Table of Contents
Title Page
Dedication
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
THE ARCHIPELAGO OF THE CHANNEL
I - ANCIENT CATACLYSMS
II - GUERNSEY
III - GUERNSEY (CONTINUED)
IV - THE GRASS
V - THE PERILS OF THE SEA
VI - THE ROCKS
VII - LAND AND SEA MINGLED
VIII - ST. PETER PORT
IX - JERSEY, ALDERNEY, SARK
X - HISTORY, LEGEND, RELIGION
XI - OLD HAUNTS AND OLD SAINTS
XII - RANDOM MEMORIES
XIII - LOCAL PECULIARITIES
XIV - PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION IN THE ARCHIPELAGO
XV - OTHER PECULIARITIES
XVI - ANTIQUITIES AND ANTIQUES; CUSTOMS, LAWS, AND MANNERS
XVII - PECULIARITIES (CONTINUED)
XVIII - COMPATIBILITY OF EXTREMES
XIX - A PLACE OF ASYLUM
XX
XXI
XXII - HOMO EDAX 63
XXIII - POWER OF THE STONE BREAKERS
XXIV - KINDNESS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE ARCHIPELAGO
PART I - SIEUR CLUBIN
BOOK I - THE MAKING OF A BAD REPUTATION
I - A WORD WRITTEN ON A BLANK PAGE
II - THE BU DE LA RUE69
III - "FOR YOUR WIFE, WHEN YOU MARRY"
IV - UNPOPULARITY
V - MORE SUSPICIOUS FACTS
VI - THE PAUNCH
VII - A GHOSTLY TENANT FOR A GHOSTLY HOUSE
VIII - THE SEAT OF GILD-HOLM-'UR
BOOK II - MESS LETHIERRY
I - A RESTLESS LIFE, BUT A QUIET CONSCIENCE
II - A MATTER OF TASTE
III - THE OLD LANGUAGE OF THE SEA
IV - YOU ARE VULNERABLE IN WHAT YOU LOVE
BOOK III - DURANDE AND DERUCHETTE
I - CHATTER AND SMOKE
II - THE ETERNAL HISTORY OF UTOPIA
III - RANTAINE
IV - CONTINUATION OF THE HISTORY OF UTOPIA
V - THE DEVIL BOAT
VI - LETHIERRY'S TRIUMPH
VII - THE SAME GODFATHER AND THE SAME PATRON SAINT
VIII - "BONNY DUNDEE"
IX - THE MAN WHO HAD SEEN THROUGH RANTAINE
X - A MARINER'S TALES
XI - CONSIDERATION OF POSSIBLE HUSBANDS
XII - AN ANOMALY IN LETHIERRY'S CHARACTER
XIII - INSOUCIANCE--AN ADDITIONAL CHARM
BOOK IV - THE BAGPIPES
I - THE FIRST RED GLEAMS OF DAWN, OR OF A FIRE
II - GRADUAL ENTRY INTO THE UNKNOWN
III - AN ECHO TO "BONNY DUNDEE"
IV
V - WELL-EARNED SUCCESS ALWAYS ATTRACTS HATRED
VI - SHIPWRECKED MARINERS ARE LUCKY IN ENCOUNTERING A SLOOP
VII - A STRANGER IS LUCKY IN BEING SEEN BY A FISHERMAN
BOOK V - THE REVOLVER
I - CONVERSATIONS AT THE INN
II - CLUBIN SEES SOMEONE
III - CLUBIN TAKES SOMETHING AWAY AND BRINGS NOTHING BACK
IV - PLEINMONT
V - THE BIRD'S-NESTERS
VI - LA JACRESSARDE
VII - SHADY TRANSACTIONS
VIII - CANNON OFF THE RED AND OFF THE BLACK
IX - USEFUL INFORMATION FOR THOSE EXPECTING, OR FEARING, LETTERS FROM OVERSEAS
BOOK VI - DRUNK HELMSMAN, SOBER CAPTAIN
I - THE DOUVRES
II - AN UNEXPECTED BOTTLE OF BRANDY
III - INTERRUPTED CONVERSATIONS
IV - IN WHICH CAPTAIN CLUBIN SHOWS ALL HIS QUALITIES
V - CLUBIN AT HIS MOST ADMIRED
VI - LIGHT THROWN ON AN ABYSS
VII - AN UNEXPECTED TURN OF FATE
BOOK VII - THE UNWISDOM OF ASKING QUESTIONS OF A BOOK
I - THE PEARL AT THE FOOT OF THE PRECIPICE
II - GREAT ASTONISHMENT ON THE WEST COAST
III - DO NOT TEMPT THE BIBLE
PART II - GILLIATT THE CUNNING
BOOK I - THE REEF
I - A PLACE THAT IS HARD TO REACH AND DIFFICULT TO LEAVE
II - THE PERFECTION OF DISASTER
III - SOUND, BUT NOT SAFE
IV - A PRELIMINARY SURVEY
V - A WORD ON THE SECRET COOPERATION OF THE ELEMENTS
VI - A STABLE FOR THE HORSE
VII - A LODGING FOR THE TRAVELER
VIII - IMPORTUNAEQUE VOLUCRES167
IX - THE REEF, AND HOW TO MAKE USE OF IT
X - THE FORGE
XI - A DISCOVERY
XII - THE INTERIOR OF AN EDIFICE UNDER THE SEA
XIII - WHAT CAN BE SEEN THERE AND WHAT CAN BE MERELY GLIMPSED
BOOK II - THE LABOR
I - THE RESOURCES OF A MAN WHO HAS NOTHING
II - IN WHICH SHAKESPEARE AND AESCHYLUS MEET
III - GILLIATT'S MASTERPIECE COMES TO THE RESCUE OF LETHIERRY'S MASTERPIECE
IV - SUB RE177
V - SUB UMBRA178
VI - GILLIATT GETS THE PAUNCH INTO POSITION
VII - SUDDEN DANGER
VIII - AN ACHIEVEMENT, BUT NOT THE END OF THE STORY
IX - SUCCESS ACHIEVED BUT LOST IMMEDIATELY
X - WARNINGS FROM THE SEA
XI - THE VALUE OF A GOOD EAR
BOOK III - THE STRUGGLE
I - EXTREMES MEET AND CONTRARY FORESHADOWS CONTRARY
II - THE WINDS FROM THE OCEAN
III - EXPLANATION OF THE SOUND HEARD BY GILLIATT
IV - TURBA, TURMA191
V - GILLIATT HAS A CHOICE
VI - THE COMBAT
BOOK IV - OBSTACLES IN THE PATH
I - NOT THE ONLY ONE TO BE HUNGRY
II - THE MONSTER
III - ANOTHER FORM OF COMBAT IN THE ABYSS
IV - NOTHING CAN BE HIDDEN AND NOTHING GETS LOST
V - IN THE GAP BETWEEN SIX INCHES AND TWO FEET THERE IS ROOM FOR DEATH
VI - DE PROFUNDIS AD ALTUM206
VII - THERE IS AN EAR IN THE UNKNOWN207
PART III - DERUCHETTE
BOOK I - NIGHT AND MOONLIGHT
I - THE HARBOR BELL
II - THE HARBOR BELL AGAIN212
BOOK II - GRATITUDE IN A DESPOTISM
I - JOY SURROUNDED BY ANGUISH
II - THE LEATHER TRUNK
BOOK III - THE SAILING OF THE CASHMERE
I - THE CHURCH NEAR HAVELET BAY
II - DESPAIR CONFRONTING DESPAIR
III - THE FORETHOUGHT OF ABNEGATION
IV - "FOR YOUR WIFE, WHEN YOU MARRY"
V - THE GREAT TOMB
NOTES
A NOTE ON THE DRAWINGS OF VICTOR HUGO
ABOUT THE TRANSLATOR
THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD
About the Author
Copyright Page
I dedicate this book to the rock of hospitality and liberty,
that corner of old Norman soil where dwells
that noble little people of the sea;
to the island of Guernsey, austere and yet gentle,
my present asylum, my future tomb.
V. H.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Drawings by Victor Hugo
PREFACE
Religion, society, nature: such are the three struggles in which man is engaged. These three struggles are, at the same time, his three needs. He must believe: hence the temple. He must create: hence the city. He must live: hence the plow and the ship. But these three solutions contain within them three wars. The mysterious difficulty of life springs from all three. Man is confronted with obstacles in the form of superstition, in the form of prejudice, and in the form of the elements. A triple ananke1 weighs upon us: the ananke of dogmas, the ananke of laws, the ananke of things. In Notre-Dame de Paris the autho
r denounced the first of these; in Les Miserables he drew attention to the second; in this book he points to the third.
With these three fatalities that envelop man is mingled the fatality within him, the supreme ananke, the human heart.
Hauteville House, March 1866.
INTRODUCTION
Graham Robb
Most eminent writers learn to protect their reputations. They capitalize on success at the risk of being accused of self-parody, avoid ridicule at the risk of becoming tedious, and appear humble in the face of public acclaim. Victor Hugo (1802-85) destroyed his own reputation so many times and with such spectacular disregard for the consequences that he seemed to have several lives to spare.
After the fall of Napoleon I in 1815, the boy poet had been the angelic voice of the restored monarchy, "the hope of the muses of the fatherland." Ten years later, Victor Hugo was the enfant terrible of French Romanticism, the author of a play, Hernani, which filled the Comedie Francaise with long-haired hooligans, and a novel, Notre-Dame de Paris, which appeared to celebrate the victory of the 1830 Revolution. In the 1840s, he was elected to the conservative Academie Francaise and made a peer of the realm. The idol of the young Romantics had become respectable. As one of his former disciples put it, "What was the point of going to all the trouble of becoming Victor Hugo?"
The collapse of the monarchy in 1848 heralded a new succession of Hugos. There was the Hugo who fought on the barricades in Paris, the political exile who broadcast to his international audience from an island in the English Channel, the visionary poet, the defender of the miserables, the national hero who helped to found the Third Republic. The 2 million people who attended his funeral in 1885 were a fair reflection of his encyclopedic career: anarchists, feminists, war veterans, civil servants, politicians, and prostitutes. Every layer of society was represented.
This mass outbreak of Hugophilia was seen by some as evidence of the poet's hypocrisy: his continual changes of tack were attributed to cynical opportunism. Hugo's refusal to separate morality from politics had always had an inflammatory effect on his contemporaries. Before and after his death, he was insulted and admired more than any other writer: "sublime cretin" (Dumas fils); "as stupid as the Himalayas" (Leconte de Lisle); "Victor Hugo was a madman who thought he was Victor Hugo" (Jean Cocteau). Hugo might have retorted with the words he quoted in William Shakespeare (1864): "Remember the advice that, in Aeschylus, the Ocean gives to Prometheus: 'To appear mad is the secret of the sage.' "
Now, in 2002, the bicentenary of Hugo's birth is being celebrated in France. The face that appears on television and on newsstands is the white-bearded sage of the Third Republic, the politically correct Father Christmas figure who used to stare down from classroom walls at children who were forced to memorize his poems. At Hugo's funeral, armed policemen confiscated the banners of socialist clubs. At his bicentenary, the boisterous rabble of his writing is being drowned out by official platitudes.
This neutralization of France's greatest writer is significant. Hugo was always the voice of his nation's bad conscience. His parents had stood on opposite sides of the great chasm in French history: the monarchy and the republic. His father was an important general in Napoleon's army in Spain. His mother, meanwhile, joined a conspiracy to depose Napoleon. For Hugo, to take one side or the other was to betray a part of his own past.
Hugo may have practiced autobiography as a form of fiction, but he grew up in a country that obsessively rewrote its own history. He saw Napoleon twice defeated and the monarchy twice restored in less than two years. In 1848 and 1871, he saw the government of which he was a member massacre hundreds of its own citizens. These traumatic events were also personal catastrophes. They showed that it was possible to follow the dictates of one's conscience and yet not be on the side of Good. Above all, they revealed the terrible truth that human battles are acted out on a background of unfathomable darkness: "The solitudes of the ocean are melancholy: tumult and silence combined. What happens there no longer concerns the human race."
The powerful, strangely insecure language of Hugo's magnificent novel The Toilers of the Sea, with its sporadic omniscience, its startling images slowly hammered into unexpected truths, its relentless questions and baffling answers, is the sound of a forensic hand forcing doors, lifting lids, unearthing ghastly secrets. Baudelaire claimed that "nations have great men only in spite of themselves," but they also have the great men they deserve. Victor Hugo, the secular god of official celebrations and poet laureate of the tourist industry, is also the Victor Hugo who wrote The Toilers of the Sea and other half-forgotten works of genius--the nervous voice of a nation whose modern history is crowded with ghosts: the Dreyfus Affair, the Vichy government and the deportation of Jews, the Algerian war, and, more recently, the rise of the National Front. As Hugo wrote, "Some crayfish souls are forever scuttling backward into the darkness."
When Hugo wrote The Toilers of the Sea, a chasm lay between him and his home country. In December 1851, Louis-Napoleon (later, Napoleon III) dissolved Parliament, bribed the army, and conducted a coup d'etat. Hugo hid in Paris for several days, trying to stir up a revolt. Eventually, he fled from Paris on the night train to Brussels disguised as a worker. He spent the next nineteen years in exile, most of them in the Channel Islands, first on Jersey and then on Guernsey. His polemical works--Napoleon le Petit and Chatiments--were smuggled off the island and inspired revolutionary movements throughout the world.
Even in exile, the supposedly monolithic Hugo changed as often as the weather in the English Channel. He was a lyric poet in Les Contemplations (1856), an epic poet in La Legende des Siecles (1859), a social reformer in Les Miserables (1862). All these works were rooted in his earlier life, but Les Travailleurs de la Mer (1866) was conceived and written entirely in the Channel Islands. It showed, triumphantly, that Hugo's imagination had thrived on banishment and defeat.
A key to the workings of this imagination can be found in the extraordinary seances conducted in the first years of Hugo's exile on Jersey. The practice of enlisting the spirits of the dead in after-dinner conversation had been introduced to the exiles as a parlor game, but the mind of Victor Hugo turned it into a terrifying series of metaphysical visions.
The Hugos and some of their fellow exiles sat in a darkened drawing room, with the sea wind rattling the windows, and were astonished to find themselves talking to Hugo's first daughter, Leopoldine, who had drowned on her honeymoon nine years before. For the next eighteen months, until one of the participants went mad, the table tapped out its mystic words: one tap for an a, two for a b, and so on. Once transcribed, these messages--from Homer, Socrates, Jesus, Joan of Arc, and many others--all sounded remarkably like Victor Hugo.
One of the stars of these seances was a moody, irascible Ocean, which appeared in the spring of 1854, twelve years before it reappeared in The Toilers of the Sea. The Ocean wanted to dictate a piece of music and listed its musical needs:
Give me the falling of rivers into seas, cataracts, waterspouts, the vomitings of the world's enormous breast, that which lions roar, that which elephants trumpet in their trunks [ . . . ] what mastodons snort in the entrails of the Earth, and then say to me, "Here is your orchestra."
Hugo politely offered a piano. But, as the Ocean pointed out, a piano could never express the synaesthetic dialogue of sounds, sights, and scents. "The piano I need would not fit into your house. It has only two keys, one white and one black, day and night; the day full of birds, the night full of souls." Hugo then suggested using Mozart as a go-between: "Mozart would be better," agreed the Ocean. "I myself am unintelligible."
HUGO: "Could you ask Mozart to come this evening at nine o'clock?"
THE OCEAN: "I shall have the message conveyed to him by the Twilight."
These ghostly conversations are often used to show that Hugo was insanely gullible. He seemed to believe that this flotsam of his unconscious mind had come from beyond the grave. He showed no surprise when the spirit of Shakespeare
told him, "The English language is inferior to French," nor when he heard himself described by "Civilization" as "the great bird that sings of great dawns."
Hugo himself knew that, if published, these seance texts would be greeted with "an immense guffaw." His credulity was a deliberate ploy. By suspending his disbelief, he was summoning up the wild-eyed, holy sense of horror that kept the channels open between the writing hand and the deep unconscious.
The seance texts were a kind of rehearsal for his novel. Hugo was talking to his characters, conducting interviews with his own imagination. In The Toilers of the Sea, the tidal-wave syntax that sweeps up small details until the horizons of the page are filled with a single mighty metaphor, the thudding epigrams and crashing contrasts, the sudden silences and bathetic plunges were an attempt to provide the Ocean with its orchestra.
Hugo wrote his novel--originally titled L'Abime ("The Abyss" or "The Deep")--between June 1864 and April 1865. The harrowing process of revision took almost as long. The novel was eventually published in March 1866. The introduction, "L'Archipel de la Manche," which is still the best general guide to the Channel Islands, was omitted. It did not appear until the 1883 edition.
Visitors to Guernsey today can not only talk to Hugo's ocean, they can also explore the house where the novel was written. From the street, Hauteville House, on the hill above St. Peter Port, appears to be a normal Georgian town house. Inside, it looks like a homemade Gothic cathedral. Hugo filled it with his own carvings and paintings and objects picked up on the beach or discovered in old barns. From the primeval gloom of the entrance hall to the blinding light of the "lookout" on the roof, Hauteville House is a model of Hugo's cosmogony, a seven-story poem in bricks and mortar.
It was in the "lookout" that he wrote his novel, standing up, battered by the wind, with a view of the harbor below and the thin gray line of the French coast. A glass panel in the floor allowed him to peer down through the layers of his domestic universe like a medieval god.
The intimate and grandiose architecture of the house is perceptible in The Toilers of the Sea. Huge blocks of text are coordinated as if they were parts of a giant sentence. The structure is littered with bizarre linguistic artifacts, picked up on beachcombing expeditions through manuals and dictionaries. And, like the house itself, the novel can be explored on several levels.
The ship that runs aground is the ship of State, piloted by a greedy hypocrite (Clubin or Napoleon III), and redeemed by a lone hero (Gilliatt or Victor Hugo). The title of the novel--literally, "Workers of the Sea"--has a socialist nuance. Technical progress and honest toil will triumph over the old feudal systems. But this was also part of a greater struggle. Gilliatt's task, like that of any engineer, is to conquer gravity and thus, in Hugo's symbolic view, the dumb weight of original sin.