plate II; Cyrenean, 160, Plate II; Massalian, 105, Plate III; repurposing of Athena sanctuary, 159; Sicyonian, Plate II; Siphinian, 105–8, 147, 293, Plate II; Sulla and raid of, 197–98, 206; Theban, Plate II
treaties, 111, 136, 189, 346n20; between Philip II of Macedon and Athens, 155, 160
Tricoupis, Charilos, 265, 266, 267, 268
tripods, 45, 49, 53, 64, 66, 69; Heracles’ theft of Delphic tripod, 74; and Platean serpent, 121; as symbol of Pythia, 121
Troizen, 117
Trojan War, 75
Trophonius, 32
Troy: discovery and excavation of, 263
Tryphosa, 209
tyranny: and consultation of the Pythia, 25, 57–59, 63–64; Delphi as antityrannical, 83, 328n39
Valens, 244
Valentinian, 244
Valerian, 238
vapors as source of prophetic inspiration, 20–24, 211, 284, 357n18
Vernon, Francis, 251
verse: dedications honoring poets, 197, 362n15; oracle’s responses in, 27–28, 200, 218, 312n26
Vespasian, 209, 211
vessels: cauldrons, 67–68, 151, 296; craters, 125, 157; melted down to finance war, 151; Minoan rhyton, 42; mixing bowls, 83, 84, 93, 151, 175, 198. See also ceramics
virginity or chastity, 12–13, 312n26 visibility, 110, 141, 146–47; Cnidian lesche and view of sanctuary, 128; omphalos as optical device, 315n19; placement of dedications, 105; terracing and, 87
von Pückler Muskau, Prince Hermann, 258
von Wilamovitz Moellendorff, 233–34
Walker, W: painting by, Plate VII
walls, 252; archaeological excavation of, 258; collapse during earthquakes, 145, 177; construction of boundary, 93–96; for defense of Delphi, 150, 249, 367n14; and definition of sacred space, 177; as foundation for treasuries, 105; inscriptions on, 157–58, 200, 201, 252; interpretation of “wooden wall” oracle, 117; perimeter wall of Apollo sanctuary, 74–75, 87; polygonal wall, 102
Walpole, Horace, 252
war in Greek culture: Apollo’s association with war, 40; community self-definition and warfare, 54, 59; dedications commemorating military victories, 16, 120–23, 127–29, 133, 137, 147, 156, 160, 167, 178, 190, 191, 193, 210–11, 219, 238–39, 293–95, 299–300; destruction of dedications to finance war, 151; maritime power, 117, 120; oracle consultation and military advice, 57, 59, 110, 112–17, 314n58; supernatural heroes as warriors, 112, 116, 120, 170; war as context for civic reforms, 109–10. See also Specific battles, wars
War of the Allies, 179
water: site engineering and run-off channels, 156. See also baths, Roman; Castalian fountain
wedding at Delphi, conflict and, 148–49
West Stoa, 171–72, 347n28, Plate II
Wheler, George, 251, 253
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 252–53
wolf statue, 131
World Heritage Site, Delphi as, 373n3
World War I, 275
World War II, 278–82
Wormell, Donald, 11–12, 22, 140, 164, 167–68, 183
Xenocrates of Agrigentum, 125
Xenophon, 25, 139–40
Xerxes, 116
“Yellow house” (maison jaune), 64, 74
Michael Scott, Delphi
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