From the Journal of Sergeant William Lawrence, Royal Artillery, 13th July 1779:
The night is thought by our enemy to be the most Favorable time for storming Encampments . . . and None are so ready of taking that Advantage than his Majesty’s subjects now in Rebellion, who in the Open field tremble for a British soldier.
From General Lovell’s orderly book, July 24th, 1779, Head-Quarters on board the Transport Sally:
The Officers will be careful that every man is compleatly Equipt in Arms and Ammunition and that they have drink in their Canteens and a Morcel for their Pockets . . . the General flatters himself that should there be an Opportunity he will have the utmost exertions of every Officer and Soldier not only to maintain, but to add new Lustre to the Fame of the Massachusetts Militia.
Chapter Six
The daylight was fading. The western sky glowed red and its light was reflected in lurid, shifting ripples across the bay. The rebel ships had been firing at the three British sloops, but, just as on the previous day, none had tried to pierce Mowat’s line and so enter the harbor. They fired from a distance, aiming at the lingering cloud of red-touched, mast-pierced powder-smoke that shrouded the king’s ships.
A cheer sounded from the rebel ships when they saw the flag taken down on Cross Island. Every man knew what that meant. The British had lost the battery to the south of the harbor entrance and the Americans could now make their own battery there, a battery that would be close to Mowat’s line and could hammer his three ships mercilessly. The southern bulwark of the harbor, Cross Island, was captured and, as the sun leaked scarlet fire across the west and as the rebel ships still pounded their shots towards the distant sloops, Major Daniel Littlefield’s militia was being rowed towards the northern bulwark.
That bulwark was Dyce’s Head, the high rocky bluff on which the redcoats waited and from where the battery of six-pounders fired down at the bombarding ships. The evening was so calm that the smoke of the guns hung in the trees, indeed there was scarce enough breeze to move the American ships that belched flame, bar shot, chain shot, and round shot towards Mowat’s three sloops, but a vagary of that small wind, a sudden stirring of the summer air, lasted just long enough to blow the smoke away from HMS Albany, which lay at the center of Mowat’s line, and the Scottish captain, standing on his afterdeck, saw the longboats pulling away from the American transports and heading towards the bluff. “Mister Frobisher!” Mowat called.
The Albany’s first lieutenant, who was supervising the starboard guns, turned towards his captain. “Sir?”
A shot whistled overhead. Bar or chain shot, Mowat reckoned from the sound. The rebels seemed to have been aiming at his rigging mostly, but their gunnery was poor and none of the sloops had suffered significant damage. A few shrouds and halliards had been parted, and the hulls were scarred, but the sloops had lost neither men nor weapons. “There are launches approaching the shore,” Mowat called to Frobisher, “d’you see them?”
“Aye aye, sir, I see them!”
Frobisher tapped a gun captain on the shoulder. The gunner was a middle-aged man with long gray hair twisted into a pigtail. He had a scarf wrapped about his ears. He saw where Frobisher was pointing and nodded to show he understood what was wanted. His cannon, a nine-pounder, was already loaded with round shot. “Run her out!” he ordered, and his crew seized the train-tackle and hauled the cannon so that the muzzle protruded from the gunwale. He shouted at his gun-deafened men to turn the heavy carriage, which they did with long spikes that gouged Mowat’s carefully holy-stoned deck. “Don’t suppose we’ll hit the buggers,” the gun captain said to Frobisher, “but we might make ’em wet.” He could no longer see the rebel rowboats because the vagary of wind had died and thick pungent smoke was again enveloping the Albany, but he reckoned his cannon was pointed in the right general direction. The gun captain thrust a thin spike through the touchhole to pierce the canvas powder bag in the breech, then slid a portfire, a quill filled with finely mealed powder, into the hole he had made. “Stand back, you bastards!” he bellowed and touched fire to the quill.
The gun shattered the evening air with its noise. Smoke, thick as a London fog, billowed and stank. A flame stabbed the smoke, lighting it and fading instantly. The gun leaped back, its truck wheels screaming until the breech ropes were snatched bar-tight to check the recoil. “Swab out!” the gun captain shouted, plunging his leather-protected thumb onto the touchhole.
“Give those launches one more shot,” Frobisher shouted over the noise of the guns, “then aim at their ships again.”
“Aye aye, sir!”
The cannons had been firing at the American ships which maneuvered three quarters of a mile to the west. The launches were about the same distance away, so the gun captain had not needed to change his barrel’s very slight elevation. He had used a fourth-weight charge, two and a quarter pounds of powder, and the round shot left the muzzle traveling at nine hundred and eighty feet every second. The ball lost some speed as it covered the four thousand three hundred feet before striking the water, but it had taken the shot less than five seconds to cover that distance. It slapped onto a wave, ricocheted shallowly upwards and then, trailing a shower of spray, it struck Major Littlefield’s longboat plumb amidships.
To General Wadsworth, watching from the Bethaiah, it seemed as if the leading longboat simply disintegrated. Strakes of wood flew in the air, a man turned end over end, there was a flurry of white water and then nothing but floating oars, shattered scraps of timber, and men struggling to stay afloat. The other longboats went to the rescue, pulling swimmers from the water as a second round shot splashed harmlessly nearby.
The longboats had stopped pulling for the bluff now. Wadsworth had expected them to land and then return to collect more men, indeed he had planned to go ashore with that second group, but instead the rowboats turned and headed back towards the transports. “I hope Littlefield’s not wounded,” Wadsworth said.
“Take more than a round shot to put the major down, sir,” James Fletcher commented cheerfully. Fletcher was now attached to Wadsworth’s staff as an unofficial aide and local guide.
“I must assume Littlefield decided not to land,” Wadsworth said.
“Hard to fight when you’re wet as a drowned rat, sir.”
“True,” Wadsworth said with a smile, then consoled himself that the threat to the bluff appeared to have achieved its purpose, which was to prevent the British sending reinforcements or a counterattacking force to Cross Island.
The light faded fast. The eastern sky was already dark, though no stars yet showed, and the gunfire died with the day. The American warships sailed slowly back to their anchorage while Mowat’s men, unscarred by the evening’s duel, secured their guns. Wadsworth leaned on the Bethaiah’s gunwale and looked down at the shadowy boats as they approached the sloop. “Major Littlefield!” he hailed. “Major Littlefield!” he called again.
“He’s drowned, sir,” a voice called back.
“He’s what?”
“He and two other men, sir. Lost, sir.”
“Oh, dear God,” Wadsworth said. On shore, at the top of the bluff, a fire showed through the trees. Someone brewing tea, maybe, or cooking a supper.
And Major Littlefield was dead.
“Tragic,” General Lovell said when Wadsworth told him the news of Daniel Littlefield’s death, though Wadsworth was not entirely sure that his commanding officer had listened to what he said. Lovell, instead, was examining a British flag that had been brought on board the Sally by a squat marine sergeant. “Isn’t it splendid!” Lovell exclaimed. “We shall present it to the General Court, I think. A first trophy, Wadsworth!”
“The first of many that your Excellency will send to Boston,” the Reverend Jonathan Murray observed.
“It’s a gift from the marines,” the sergeant put in stolidly.
“So you said, so you said,” Lovell said with a hint of testiness, then he smiled, “and you must render Captain Welch my sincerest g
ratitude.” He glanced at the table which was covered with papers. “Lift those documents a moment, Marston,” he ordered his secretary and, when the table was clear of paper, ink, and pens, he spread the flag beneath the gently swinging lanterns. It was dark now, and the cabin was lit by four lanterns. “’Pon my soul!”’Lovell stood back and admired the trophy’“but this will look impressive in Faneuil Hall!”
“You might think of sending it to Major Littlefield’s wife,” Wadsworth said.
“To his wife?” Lovell asked, evidently puzzled by the suggestion. “What on earth would she want with a flag?”
“A reminder of her husband’s gallantry?”
“Oh, you’ll write to her,” Lovell said, “and assure her that Major Littlefield died for the cause of liberty, but I can’t think that she needs an enemy flag. Really I can’t. It must go to Boston.” He turned to the marine sergeant. “Thank you, my fine fellow, thank you! I shall make certain the commodore knows of my approbation.”
Lovell had summoned his military family. John Marston, the secretary, was writing in the orderly book, Wadsworth was leafing through the militia rosters, while Lieutenant-Colonel Davis, the liaison officer for the transport ships, was tallying the small craft available for a landing. The Reverend Murray was beaming helpfully, while Major Todd was cleaning a pistol with a scrap of flannel. “You did send my orders to the Artillery Regiment?” Lovell demanded of Todd.
“Indeed, sir,” Todd said, then blew on the pistol’s frizzen to clear some dust.
“Colonel Revere understands the need for haste?”
“I made that need abundantly clear, sir,” Todd said patiently. Lieutenant-Colonel Revere had been commanded to take guns to the newly captured Cross Island, which would now be defended by a garrison of sailors from the Providence and Pallas under the command of Hoysteed Hacker.
“So Colonel Revere’s cannons should be active by dawn?” Lovell asked.
“I see no reason why not,” Wadsworth said.
“And that should dispose of the enemy shipping,” Lovell said happily, “and so open the path to our success. Ah, Filmer! Thank you!”
Filmer, a servant, had brought supper of bacon, beans, and cornbread, which Lovell and his companions ate at the table where the captured flag made a convenient napkin for the general’s greasy hands. “The marines are back on their ships?” Lovell asked.
“They are, sir,” Wadsworth answered.
“Though I suppose we must beg the commodore for their use again,” Lovell said resignedly.
“They are formidable,” Wadsworth said.
Lovell looked mischievous, a small half-smile on his usually solemn face. “Did you hear that the naval officers sent the commodore a letter? Dear me! They chided him for not sailing into the harbor! Can you believe such a thing?”
“The letter shows admirable zeal, sir,” Wadsworth said evenly.
“And it must have caused him embarrassment!” Lovell said, plainly pleased with that thought. “Poor man,” he added dutifully, “but perhaps the remonstrance will spur him to a greater effort?”
“One prays so,” the Reverend Murray said.
“Let us pray it doesn’t make him more obstinate in his dealings,” Wadsworth said, “especially as we shall need his marines when we attack in earnest.”
“I suppose we will need them,” Lovell said grudgingly, “if the commodore is agreeable, of course.”
“It means using a dozen longboats to land all his marines,” Davis said, “and we already lack sufficient boats.”
“I do dislike the idea of landing piecemeal,” Lovell said, evidently toying with the idea of attacking without the marines and so keeping all the glory of victory to the militia.
“Why not use one of the smaller schooners?” Wadsworth suggested. “I’ve seen them being rowed. I’m sure we could take one close enough inshore, and a schooner could carry at least a hundred men.”
Davis considered that solution, then nodded. “The Rachel doesn’t draw much,” he said.
“And we do need the marines,” Wadsworth said pointedly.
“I suppose we do, yes,” Lovell allowed. “Well, we shall request their assistance.” He paused, tapping his knife against the pewter plate. “When we capture the fort,” he said ruminatively, “I don’t want any redcoats escaping north across the isthmus. We should put a force to the north there? A blocking force?”
“Use the Indians?” Major Todd suggested, his spectacles reflecting the lantern-light. “The British are scared of our savages.”
“They’re much too valuable as fighters,” Wadsworth said hastily, “I want them in the assault.”
“Valuable, maybe, when they’re sober,” Major Todd said with a visible shudder, “but they were inebriated again this morning.”
“The Indians?” Lovell asked. “They were drunk?”
“Insensible, sir. The militiamen give them rum as an amusement.”
“The devil is in our midst,” Murray said darkly, “and must be extirpated.”
“He must indeed, Chaplain,” Lovell said and looked at Marston, “so add a command in tonight’s daily orders. No man is to supply rum to the Indians. And, of course, add a mention regretting the death of Major . . .” he paused.
“Littlefield,” Wadsworth said.
“Littlefield,” Lovell went on as if there had been no pause. “Poor Littlefield. He came from Wells, did he not? A fine town. Perhaps his men can block the isthmus? Oh, and Marston, make some acknowledgment of the marines, will you? We must give praise where it’s due, especially if we’re to request the use of them again.” He mopped the grease on his plate with a piece of bread and put it into his mouth just as a hard knock sounded on the cabin door. Before anyone could respond the door was thrust open to reveal an indignant Lieutenant-Colonel Revere who came to the table’s end and stared at Lovell who, his mouth full, could only wave a genial greeting.
“You ordered me to go ashore with the guns,” Revere said accusingly.
“So I did,” Lovell managed to say through his mouthful, “so I did. Are they emplaced already?”
“You can’t mean me to go ashore,” Revere said, with evident indignation. He gave his enemy, Major Todd, a dispassionate glance, then looked back to the general.
Lovell gazed at the commander of his artillery train with some bemusement. “We need guns on Cross Island,” he said finally, “and a new battery. Your task, surely, is to emplace them?”
“I have duties,” Revere said forcefully.
“Yes, Colonel, of course you do,” Lovell said.
“Your duty is to establish a battery on the island,” Wadsworth said forcibly.
“I can’t be everywhere,” Revere declared to Lovell, ignoring Wadsworth, “it isn’t possible.”
“I believe my orders were explicit,” the general said, “and required you to take the necessary guns ashore.”
“And I tell you I have responsibilities,” Revere protested.
“My dear Colonel,” Lovell said, leaning back from the table, “I want a battery on Cross Island.”
“And you shall have one!” Revere said firmly. “But it isn’t a colonel’s job to clear ground, to dig magazines, or to cut down trees to clear fields of fire!”
“No, no, of course not,” Lovell said, flinching from Revere’s anger.
“It is a colonel’s job to establish and to command a battery,” Wadsworth said.
“You’ll have your battery!” Revere snarled.
“Then I shall be satisfied,” Lovell said soothingly. Revere stared at the general for a brief moment and then, with a curt nod, turned and left. Lovell listened to the heavy footsteps climb the companionway, then let out a long breath. “What on earth provoked that display?”
“I can’t say,” Wadsworth answered, as puzzled as Lovell.
“The man is a troublemaker,” Todd said acidly, throwing an accusing look at Wadsworth, who he knew had cleared Revere’s appointment to command the artillery.
“
A misunderstanding, I’m sure,” Lovell said. “He’s a very fine fellow! Didn’t he ride to warm you at Lexington?” he asked the question of Wadsworth.
“He and at least twenty others,” Todd answered before Wadsworth could respond, “and who do you suppose was the one rider who failed to reach Concord? Mister Revere,” he stressed the “mister” maliciously, “was captured by the British.”
“I do remember Revere bringing us warning that the regulars were coming,” Wadsworth said, “he and William Dawes.”
“Revere was captured by the British?” Lovell asked. “Oh, poor fellow.”
“Our enemies let him go, sir,” Todd said, “but kept his horse, thus showing a nice appreciation of Mister Revere’s value.”
“Oh, come now, come,” Lovell chided his brigade-major. “Why do you dislike him so?”
Todd took off his spectacles and polished them with the edge of the flag. “It seems to me, sir,” he said, and the tone of his voice indicated he had taken the general’s question with great seriousness, “that the essentials of military success are organization and cooperation.”
“You’re the most organized man I know!” Lovell put in.
“Thank you, sir. But Colonel Revere, sir, resents being under command. He believes, I assume, that he should command. He will go his own way, sir, and we shall go ours, and we shall receive neither cooperation nor organization.” Todd carefully hooked the spectacles back over his ears. “I served with him, sir, in the artillery, and there was constant abrasion, irritation, and conflict.”