37. Burger, 56.
38. Dasch FBI statement, 46. Although Dasch estimates that the distance to the railroad station was “two or three miles,” maps and an on-site inspection show that it was around a mile.
39. FBI file 98-10288-1827.
40. Louise Maunsell Field, ed., Amagansett Lore and Legend, 70; Dasch FBI statement, 133; Field, 71.
CHAPTER SIX: NEW YORK, NEW YORK
1. Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 104.
2. Tribunal, 977.
3. Dasch FBI statement, 46, 133; NYT, June 13, 1942.
4. Burger, 58.
5. Dasch FBI statement, 133.
6. Governor Clinton Hotel letterhead; FBI memorandum, June 20, 1942, 98-10288-43. The hotel has since been renamed the Southgate Tower.
7. Coast Guard press release, July 15, 1942.
8. White House memorandum, June 26, 1939.
9. FBI memorandum, July 21, 1942, 98-10288-1055; NYT, June 14, 1942.
10. FBI memorandum, June 25, 1942, 98-10288-389; Coast Guard intelligence office memorandum, June 18, 1942.
11. Dasch admission summary, September 29, 1942, Bureau of Prisons.
12. Dasch FBI statement, 137.
13. Full-page ad, NYT, June 14, 1942.
14. NYT, June 14, 1942.
15. FBI memorandum for attorney general, June 17, 1942; FBI laboratory report, July 2, 1942.
16. Hoover memorandum, June 15, 1942, 98-10288-25; Tribunal, 203–236.
17. Hoover memorandum, June 15, 1942, loc. cit.
18. FBI memorandum, June 15, 1942, 98-10288-40.
19. Author interview with Cullen, January 2002.
20. FBI memorandum, June 25, 1942, 98-10288-389.
21. Coast Guard intelligence memorandum, June 18, 1942.
22. ESF war diary, chapter 4, June 1942.
23. Dasch FBI statement, 138; Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 106.
24. Burger, 58; Dasch FBI statement, 16.
25. Burger, 8.
26. Burger, 58; Tribunal, 2537.
27. Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 106.
CHAPTER SEVEN: HIGH STAKES
1. Tribunal, 2537; Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 111.
2. Tribunal, 2676.
3. Burger, 58.
4. Ibid., 59.
5. Ibid., 3–9, 60.
6. Dasch FBI statement, 49; Burger, 60.
7. Dasch FBI statement, 49.
8. Ibid., 130.
9. Burger, 61.
10. Ibid., 61.
11. Tribunal, 2481; Burger, 61; Dasch FBI statement, 49.
12. McWhorter memo, June 14, 1942, FBI NY file, 65-11065-79.
13. Dasch FBI statement, 52; see also Burger, 67, and Tribunal, 2578.
14. William Sullivan, The Bureau, 183.
15. Hoover memo, June 19, 1942, 98-10288-27.
16. U-202 log, June 13, 1942.
17. Lahousen war diary, June 15, 1942.
18. Tribunal, 2538, 2560–2562, 2614.
19. FBI interview with Joseph Mayer, July 21, 1942, 98-10288-1272.
20. FBI memo, August 15, 1942, 98-10288-1810.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Tribunal, 2560–2562; Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 109–110.
24. Letter from Hermann Lamby, former U-584 crew member, U-boot Archiv, Cuxhaven.
25. FBI statements of Hermann Neubauer, July 2, 1942, and Herbert Haupt, June 28, 1942, NARA, 98-10288.
26. FBI statement of Edward Kerling, June 28, 1942, 98-10288-1174.
27. Miami FBI report, October 24, 1942, 98-10288-2213.
28. FBI statements of Kerling and Haupt, op. cit.
29. Haupt FBI statement; FBI property list.
30. Tribunal, 2414.
31. Burger, 63.
32. Ibid., 63.
33. Tribunal, 2679.
34. Burger, 64.
35. Heinck letter to family, FBI file 98-10288, July 1942; Heinck FBI biography; Quirin FBI statement, July 3, 1942; FBI New York report, July 1, 1942, 146-7-4219. See also FBI memo, 98-10288-1827.
36. Dasch FBI statement, 55.
37. FBI memo, July 21, 1942, 98-10288-1055.
38. Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 179; see also Hoover NYT obituary, May 3, 1972.
39. Hoover memo to FDR, June 2, 1942, FDR Library.
40. Hoover memo to White House aide Edwin M. Watson, June 16, 1947, FDR Library.
41. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority, 327.
42. Author interview with Duane Traynor, January 2002.
43. Hoover memo, June 15, 1942, 98-10288-25.
44. Hoover memo, June 17, 1942, 98-10288-8; Hoover letter to ONI director, June 22, 1942.
45. Hoover letter to ONI director, June 20, 1942; see also Hoover memo, June 17, 1942, 98-10288-9.
46. ESF war diary, chapter 4.
CHAPTER EIGHT: A STORY TO TELL
1. Dasch FBI statement, 55.
2. Washington FBI report, July 1, 1942, 98-10288-408.
3. Dasch letter to Burger, June 19, 1942, FBI files.
4. Dasch FBI statement, 57.
5. Washington FBI report, July 1, 1942.
6. FBI interview with Heinrich Heinck, June 21, 1942.
7. Burger, 65.
8. Duane Traynor memo, June 25, 1942, FBI file 98-10288-128.
9. Dasch FBI statement, 58.
10. Author interview with Traynor, January 2002.
11. Dasch note, June 19, 1942, FBI file 98-10288-14.
12. Washington field office report, July 1, 1942, op. cit.
13. Author interview with Traynor.
14. Author interview with Traynor; memo, June 25, 1942, op. cit.
15. Biddle memorandum for FDR, June 19, 1942, FDR Library; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 327.
16. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: The Hinge of Fate, 377.
17. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt, 235.
18. Churchill memorandum to Roosevelt, June 20, 1942, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt.
19. Weekly gains and losses of Allied shipping, 1942, FDR Library.
20. Tribunal, 2210, 2235.
21. Ibid., 2208–2209.
22. Ibid., 2211.
23. Ibid., 2236.
24. Ibid., 1857.
25. Dasch activity log, 98-10288-128.
26. Washington field office report, July 11, 1942, op. cit.
27. Hoover memos, June 19, 1942, 98-10288-26, 98-10288-27.
28. Author interview with Cullen, January 2002.
29. Connelley memo, June 19, 1942, FBI file 146-7-4619, NY file 65-11065.
30. Burger, 19.
31. Tribunal, 2062.
32. FBI interview with Erna Haupt, July 2, 1942, 98-10288-227.
33. FBI interview with Hans Haupt, July 3, 1942, 98-10288-398.
34. Author interview with Wolfgang Wergin, May 2002.
35. FBI interview with Hans Haupt.
36. FBI interview with Walter Froehling; Tribunal, 2063.
37. FBI interview with Hans Haupt.
38. Burger, 65.
39. Heinck interviews with FBI, June 21 and 23, 1942.
40. Author interview with Traynor.
41. Hoover memo, June 19, 1942, 98-10288-28.
42. Author interview with Traynor; FBI memo, June 20, 1942, 98-10288-44; Tribunal, 1856.
43. Washington field office report, July 11, 1942, op. cit.
CHAPTER NINE: THE INVADERS
1. Burger, 65.
2. FBI memorandum, June 20, 1942, 98-10288-43.
3. Burger section, FBI file, 147-7-4219.
4. Burger section, FBI file 146-7-4219.
5. FBI memo, June 21, 1942, 98-10288-276.
6. Quirin interrogation, June 20, 1942.
7. FBI log of Dasch movements, 98-10288-128.
8. Dasch FBI statement, 57b.
9. FBI NY file, 146-7-4219, 66.
10. Dasch FBI statement, 68.
11. Ibid., 65.
12. Ladd memorandum,
June 20, 1942, 98-10288-48.
13. Chicago Daily Tribune, June 20, 1942.
14. Survey of Intelligence Materials, no. 30, OWI, July 1, 1942, FDR Library.
15. Hans Haupt FBI interview, 98-10288-398.
16. Author interview with Wolfgang Wergin, May 2002; statement to U.S. Army, May 20, 1945, FBI file 98-10288-3456.
17. Herbert Haupt FBI interview, July 3, 1942.
18. The Invaders was a 1942 movie also released under the title The Forty-ninth Parallel;see also Lucille Froehling FBI interrogation, 98-10288-436.
19. Tribunal, 2213, 2069, 2070.
20. FBI surveillance report, July 23, 1942, 98-10288-262.
21. The Commodore has since been rebuilt as the Grand Hyatt New York.
22. Edward Kerling letter to Miriam Preston, November 25, 1941, RG 65, NARA.
23. Kerling letter to Preston, November 25, 1941.
24. Edward Kerling letter to Marie Kerling, August 3, 1942, 98-10288-2089.
25. Kerling letters to Helmut Leiner, Hedy Engemann, and Marie Kerling, August 3 and August 8, 1942.
26. Tribunal, 2284-2286; Kerling FBI interviews, June 28 and June 30.
27. Traynor memo, FBI file 98-10288-73.
28. Dasch FBI statement, 160.
29. Ibid., 110–111.
30. FBI memo by E. P. Coffey, June 22, 1942, 98-10288-236.
31. Dasch FBI statement, 166.
32. Hoover memo, 98-10288-173.
33. Herbert Haupt FBI statement, June 29, 1942; FBI memo, June 22, 1942, 98-10288-194.
34. FBI memo, June 21, 1942, 98-10266-276.
35. FBI surveillance report, July 23, 1942, loc. cit.
36. FBI interrogation of Hedwig Engemann, June 30, 1942; see also Leiner interrogation, June 30, 1942.
37. Tribunal, 2378, 2387.
CHAPTER TEN: WIVES AND GIRLFRIENDS
1. Tribunal, 2261.
2. Marie Kerling interview with FBI, June 28, 1942, 98-10288-391.
3. Tribunal, 2724.
4. Ibid., 2173.
5. Erna Haupt FBI interview, July 2, 1942, 98-10288-227.
6. Confidential letter to FBI from car salesman, 98-10288-585.
7. FBI interview with Gerda Stuckmann, FBI file 98-10288-406.
8. Chicago FBI report, July 5, 1942, 98-10288-406.
9. Dasch letter to Burger, June 22, 1942, FBI files.
10. Author interview with Traynor, January 2002.
11. FBI log on Dasch, June 24, 1942, New York file 65-11065.
12. Dasch FBI statement, 212.
13. Ibid., 189.
14. Cramer letter to Thiel, November 25, 1941, FBI files.
15. Tribunal, 2758–2761; Kerling’s version, 2303–2306; Thiel’s version, 2264–2265. See also Kerling FBI detention log, June 24, 1942.
16. Kerling FBI interrogation, June 24, 1942.
17. Neubauer FBI statement, July 3, 1942. See also FBI file, 98-10288-1000, and FBI interrogations of Harry and Emma Jaques, 98-10288-390, 98-10288-403.
18. FBI surveillance report, July 23, 1942, 98-10288-262; see also individual agent reports, FBI file 98-19277-1330.
19. Billboard, November 5, 1921.
20. Tribunal, 2214; Herbert Haupt FBI interview, June 29, 1942.
21. Hoover memo, June 24, 1942, 98-10288-37.
22. Tribunal, 2305; FBI photographs, NARA.
23. Dasch FBI statement, 252.
24. Traynor memo, June 25, 1942, 98-10288-128.
25. Ladd memo, July 6, 1942, FBI files.
26. FBI log book on Dasch, July 25, 1942; Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 134.
27. FBI interview with Erna Haupt, July 2, 1942, 98-10288-227.
28. Chicago FBI report, July 5, 1942, 98-10288-406.
29. Haupt FBI interview, July 3, 1942.
30. FBI file, 98-10288-1574.
31. FBI surveillance report, July 23, 1942, loc. cit.
32. Tribunal, 1997.
33. New York FBI report, July 1, 1942, 103, loc. cit.
34. Chicago FBI report, July 5, 1942, 84, loc. cit.
35. Neubauer FBI statement, July 3, 1942.
36. Chicago FBI report, July 5, 1942, 90, loc. cit.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: “AS GUILTY AS CAN BE”
1. Donegan memo, June 27, 1942, 98-10288-164; Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 135.
2. Donegan memo, loc. cit.; Tribunal, 541–545, 675–677.
3. Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 137; Donegan memo, loc. cit.
4. Hoover memo, June 24, 1942, 98-10288-37.
5. FBI memo from D. M. Ladd, June 15, 1942, 98-10288-162.
6. FBI memo from E. A. Tamm, June 27, 1942, 98-10288-98. See also 98-10288-134.
7. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 327.
8. Maj. Gen. George V. Strong memo, June 28, 1942, RG 165, NARA, Military Intelligence Service.
9. UPI report, June 27, 1942.
10. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 328.
11. NYT, June 28, 1942.
12. FBI transcript of Winchell broadcast, June 28, 1942.
13. Notes from Margaret Hambley, Daisy Suckley diary, June 27, 1942.
14. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 327–328.
15. William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 74.
16. FDR memo, June 30, 1942, Justice folder, FDR Library; FBI file 146-7-4219; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 330–331.
17. Author interview with Lloyd Cutler, May 2002.
18. Strong memo, June 28, 1942, loc. cit.
19. MacFall letter to Rear Admiral T. S. Wilkinson, June 29, 1942, RG 381, NARA, ONI Security classified correspondence.
20. Hoover note on August 10, 1942, memo from Assistant Attorney General Wendell Berge, 98-10288-145; see also 98-10288-203, 98-10288-1142.
21. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 74–75.
22. Memo from FBI agent J. E. Brown, June 27, 1942, Dasch detention log.
23. Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 135.
24. Hoover memo, June 30, 1942, 98-10288-283; see also Ladd memo, June 30, 1942, 98-10288-691; Tribunal, 1873.
25. Addendum to unsigned Dasch statement, July 2, 1942, FBI files.
26. Dasch, handwritten statement, July 3, 1942, 98-10288-624.
27. FBI memo, June 30, 1942, 98-10288-264.
28. Samuel Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 321.
29. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 328.
30. Judge Advocate General memorandum, RG 165, NARA, June 28, 1942, decimal file 383.4.
31. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 331.
32. Stimson diaries, Yale University, July 1, 1942.
33. Lahousen interview with AP, December 9, 1945; Lahousen war diary, June 28 and 30, 1940; Wighton and Peis, Hitler’s Spies and Saboteurs, 77–79.
34. Ahlrichs interrogation, FBI file 98-10288-3472.
35. U.S. Navy Fourth Naval District war diary; Blair, Hitler’s U-Boat War: The Hunters, 606–607.
36. Author visit to Hyde Park; Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 43.
37. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 82–83.
38. Biddle memoranda, June 30 and July 1, 1942, FDR Library; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 329.
39. Hoover memo, July 1, 1942, 98-10288-221.
40. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 1942, 296–298.
41. Albert L. Cox, The Saboteur Story, 24.
42. Burger detention log, July 3, 1942, FBI files.
43. Suckley diary, FDR Library; Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 85.
CHAPTER TWELVE: MILITARY TRIBUNAL
1. Tribunal, 2099.
2. Kenneth Royall interview, Columbia University Oral History Collection.
3. Stimson Safe File, Box 5, NARA, RG 107.
4. Biddle memo, July 6, 1942, FDR Library.
5. Washington Times-Herald, July 8, 1942.
6. Heinck letter to Anna Heinck, July 1942; Kerling letter to Miriam Preston, August 4, 1942.
7. Hoover memo, July 1, 1942, 98-10288-285.
8. All quotes from trib
unal proceedings are taken from the official transcript, copies of which can be found in the FDR Library, Hyde Park, or NARA.
9. Author interview with Lloyd Cutler, May 2002; see also Time, November 19, 2001.
10. New York Sun, July 14, 1942.
11. Royall interview, loc. cit.
12. Dasch, Eight Spies Against America, 53.
13. Author interview with Cullen, January 2002; see also FBI memo, July 9, 1942, 98-10288-618.
14. OWI statement, July 15, 1942, FDR Library.
15. New York Post, July 9, 1942; WP, July 10, 1942.
16. WP, June 29, 1942.
17. FBI memo, July 6, 1942, 98-10288-811.
18. Hoover memo, July 14, 1942, 98-10288-756.
19. Elmer Davis and Byron Price, War Information and Censorship, 9; see also Biddle, In Brief Authority, 334.
20. WP, July 10, 1942.
21. Suckley diary, July 9, 1942, FDR Library.
22. Stimson diaries, Yale University, July 7–11, 1942.
23. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 335.
24. Memo from Assistant Attorney General James Rowe, October 8, 1942, FDR Library.
25. NYT and WP, July 12, 1942.
26. FBI Dasch files, Box 57.
27. OWI Intelligence Report 37, August 21, 1942, FDR Library.
28. Department of Justice press release, July 13, 1942, FDR Library.
29. WP, June 29, 1942; FBI memo, December 7, 1942, 98-10288-2574.
30. WP, July 17, 1942.
31. Biddle diary entry, July 17, 1942, Biddle Box 1, FDR Library.
32. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 90.
33. Tribunal, 2137.
34. Letter to Hoover from Maj. William Hummell, December 14, 1942, FBI file 98-10288-2648.
35. Kerling letter to Hedy Engemann, August 3, 1942, FBI file 98-10288-2089. See also Tribunal, 2716–2743.
36. Dasch FBI statement, 81, 114.
37. Tribunal, 2560.
38. Author interview with Cutler, May 2002.
39. Washington Times-Herald, July 10, 1942.
40. Nichols memos, July 6 and July 9, 1942, 98-10288-472, 98-10288-681.
41. WP, July 21, 1942.
42. NYT, July 22, 1942.
43. Hoover memo, July 22, 1942, 98-10288-897.
44. Philadelphia Record, July 27, 1942.
45. FBI Walter Kappe file, 98-11449, NARA; NYT, July 28, 1942.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER THE LAW
1. Majority opinion of Justice David Davis, Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wallace 2, 71 U.S. 2 (1866).
2. Kenneth Royall, Columbia oral history interview, loc. cit.
3. Tribunal, 2110.
4. W. A. Swanberg, “The Spies Who Came from the Sea,” American Heritage, April 1970; Eugene Rachlis, They Came to Kill, 246.