Rudra , 402
Rukmini , 594
Ruskin, John, English critic (1819-1900), 188, 631
Russell, Bertrand, Earl, 821
Russia, 19*, 26, 35, 37, 42, 99*, 103, 116, 355, 356, 392, 506, 626, 640, 642, 806, 808, 812, 814, 848, 875, 917*, 918–919, 928, 931, 932, 933
Ruth, 312, 336
S
Sabitu , 253, 261
Sacia , 354
Sacramento River Valley, 8
“Sacred Books of the East,” 391*
Sahu , 198
Saigyo Hoshi , Japanese poet (1118-1190), 880
Saint Peter’s, Basilica of, Rome, 609
Saïs , 138
Saïte (sà’-īt) Age (Egypt), 151*, 179, 188
Sake (sä-kě), 856–857
Sakhalin , 928
Sakkarah , 147, 186, 189
Sakon (sä-kōn), Japanese hero (ca. 1615), 849
Saladin , Sultan of Egypt and Syria (1137-1193), 756
Salamis, 381, 383
Salim Chisti , Indian statesman and sage (ca. 1590), 468, 608
Samadhi , 544
Samaria , 267, 298, 315, 317, 324, 329
Samarkand (săm-är-kănd’), 350, 453, 463, 464, 703
Samarra , 135, 756
Sama-veda , 407
Samgita-ratnakara , 529*
Sammuramat , Queen of Assyria (811-808 B.C.), 267
Samoa, 16, 17, 22, 49, 60, 107
Samoyeds, 32
Samson, Hebrew prophet and judge (ca. 1130 B.C.), 250, 305* 340
Samudragupta , King of Magadha (330-380), 451
Samuel, Hebrew judge (ca. 1025 B.C.), 339
Samurais , 839, 841, 842, 846–849, 850, 861, 871, 873, 877, 911
San Bartolomeo, Fra Paolino da, Austrian monk (18th century), 391*
San Kuo Chih Yen l (sän-gwo-jē-yăn-ē), 718
Sandanga , 592
Sangaya , Indian agnostic, 416–417
Sangha 438, 505
Sankhya philosophy, 534, 536–541, 546, 564, 566
Sankhya-karika , 536*
Sankhya-sutras , 536
Sannyasi , 522
Sanskrit, 356, 391*, 405–406, 452, 458, 520, 550
Santo Kioden (sän-to kyō-děn), Japanese novelist (1761-1816), 884–885
Sappho, Greek poet (7th century B.C.), 611
Saracens, 120, 780
Sarah, wife of Abraham, 333, 336
Sardanapalus , see Ashurbanipal
Sardinia, 98, 293
Sardis, 218, 227, 289, 290, 351, 352, 353, 358
Sargon I, King of Akkad and Sumeria (2872-2817 B.C.), 120, 121–122, 250, 257
Sargon II, King of Assyria (722-705 B.C.), 266*, 272, 278, 279, 280–281, 298
Sarnath , 428, 447, 594, 596
Sarton, George, 330, 346*
Sarzac, Ernest de, 131
Sas-Bahu , 599
Sassanid Dynasty, 372
Sasseram , 607
Satan, 344, 367
Satapatha Upanishad, 414*
Satow, Sir Ernest Mason, British diplomat and publicist (1843-1929), 874*
Satrapies, 355, 362–363
Satraps (sā’-trăps), 359*
Satsuma , 846, 900
Saturnalia, 37, 65–66
Saul, King of the Jews (1025-1010 B.C.), 304-305, 310, 339
Sautuola, Marcelino de , Spanish archeologist, 96
Savage, T. S., 37
Savitar , 403
Savitri , 564
Savonarola, Girolamo, Italian monk and reformer (1452-1498), 632
Scarification, 85
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm von, German philosopher (1775-1854), 391*, 554
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, German philologist (1767-1845), 391*
Schlegel, Friedrich, German philosopher and critic (1772-1829), 391*
Schliemann, Heinrich, German acheologist (1822-1890), 91, 107
Schneider, Hermann, 102
Scholarship, in Babylonia, 248, 250
in China, 727–731
in Japan, 874
Scholastics, 871
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, American ethnologist (1793-1864), 49
Schopenhauer, Arthur, German philosopher (1788-1860), 194–195, 391*, 410, 411, 415, 427†-, 516*, 544†, 554
Schweinfurth, Georg August, German-Russian traveler (1836-), 135
Science, origins of, 67, 68, 78
in Sumeria, 125
in Egypt, 179–184
in Babylonia, 256* 259
in Assyria, 276
in Persia, 377
in India, 462, 526–532, 618–619
in China, 780–782
in Japan, 924, 925, 935–936
Scotland, 99*, 323
Scott, Sir Walter, Scotch novelist and poet (1771-1832), 631, 885
Scribe (statue), 186, 187
Scribes, in Egypt, 161, 186, 187
in Babylonia, 248
in Assyria, 271
in India, 556
In China, 745*
Sculpture, origins of, 87
classical, 97
Egyptian, 186–190
Babylonian, 255, 256
Assyrian, 135, 279–280
Hebrew, 332
Persian, 378, 380
Indian, 593–596
Chinese, 739–740
Japanese, 97, 897–898
Scythians , 273, 283, 287, 355, 450, 454, 459, 494, 642
Sea of Japan, battle of the, 919
Sebek (séb’-ěk), 199
Sei Shonagon , Lady, Japanese essayist (ca. 1000), 854, 860, 862, 887–888
Selene, 58
Seleucus Nicator , King of Syria (312-280 B.C.), 441
Semiramis , see Sammuramat Semites, 66, 118, 120, 127, 290–298
Seneca Indians, 32
Senart, 436
Sendai (sěn-dī), 926
Senegalese, 43
Senkereh , see Larsa
Senmut , Egyptian architect (ca. 1500 B.C.), 192
Sennacherib , King of Assyria (705-681 B.C.), 223, 267, 268, 273, 274, 275, 278, 279, 289*, 317
Senusret I, King of Egypt (2192-2157 B.C.), 152, 188
Senusret II, King of Egypt (2115-2099 B.C.), 178
Senusret III, King of Egypt (2099-2061 B.C.), 152, 159–160, 187–188
Sepoy (sē’-poi) Mutiny, 608*
Seppuku, 848
see hara-kiri
Serabit-el-khadim , 296
Serbia, 42
Sermon on the Mount, 628
Sesostris , see Senusret I
Sesshiu (sěs-shū), Japanese painter (1420-1506), 904-905
Set (sět), 178, 200
Seti I, King of Egypt (1321-1300 B.C.), 185, 189, 213
Seti II, King of Egypt (1214-1210 B.C.),
Seto (sā-tō), 899
Seton-Karr, W. H., 94
Seven Wonders of the World, 225
Sèvres, 759
Shabattu , 332
Shabuoth , 332
Shadufs , 226, 274
Shah (shä), 359*
Shah Jehan (jä-hän’), Mogul emperor (1628-1658), 468, 473–474, 475, 476, 481, 560, 591, 607, 608, 609–610
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616), 173, 184, 340, 581, 843, 889, 891
Shakti sects, 505, 509, 519
Shakuntala , 391*, 561, 574–576, 577
Shakuntala, 561, 575–576
Shakya-muni , 423‡
see Buddha
Shakyas , 422
Shalmaneser I, King of Assyria (fl. 1267 B.C.), 266
Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria (859-824 B.C.), 267
Shamans , 77, 542
Shamash , 123, 127, 219, 234, 256, 272, 331‡
Shamash-napishtim , 237, 250, 253, 330
Shamashnazir (shä’-mäsh-nä-zēr’), Babylonian daughter-merchant, 246
Shamash-shum-ukin , brother of Ashurbanipal (ca. 650 B.C.), 272
Shamsi-Adad VII, King of Assyria (824-811 B.C.), 278
Shang (shäng) Dynasty, 644, 648, 671, 737, 738, 755, 772
/> Shang (state), 680
Shanghai, 641*, 728, 805, 812*, 814, 816, 930
Shangtu 761
Shankar , Indian dancer, 587*
Shankara , Indian philosopher (788-820), 505, 533, 541, 546–551, 552, 554, 731
Shansi (shän-sē), 645, 739
Shantiniketan , 621
Shantung , 645, 739–740, 832, 928, 929
Sharaku , Japanese engraver (ca. 1790), 908
Sharamgadeva , Indian musical theorist (1210-1247), 529*
Shat-Azalla , 258*
Shatrunjaya , 598
Sheba , Queen of, 306
Sheik-el-Beled (shäk-ěl-bā’-lěd), 168, 186, 187
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, English poet (1792-1822), 205, 211, 463
Shem, 290*
Shen Nung , Chinese emperor (2737-2697 B.C.), 643
Shen Tsung , Chinese emperor (1573-1620), 757
Shensi (shän-se; differs only in tone from Shansi), 645
Sheol (shě’-ōl), 313
Shepherd Kings, see Hyksos
Sher Shah (shār shä), Mogul emperor (1542-1545), 464, 480, 607
Sheshonk I, King of Egypt (947-925 B.C.), 315
Shi-Ching , 648–649, 665
Shih Huang-ti , Chinese emperor (221-211 B.C.), 675, 679, 694–698, 727, 738, 739, 775, 778, 782
Shiloh (shī-lō), 336
Shimabara , 843
Shimadzu family, 846
Shimazu Yoshihiro , Japanese ceramic artist (fl. 1596), 900
Shimel , Hebrew warrior (died ca. 974 B.C.), 305
Shimla , 392
Shilpa-shastra , 592
Shingon , 864
see Shintoism
Shintoism , 832, 864, 865, 875, 885, 889, 892, 894
Shippurla , see Lagash
Ships and shipbuilding, in Egypt, 160
in Babylonia, 221–222, 228
in Phoenicia, 293
in Persia, 358
in India, 400, 479
in China, 778
Shirozemon , Japanese potter (ca. 1229,) 899
Shiva , 413*, 453, 507, 508–509, 511, 519, 524, 587, 590, 594, 598, 599, 602, 604, 605, 625
Shivaites (shē’-vā-ītz), 508* 519, 598, 606
Shizutani , 877
Shoguns , 837, 839, 846
Shomu , Emperor of Japan (724-756), 850, 897
Shonzui , Japanese ceramic artist (16th century), 899–900
Shotoku , Empress of Japan (ca. 770), 877*
Shotuku Taishi (tī-shē), Regent of Japan (592-621), 833, 894, 927
Shri Rangam Temple, 602
Shu , 201
Shub-ad , Sumerian queen (ca. 3500 B.C.), 130, 133
Shubun , Japanese painter (ca. 1400), 904
Shu-Ching , 643, 665, 718
Shuddhodhana , Buddha’s father (6th century B.C.), 422, 423, 424, 437
Shudraka , 572
Shudras , 399, 480, 485–487, 498, 520, 623, 624
Shui Hu Chuan , 718
Shun , Chinese emperor (2255-2205 B.C.), 644, 661, 676, 680, 687, 689, 746
Shushan , 117
Shushi , 871
Japanese form of Chu Hsi, q.v.
Shushi philosophers, 871
Shwasanved Upanishad , 416, 523
Shwe Dagon (shwā dä-gōn’), 606
Siam, 46, 595, 602, 605–606
Sian-fu , 698*
Siberia, 38, 45, 94, 923‡
Sibu (sē’-boo), 198
Sicily, 293, 776*
Siddhantas , 526, 527
Siddhartha , 423‡;
see Buddha
Sidon , 106, 227, 294, 306, 308, 337
Sikhs (sēx), 496, 508*
Sin , Mesopotamian deity, 127–128, 256
Sinai (sī’-nī), 140, 173, 302
Sinbad the Sailor, 174
Sind , 394, 396, 479
Singanpur , 589
Single Verses by a Hundred People, 879–880
Sirguya , 589
Sinkiang , 798
Sinuhe , Egyptian official and traveler (ca. 2180 B.C.), 174, 175
Sirius, 181
Sissa , Brahman, reputed inventor of chess (ca. 500), 500*
Sit, see Set
Sita (sē’-tä), 402, 403, 517, 568–570
“Six Idlers of the Bamboo Grove,” 706
Sixth Dynasty (Egypt), 292
Skeat, Walter William, English philologist (1835-1912), 73
Sky worship, in Egypt, 197–198
in Babylonia, 234
in India, 402, 403
Slavery, in primitive societies, 19–20
in Sumeria, 125
in Egypt, 159
in Babylonia, 229
in Assyria, 275
in Phoenicia, 292–293
in Judea, 337–338
in India, 466, 480 Slavs, 42
Sleeping Buddha Temple, 741
Smerdis , brother of Cambyses (ca. 525 B.C.), 353
“Smerdis,” pretender to Persian throne (521 B.C.), 354, 360
Smith, Sir Andrew, 84
Smith, Edwin, discoverer of the Edwin Smith Papyrus (1822-1906), 182
Smith, Sir G. Elliot, 92, 136*
Smith, Vincent, 442*, 445, 481, 499–500
Smith, William Robertson, Scotch Orientalist (1846-1894), 330*
Smith Papyrus, 182
Snefrunofr , Egyptian singer, 192
Socrates, Greek philosopher (469-399 B.C.), 193, 352, 428, 657, 659, 669, 751†, 841
Sodum , 311, 355
Sogdiana , 355
Sogdians, 397†
Sokokuji , 904
Solomon, King of the Jews (974-937 B.C.), 304, 305–308, 309*, 312, 314, 315, 332, 335, 337, 339, 342, 346*, 348, 479
Solomon Islands, 10, 34
Solon, Athenian lawgiver (640-558 B.C.), 290, 647
Solutrian Culture, 94
Soma (sō’-ma), 403, 405
Soma, Hindu god, 403, 404
Somadeva , Indian poet (11th century), 579
Somaliland, 46, 94, 189
Somalis, 42–43, 78
Somme River, 90
Somnath , 460
Somnathpur , 601
“Son of Heaven,” 797-798
Sonata Appassionata, 723
Song Celestial, 541†
Song of Solomon, 341–342, 580
Sonno Jo-i (sôn-nō-jō-ē), 875
Sopdit , 198
Sophocles, Greek dramatic poet (495-406 B.C.), 611
Sostratus, Greek architect (fl. 300 B.C.), 137
Sothic cycle, 181*
Sothis , see Sirius
South Africa, 38, 94, 103, 104, 629
South America, 830
South Pole, 107
South Sea Islanders, 16; also see Melanesians, Polynesians
Soyots (sō-yōtz), 45
Spain, 92, 97, 105, 108, 215, 292, 293, 469, 607, 640, 737, 804
Sparta, 355
Spencer, Herbert, English philosopher (1820-1903), 25, 78, 88, 538, 617, 924
Sphinx, 139, 172, 186
Spinoza, Baruch, Dutch Jewish philosopher (1632-1677), 311, 412, 553*, 655, 670*, 734, 867, 871
Spirit Sect, 864
Spring and Autumn Annals, 665
Srong-tsan Gampo , King of Tibet (629-50), 506
State, origins of, 23–25
Statira , wife of Artaxerxes II (ca. 380 B.C.), 375*
Stein, Sir M. Aurel, 506, 594, 728–729, 739
Still Bay Culture, 94
Stoicism, 195, 524
Stone Age, 102, 104
Old, 91, 93, 94, 104
New, 91, 99, 100, 101, 104
Stonehenge, 102
Story of Sinuhe, 174-175
Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor, 174
Strabo, Greek geographer (63? B.C.-A.D. 24?), 137*, 227, 357†, 294, 356, 357*, 442, 492*, 495
Strange Stories, 718
Strasbourg cathedral, 611
Stream of Kings, 579
Strindberg, August, Swedish dramatist and man of letters (1849-1912), 643
/> Subhadda , Buddhist radical (ca. 480 B.C.), 503
Suez, 109, 135, 214, 215
Sugawara family, 835
Sugawara Michizane , patron saint of Japanese literature (845-903), 835, 867
Suicide, in primitive societies, 53
in India, 502
in China, 646
in Japan, 53, 848–849
Suiko , Empress of Japan (593-628), 833, 899
Sukkoth , 532
Suleiman , Moslem traveler (9th century), 756
Sultanpur , 589
Sumatra , 21, 64, 99*, 603, 780
Sumeria , 104–105, 106, 107, 108, 116–136, 218, 226, 237*, 249, 250, 254, 255, 261, 262, 265, 270, 272, 300, 395, 479, 509, 532, 584, 641
Summer Palace, 741, 742, 778, 805
Sumner, William Graham, 17–18, 24
Sun worship, 59, 60
in Egypt, 198, 206–210, 212
in Babylonia, 234
in Persia, 365, 366, 369–370, 371 (also see Zoroastrianism)
in India, 402, 403
Sun Yat-sen , President of China (1866-1925), 626, 809–812, 813
Sung , Chinese censor (ca. 1800), 798
Sung (state), 678–679, 680, 688
Sung, Prince of (ca. 310 B.C.), 683
Sung Dynasty, 675, 724, 727, 735, 736, 740, 746, 751* 755, 755, 764, 779, 780, 782, 866, 872, 899, 904, 912
Sung K’ang , Chinese pacifist (ca. 320 B.C.), 685
Sung Ping , Chinese philosopher (ca. 425 B.C.), 679
Sung Shan (shän) (mountain), 742
Sung Yüeh Ssu , 742
Sung-shu , 780
Superior, Lake, 105
Sur Das , Indian poet (1483-1573), 580
Surat 393
Surgery, origins of, 81
in Egypt, 182
in Babylonia, 258
in Judea, 331
in India, 531
in China, 782
Surpa-nakha , 569
Surya , 403, 599
Surya Siddhana, 528
Susa , 105, 108, 117, 119, 121, 122, 219, 283, 356*, 358, 362, 380, 384, 440, 442, 642
Sushruta , Indian physician (ca. 500 B.C.), 530, 531, 532
Susiana , 354
Suti , Egyptian architect (ca. 1400 B.C.), 206*
Sutras , 407*, 418, 428, 534
Sutta, Pali form of sutra, q.v.
Suttee (sŭt-tē), 48, 149, 402, 494–496, 793
Swadeshi , 632
Swaraj , 555, 626, 632
Swastika , 600
Swift, Jonathan, Irish satirist and churchman (1667-1745), II
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, English poet (1837-1909), 195
Switzerland, 92, 98, 99, 104
Synge, John Millington, Irish dramatist (1871-1909), 53*
Syria, 94, 153, 154, 155, 160, 188, 191, 206, 212, 214, 215, 222, 224, 245, 269, 286, 292, 296–297, 299, 300, 317, 318, 321, 355, 447, 450
Syrians, 217, 267
Systema Brahmanicum , 391*
Szechuan (sŭ-chwän’) province, 729, 749, 779, 786
Szuma Ch’ien , Chinese historian (born 145 B.C.), 651, 652, 653*, 658*, 695, 699, 718–719