314. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 3.
315. Michael L. Slepian, Max Weisbuch, Nicholas O. Rule, and Nalini Ambady, “Tough and Tender: Embodied Categorization of Gender,” Psychological Science 22, no. 1 (2011): 26–28.
316. Michael Slepian, Nicholas O. Rule, and Nalini Ambady, “Proprioception and Person Perception: Politicians and Professors,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 12 (2012): 1621–28.
317. Simon Lacey, Randall Stilla, and K. Sathian, “Metaphorically Feeling: Comprehending Textural Metaphors Activates Somatosensory Cortex,” Brain and Language 120, no. 3 (2012): 416–21.
318. Shaun Gallagher and Dan Zahavi, The Phenomenological Mind: An Introduction to Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science (London: Routledge, 2008), 49.
319. William James, “Reflex Action and Theism,” in The Will to Believe: And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2005), 92.
320. William James, Psychology: Briefer Course (Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 11.
321. John Dewey, “The Problem of Logical Subject Matter,” from Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938), in The Essential Dewey: Ethics, Logic, Psychology, ed. Larry Hickman and Thomas M. Alexander (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 166.
322. David Bohm, quoted in B. V. Sreekantan, “Reality and Consciousness: Is Quantum Biology the Future of Life Sciences?” in Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Consciousness and the Self, ed. Sangeetha Menon, Anindya Sinha, and B. V. Sreekantan (New Delhi: Springer, 2014), 276.
323. Andy Clark, “Embodiment: From Fish to Fantasy” (1999), www.philosophy.ed.ac.uk/people/clark/pubs/TICSEmbodiment.pdf. See also Andy Clark, Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension (Oxford University Press, 2008).
324. Andy Clark and David Chalmers, “The Extended Mind,” Analysis 58, no. 1 (1998): 7–19.
325. For various views, see Dorothea Olkowski and Gail Weiss, ed., Feminist Interpretations of Merleau-Ponty (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006).
326. John Dewey, Art as Experience (1934), in John Dewey: The Later Works 1925–53, vol. 10 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987), 271.
327. Edith Stein, On the Problem of Empathy, in The Collected Works of Edith Stein, vol. 3, trans. Waltraut Stein (Washington, D.C.: ICS Publications, 1989), 56–89.
328. Karl Groos, The Play of Man, trans. Elizabeth L. Baldwin (New York: Appleton, 1898), 361–406.
329. Vernon Lee and C. Anstruther-Thomson, “Anthropomorphic Aesthetics,” in Beauty and Ugliness and Other Studies in Psychological Aesthetics (London: John Lane, 1912), 19.
330. Massimo Ammaniti and Vittorio Gallese, The Birth of Intersubjectivity: Psychodynamics, Neurobiology, and the Self (New York: Norton, 2014), 4.
331. Ibid., 24.
332. Ibid.
333. Gallese believes that some rudimentary mirror system is innate. See Vittorio Gallese et al., “Mirror Neuron Forum,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 4 (2011): 369–407. For discussion on mirror systems as innate or learned and a view counter to Gallese’s, see Lindsay M. Overman and V. S. Ramachandran, “Reflections on the Mirror Neuron System: Their Evolutionary Functions Beyond Motor Representation,” in Mirror Neuron Systems: The Role of Mirroring in Social Cognition (New York: Springer, 2009), 39–62. See also Marco Iacoboni, “Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons,” Annual Psychological Review 60 (2009): 653–70.
334. J. Haueisen and T. R. Knösche, “Involuntary Motor Activity in Pianists Evoked by Music Perception,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13 (2001): 786–91.
335. See Jaime A. Pineda, ed., The Role of Mirroring Processes in Social Cognition (San Diego, CA: Springer, 2009).
336. See Stephen Salloway and Paul Malloy, ed., The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1997), 15.
337. Onno van der Hart, Annemieke van Dijke, Maarten van Son, and Kathy Steele, “Somatoform Dissociation in Traumatized World War I Combat Soldiers: A Neglected Heritage,” Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 1, no. 4 (2001): 33–66.
338. Paul Ekman, “Basic Emotions,” in Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, ed. T. Dalgleish and M. Power (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999), 45–60.
339. Rachel E. Jack, Olivier G .B. Garrod, and Philippe G. Schyns, “Dynamic Facial Expressions of Emotion Transmit an Evolving Hierarchy of Signals Over Time,” Current Biology 24, no. 2 (2014): 187–92.
340. For an argument against six basic emotions, see Prinz, Beyond Human Nature, 241–66.
341. Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 261–79.
342. Daniel N. Stern, The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 54.
343. Susanne Langer, Problems of Art: Ten Philosophical Lectures (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1957), 15.
344. Freud, “Instincts and Their Vicissitudes” (1915), Standard Edition, vol. 14, 118.
345. Antonio Damasio, “The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and the Possible Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex,” Philosophical Transcript of the Royal Society London B 351 (1996): 1413–20.
346. Colwyn Trevarthen, “The Concept and Foundations of Infant Intersubjectivity,” in Intersubjective Communication and Emotion in Early Ontogeny, ed. Stein Bråten (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 15–46.
347. Philippe Rochat, “Early Objectification of the Self,” in The Self in Infancy: Theory and Research (Amsterdam: North-Holland-Elsevier Science Publishers, 1995), 66.
348. D. W. Winnicott, “Mirror Role of Mother and Family in Child Development,” in Playing and Reality (London: Routledge, 1989), 111.
349. George Herbert Mead, “The Social Self,” Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 10 (1913): 374.
350. Edward Tronick, “Commentary on a Paper by Frank M. Lachman,” Psychoanalytic Dialogues 11, no. 1 (2001): 193.
351. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 353–54.
352. Stein Bråten, “Infant Learning by Altercentric Participation: the Reverse of Egocentric Observation in Autism,” in Intersubjective Comunication and Emotion in Early Ontogeny, 105–26.
353. See Peter Carruthers, “Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness,” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta, Fall 2011 ed., http://plato.standford.edu/achives/fall2011/entries/consciousness-higher/.
354. John Bowlby, Attachment and Loss (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
355. Mary Ainsworth, “Attachment: Retrospect and Prospect,” in The Place of Attachment in Human Behavior, ed. C. M. Parker and J. Stevenson (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 3–30.
356. Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994).
357. Claudia Lieberman and Zuoxin Wang, “The Social Environment and Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6 (2012): 118, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00118.
358. Ruth Feldman, “Mother-Infant Synchrony and the Development of Moral Orientation in Childhood and Adolescence: Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Developmental Continuity,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77 (2007): 582–97.
359. See Antonio Damasio’s discussion of his research with Hanna Damasio into the famous historical case of Phineas T. Gage, who suffered a prefrontal injury, and his own patient Eliot in Descartes’ Error, 3–82. For a neural correlate approach to the problem, see Michael Koenig, “The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Psychopathy,” Reviews in Neuroscience 23, no. 3 (2012): 253–62. In his review Koenig writes, “In sum, across all of the aforementioned studies, psychopathy was associated with significant reductions in prefrontal grey matter.” How this occurs is unknown. Another study, however, found increased grey matter volume in yo
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360. Bryan Kolb et al., “Experience and the Developing Prefrontal Cortex,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (2012), doi: 10.1073/pnas.11212511109.
361. Richard Kradin, “The Placebo Response: An Attachment Strategy that Counteracts the Effects of Stress Related Dysfunction,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 54, no. 4 (2011): 438. See also Richard Kradin, The Placebo Response and the Power of Unconscious Healing (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008).
362. Fabrizio Benedetti, Placebo Effects, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 45.
363. Ibid., 44.
364. Ibid., 91.
365. Ibid., 137.
366. For a brief overview, see “Towards a Neurobiology of Psychotherapy,” in Psychiatry, vol. 1, 4th ed., ed. Allan Tasman, Jerald Kay, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Michael B. First, and Michelle B. Riba (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2015), 1815–16.
367. See Linda A. W. Brakel, “The Placebo Effect: Psychoanalytic Theory Can Help Explain the Phenomenon,” American Imago 64 (2007): 273–81.
368. Cristina Alberini and Joseph LeDoux, “Memory Reconsolidation,” Current Biology 23, no. 17 (2013): 746–50.
369. For psychotherapeutic brain effects, see A.L. Brody et al., “Regional Brain Metabolic Changes in Patients with Major Depression Treated with Either Paroxetine or Interpersonal Therapy,” Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001): 631–40. For placebo changes, see H. Mayberg et al., “The Functional Neuroanatomy of the Placebo Effect,” American Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 9 (2002): 728–37.
370. Freud, who attended Charcot’s lectures in Paris, recorded the comment “La théorie c’est bon; mais ça n’empêche pas d’exister.” “Extracts from Freud’s “Footnotes to His Translation of Charcot’s Tuesday Lectures” (1887–88), Standard Edition, vol. 1, 139.
371. Peter Burkhard et al., “Hypnotic Suggestibility and Adult Attachment,” Contemporary Hypnosis and Integrative Therapy 28, no. 3 (2011): 171–86.
372. Siri Hustvedt, “I Wept for Four Years and When I Stopped I Was Blind,” Clinical Neurophysiology 44 (2014): 305–13.
373. Harré, “The Rediscovery of the Human Mind,” 45.
374. Polanyi, 290.
375. See Yuval Nir and Giulio Tononi, “Dreaming and the Brain: From Phenomenology to Neurophysiology,” Trends in Cognitive Science 14, no. 2 (2010): 88.
376. Siri Hustvedt, “Three Emotional Stories,” in Living, Thinking, Looking (New York: Picador, 2012), 175–95.
377. William James, Pragmatism in William James: Writings 1902–1910, ed. Bruce Kuklick (New York: The Library of America, 1987), 489–92.
378. John Bowlby, quoted in Frank van der Horst and René van Leer, “The Ontogeny of an Idea: John Bowlby and Contemporaries on Mother-Child Separation,” in History of Psychology 13, no. 1 (2010): 28.
379. Blaise Pascal, Pensées, trans. A. J. Krailsheimer (London: Penguin, 1995), 130.
380. Simone Weil, First and Last Notebooks, trans. Richard Rees (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 207.
Books by critically acclaimed author Siri Hustvedt:
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Siri Hustvedt has always been fascinated by biology and how human perception works. She is a lover of art, the humanities, and the sciences. She is a novelist and a feminist. Her lively, lucid essays in A Woman Looking at Men Looking at Women begin to make some sense of those plural perspectives.
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Siri Hustvedt, The Delusions of Certainty
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