meetings with French, 447–9, 473
and refugees, 336, 367, 388, 471, 473, 475–7
shelling of, 474
U.S. aid to, 479–81, 497–9
Gorillas in the Mist (movie), 68, 314
Granta magazine, 400
Grasshopper (code name), 178
Great Lakes Region, Africa, 46–7, 212, 517–19
Gueye, Moctar, 218
Gulf War, 39, 71
Gunther, Corporal Daniel, 41
Habyarimana, Major General Juvénal, 47–8
absence of, 104
daughter, 206
death of, 219, 221, 224, 330
and death squads, 180
description of, 77
and France, 62, 450
lists for transitional government, 132–3
meetings with, 58, 76–7, 101, 109–10, 148, 201–2
meeting with U.S., 211
not in charge, 162
peace talk beginnings, 48
political impasse, 122, 193–4
revelations from, 118–19
Hallqvist, Per O., 99–100, 102, 107–8, 136, 175–6
Hannay, Sir David, 374
Hanrahan, Colonel Mike, 444, 487
Hansen, Peter, 328–9, 337, 483
Haque, Colonel Azrul, 201
hard-liners, 79, 86–7, 105, 123, 169
headquarters of UNAMIR. See also Amahoro (Peace) Stadium; Hôtel des Mille Collines
under attack, 308–10, 334, 350–1, 361–2
finding of, 106
official opening, 109–10
and RPF, 330
Hein, Arturo, 365
helicopters for mission, 85, 88, 199, 203, 207, 356
arrived, 214, 217
from Belgians, 154, 200
no access to, 95
heroism, 316–17, 323, 352
HIV/AIDS, 325, 483, 512
Holocaust, 12
Homeward Bound, 481, 497, 517–18
Hôtel des Mille Collines
meeting room in, 75
as shelter, 302, 304–5, 360, 382, 396, 409–10, 419–20
temporary headquarters, 59, 98
transfers from, 350–1
humanitarian aid, 307, 311, 328–9, 337, 353, 365–7, 372n, 386, 413, 415
Canadian field hospital, 491, 493
and France, 425
in Kigali, 468–9, 474–5
and management of arms, 441–2
not for Kigali, 479–80
support of, 447
of U.S. to Goma, 480–1
Humanitarian Protection Zone (HPZ), 452, 454–5, 464, 472–3, 482
Human Rights Rapporteur, 481–2
hundred-day civil war. See civil war (Rwanda)
Hutu Power, 115, 133, 137
clan de Madame, 149
on lists for transitional government, 139
target Belgian troops, 143–4
Hutus
arming of, 363
background of, 47
fear of Tutsi hegemony, 163, 219
killing of, 344
killings of, 378
moderates, 189
political party splits, 115
registration of, 198
ties to Quebec, 61
identity cards, 198, 281
Ignatieff, Michael, 517
Impuzamugambi militias, 211
infiltrators and spies, 116, 143, 150, 202–3, 248
information sources. See also intelligence gathering
difficulties with Ugandan operations, 94–5
in southern Rwanda, 113–14
from U.S., 338
Inkotanyi, 116
intelligence gathering, 199–200. See also information sources
dependent on goodwill, 90
to find moderates, 121
informants, 179 (See also Jean-Pierre)
of militias, 165
ordered to reveal information, 146–8
and Security Council, 195
Interahamwe. See also genocide
description of, 129
description of killings, 462
and France, 210
genocide, 420
informant from, 179 (See also Jean-Pierre)
lists of Tutsis, 142–3, 231, 243
meetings with, 345–7, 369–70
and PL, 140
provoking of crowds, 179
split of, 377
interim government, 277, 288–9, 295, 324, 329–30, 333–4, 337–8, 340, 350. See also Crisis Committee
and counteroffensive, 376–8
and French intervention, 418
location of, 443
and meetings with Khan, 463–4
and transfers, 445–6
and withdrawal, 394
international attitude to Rwanda, 51, 79–80, 89–90, 205, 220, 332, 364
abandonment, 291
and failure of missions, 514, 516–17
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, xii, xiii, 249
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 74, 174
International Red Cross. See Red Cross
International Tribunal on the Rwandan Genocide, Arusha, 508
Intore/warrior dancers, 65
Inyenzi, 142, 186
Islam, Colonel Nazrul, 176
Italian foreign minister, 408–9
Jean-Pierre (informant), 141–4, 149–51, 161, 240
not offered sanctuary, 148
Jeffords, Jim, 372n
Jonah, Dr. James, 51, 122
Kabgayi, Rwanda, 363, 404, 414, 419, 442–3
Kabia, Dr. Abdul Hamid, 91–2, 105, 119, 147–8, 300
Kadafi Crossroads, 397, 404–6, 424
ambush, 192–3, 201
Kagame, Major General Paul, 244–5. See also Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF)
absence of, 104
death of relatives, 396
demilitarized zone planning, 170–2
description of, 65–6
meeting with, 214, 325–7, 341–4, 358, 410–11, 507–8
meeting with U.S., 211
the Napoleon of Africa, 67
new vice-president, 475–7
opinion of Booh-Booh, 355–6
pace of peace, 153, 200–1
preconditions for ceasefire, 250
refugees in Rwanda, 154–6
RPF site in Kigali, 127
transfer disruptions, 406–7
twenty-four-hour warning, 201, 291
the victor’s map, 462
warning from, 247
Kagera, Tanzania, 199, 288, 292
Kagera National Park, 453
Kajuga, Robert, 346–7, 370
Kambanda, Jean, 285, 288–9, 316, 329–30
Kamenzi, Major Frank, 166, 300, 362, 423, 425, 440
attack on, 173
search of Franco-Africans, 435
Kane, Mamadou, 172, 175, 300, 381
Kangura, 133, 183
Kanombe barracks, 187, 191
Kanyarengwe, Colonel Alexis, 65, 130, 475
Karamira, Froduald, 344, 347
Katimavik (training program, Canada), 30
Kavaruganda, Joseph, 161, 179–80, 212, 242–3
Kayibanda, Grégoire, 47
Keating, Colin, 298, 301, 319–20, 364, 374
Kesteloot, Major Henry, 142, 193, 318
Khan, Shaharyar, 437
description of, 459–60, 463
Opération Turquoise departure, 507
The Shallow Graves of Rwanda, 461–2
Khartoum (movie), 274
KIBAT, 113
Kibungo, Rwanda, 291
Kibuye, Rwanda, 292
Kigali hospital, 360–2, 468–9, 491
Kigali International Airport Security Agreement, 285
Kigali Weapons Secure Area (KWSA)
as an excuse, 189
description of, 87
signing of, 124–7
troops to support, 202–3
violations of, 144, 148–9, 159–60, 165, 193, 226
r /> “Kigame Nine” declaration, 464, 469
killings. See shootings and killings
Kilometre 64, 125, 170
King Faisal Hospital, 158, 270, 291, 302–3, 413, 419–20
invasions of, 440–1
locked ward, 461–2
operational, 440n
Kinihira, Rwanda, 102–3, 243, 365–6, 465
Kinyarwanda, 44, 110, 158. See also languages in Rwanda
Knights of Columbus, 14
Kodjo, Captain Apedo, 237, 242
Korea, 17, 26, 39, 71
Kouchner, Bernard, 367–72, 380, 407, 412, 422, 425, 442, 495–6
Kuroda, Katz, 297
Lafourcade, General Jean-Claude, 439, 449–52. See also Opération Turquoise
briefing SRSG, 463–4
and Kagame, 465–6
media relations, 459
meeting with, 506–7
meeting with Bizimungu, 473
Lahr, Germany, 32
Lancaster, Major Phil, 341, 362–3, 470, 494
Dallaire’s leaving Rwanda, 501
in Sierra Leone, 511
language divisions in Canada, 13–14
in the military, 17–18, 22–3, 34
during the October Crisis, 26
languages in Rwanda, 44, 218. See also Kinyarwanda
and Bangladeshi troops, 176, 222, 228, 231–2
difficulties in meetings, 72, 122, 170
difficulties of, 230–1, 231n
difficulties with troops, 112, 119, 457
and Franco-Africans, 435
importance of French-speakers, 472
and political alliances, 118–19
and saving lives, 158
Swahili, 378, 469
Laporte, Pierre, 24–5
Lebrun, Regimental Sergeant Major, 490
Lemaire, Captain, 290
Léotard, François, 447
LeRoy, Lieutenant Colonel, 112–13
Lesage, Jean, 16–17
Lévesque, René, 33, 60, 132
Liberal Party (Canada), 14
List, Major Bob, 35
Lotin, Lieutenant Thierry, 258
Ly, Amadou, 58–60, 98
sourcing funds, 74, 110, 153, 153n4
MacKenzie, Major General Lewis, 49
MacNeil, Don, 350, 363, 406, 440–2
Maggen, Major Peter, 232, 235, 256
malaria, 68, 199, 322
Malawi contingent, 483
Mali contingent, 434–5
MamaPapa One, 441–1n
Mamiragaba, Bernard, 346–7, 370
maps, 55, 75
Marchal, Colonel Luc, 130, 190–1, 202
court-martial of, xi, 6
death of soldiers, 258
departing, 308–9
description of, 119–20
enforcement of KWSA, 160, 215
meeting with informant, 141–5
mission profile, 196
press conference, 197
RPF convoy to CND, 128–30
troop discipline, 193
value of, 206
witness to killings, 232
Marlaud, Jean-Phillippe, 62–3, 76, 146–8
Marsh, Howie, 37–8, 45
Martin, Major Miguel, 46, 81–2
massacres. See also genocide
of children in Virunga Mountains, 115–18
of former government agents, 378
at Kabgayi, 414
November 17–18 (1993), 110–12, 122, 159
Sainte Famille church (RPF killers), 347–9
at St. Paul church, 420
threat of, 121
matériel deficiencies, 91. See also equipment
Matiwaza, Ben, 95
Mazimhaka, Patrick, 83–4, 250, 410, 490
Mbaye, Captain Diagne, 245–6, 400
McComber, Major John, 363, 499
medals, 445–6, 448, 453
Médecins Sans Frontières, 297, 334, 367, 415, 440–0n
and RTLM, 454
media coverage, 197. See also Doyle, Mark; RTLM (hardline radio station)
of Bangladeshi withdrawal, 323–4
and BBTG, 139, 210–11
and French, 447
of Gatabazi assassination, 188
of genocide, 419
of killings, 110–12, 160, 348–9
media casualty, 456
of official events, 105, 110
of Opération Turquoise, 455
and orphan rescue, 367–71
and political impasse, 122–3
and request for UNAMIR-run radio, 167, 172
of Rwandan delegate to UN, 84
as selective, 477–8, 519
of soldiers’ deaths, 400
media relations, 332–3, 480
during nationalist debate in Canada, 40
transparency, 437
by the UN, 48
medical supplies, 199, 215, 264, 347, 413, 441. See also King Faisal Hospital
Meech Lake Accord, 40
Military Assessment of the Situation (MIR-19), 319
military career (General Dallaire)
“an emotional leader,” 26, 37
child who haunts me, 1–4, 397, 510, 517
commanding officer, 27, 29–30, 39–40, 56, 209
consequences of decisions, 239–40, 428–9
deciding to leave Rwanda, 470–1, 488, 499–501, 505, 507
decision to join UN mission, 44–5
doubts, 56, 82–3, 147, 491–4
early postings, 22–7, 30–1, 33–4, 37–9
education, 17–22, 34–5, 39
honoured, 403–4, 445
leaving Rwanda, 508–9
operational command, 93
personal dedication, 64
promotion, 32–8
showmanship, 103
as a streamer, 28
threats against, 338–9, 379–81
as a vocation, 20–1
military culture (Canada), 17, 20, 37
military observers (MILOBs)
arms imports, 156–7
arrival of, 108
function of, 82
and identity cards, 198
and mission profile, 196–7
obstructed, 213
Polish, 279–81
and refugee camps, 114
threatened, 316
military pay, 12
militias, 120–1, 211
mysterious third force, 121, 143
rumblings of, 59–60
Mille Collines hotel. See Hôtel des Mille Collines
minefields, 64–5, 95, 125–6, 151–2, 152n3, 175
Mitterrand, President, 422, 450
mob rule, 189–92
moderates, 121, 189, 212–13, 232, 253–4, 266, 274, 292
after fall of Kigali, 464
Moen, Colonel, 228, 273
Moigny, Major Victor, 269
Montgomery, General Richard, 18
Montreal, Quebec, 13, 18–20, 24
morale. See also packages from home
and funding for the military, 38
of RGF recruits, 68–9
of UNAMIR, 284, 308
of UNAMIR 2, 484–5
World cup soccer, 411
Mount Kigali, 322
Mount Nianza, 322
Moustache, 231, 245–6
Mouvement démocratique républicain (MDR), 57, 115, 132, 344
Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement (MRND). See also Ngirumpatse, Mathieu
absence of, 104
and Arusha Peace Agreement, 54, 132
and Habyarimana death, 227
as independent from president, 162
and political violence, 189–91
possible split in, 149
Mugenzi, Justin, 133, 140, 165–6
Mulindi, Rwanda, 250
Mulroney, Brian, 37, 40
Munyazesa, Faustin, 190–1
Murray, Admiral Larry, 403–4, 415
Murray Hill bus drivers’ strike, 23
> Museveni, Yoweri, 43, 94, 96, 155, 507
Mwinyi, Ali Hassan, 77–8, 210
Nairobi, Kenya, 415–19, 447
National Assembly, Quebec City, 24–7
National Council for Development. See Conseil national pour le développement (CND)
National Defence Headquarters (Canada), 35, 37–8, 259
Nayinzira, Jean-Népomucène, 132
Ndasingwa, Landoald “Lando,” 61, 123, 132–3, 140, 161, 179–80, 212, 232, 242–3
Ndiaye, Captain Babacar Faye, 1, 340, 343–4, 473
Ndindiliyimana, Major General Augustin, 202, 292–3, 334
death of Habyarimana, 222–5, 228
description of, 70
disappeared, 463
enforcement of KWSA, 160
meeting with, 77, 381–2
response to mob violence, 189–91
new world order, 50
Ngirumpatse, Mathieu, 142–3, 149
Ngondore refugee camp, 129
Nix, Brigadier General Jack, 485
Nkezabera, Ephrem, 346–7, 370
non-governmental organization (NGO), 54, 173, 299, 354, 415, 447, 492–4
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 17, 33, 38
Nsabimana, Major General Déogratias, 68, 77, 148–9, 170–2, 202
Ntagerura, André, 162–4
Ntambyauro, Agnès, 133
Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 224
Ntwiragaba, Colonel, 169
Nyamirambo, Rwanda, 413
Nzamurambaho, Fréderic, 132
Nzirorera, Joseph, 149
Obote, Milton, 155
Official Languages Act (Canada), 34
Ogata, Sadako, 493–4
Opération Amaryllis, 282
Operation Clean Corridor, 126–7, 129–30
Operation Silverback, 287
Opération Turquoise, 427, 431–40
ambush of, 444–5, 458
colonial traditions, 451
Dallaire’s assessment of, 433
departure of, 507
and humanitarian aid, 474, 483
liaison team in Force HQ, 466
main base, 448–9
mandate, 450–2, 457–8
neutrality of, 459
Orbinski, Dr. James, 297, 413, 440, 454
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 43, 77–9, 321, 436
orphanages, 1–4, 412–13
orphan rescue, 367–71, 383, 407, 413, 418, 442
Oxfam, 333
packages from home, 128, 353, 458, 488
Pakistani Blue Berets, 147
Parti libéral (PL), 61, 115, 123, 132–3, 139–40, 194
Pazik, Major Marek, 279, 350
PDC, 132
PDI, 211
peacekeeping missions (Canada), 40–2. See also chapter-six peacekeeping
Pearson, Lester, 40–1
Pédanou, Macaire, 55–6, 77–8
Pelletier, Jean, 36
Perry, William, 489
Pescheira, Suzanne, 336
Petrie, Charles, 402–3, 447, 449–52, 493
Pinsky, Hélène, 61, 128, 140, 232
PL. See Parti libéral (PL)
Plains of Abraham, 45
Plante, Major Jean-Guy, 304, 332, 363
Polish Mission massacre, 279–81, 284, 310