For John, the most surprising and winning aspect of this pint-size powerhouse was that he had nothing to do with the college’s dominant trad jazz crowd but, on the contrary, had adored rock ’n’ roll from its beginning. And already its unhinged sounds and tawdry glitter were firing his imagination as potently as anything from the Renaissance or the French Impressionists. Among his early paintings was an abstract entitled “Elvis Presley,” clearly influenced by Picasso’s Guitar Player, executed in garish jukebox colors and spotted with names of Presley songs, “Blue Moon [of Kentucky],” “Hound Dog,” and “Heartbreak Hotel.”
Another prescient belief shared by Stu, Bill, Rod, and now John, was that the city to which they belonged was unique in Britain—in the whole world—and deserved to be celebrated in art and culture just as American Beat poets like Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Gregory Corso had enshrined San Francisco. As regular attendees of poetry readings at Liverpool University, they disliked the way that almost all young contemporary British poets seemed to have fallen under the Beats’ spell. They agreed to form a four-man society called the Dissenters (an echo of William Brown’s many secret societies) to uphold Liverpool’s own native idiom against these outside invaders: Stu and Rod would do it through art, Bill through writing, and John through music.
Now more than a year old, the Quarrymen still idled along under their obsolete name, mixing the death rattles of skiffle with already dated rock-’n’-roll classics and the latest easy-to-follow blueprint helpfully lobbed across the Atlantic by Buddy Holly.
The first months of 1958 brought further personnel changes. Once Paul was sure of his own position, he had begun enthusing to John about the guitar-mad Liverpool Institute boy with whom he used to travel to school by bus each day when the McCartneys still lived in Speke. The crucial defining mark of a rock combo was a lead guitarist playing instrumental breaks aside from the collective strum. Paul suggested that his schoolmate George Harrison might suit this role.
In contrast with the class ambiguities surrounding John (and, to a lesser degree, Paul), there was never any doubt about George’s place in the social scale. His father, Harry, was a Liverpool Corporation bus driver, hardworking, respectable, and entirely comfortable with his station. Born in February 1943, George had spent infant years in the Liverpool from which Mimi had so thankfully rescued John, where homes stood claustrophobically side-to-side and back-to-back, linked by cobbled lanes known as jiggers; where the toilet was an outdoor shed, and the only way to have a bath was in a zinc tub before the kitchen fire.
George was an unlikely convert to rock ’n’ roll—a serious, taciturn boy who hated many of the enforced intimacies of his working-class background and had an almost phobic abhorrence of “nosey neighbours.” With this earnest nature went an acute sense of style and a refusal to conform that, in its quiet way, was almost the equal of John’s. While other boy skifflers were content merely to strum in A or E, George applied himself to mastering the single-string solos that more experienced players automatically assumed to be far out of reach. He also owned a spectacular guitar: a cello-style Hofner President with what the catalog termed a “brunette sunburst finish” and a cutaway shoulder, for reaching the high notes at the base of the fretboard.
Paul’s selling of George to John was a more protracted affair than Paul’s own by Ivan Vaughan had been. For some time he was merely another Quarrymen follower, one of a not overlarge constituency, whose pale, unsmiling face could often be seen near the stage-front at Wilson Hall before all chance of serious musical appreciation was terminated by belt-lashing Teds. Formal introductions were finally made—so drummer Colin Hanton remembers—at an illegal club called the Morgue in the basement of an old house in Oakhill Park. By way of audition, George played “Raunchy,” a bass-string instrumental that was currently a hit for Sun Records’ producer Bill Justis. On the evidence of that and other bass-note workouts like “Guitar Boogie Shuffle,” not to mention his splendiferous Hofner President, there seemed every reason for the Quarrymen to haul him on board before some other group did.
The objection was that George was still not quite fifteen and, despite his carefully poised coiffure and ultrasharp clothes, looked barely old enough to be out alone at night. The nine-month age difference between Paul and him was just about tolerable, as was the eighteen-month one between Paul and John. But John was George’s senior by almost two and a half years. To the worldly art student, the intense little Ted with his big cutaway guitar and protruding ears was inevitably “just a kid.”
John’s answer was to accept George as a guitarist but not as an equal and still less, to begin with, as a friend. “[George] was just too young. I didn’t want to know him at first. He came round [to Mendips] once and asked me to go to the pictures with him, but I pretended I was too busy.” Nor was it from John alone that snubs and belittlement had to be endured. On the occasion of George’s first visit to Mendips, Aunt Mimi also happened to be there. Mimi had considered Paul McCartney a sufficiently unwelcome visitant from the Scouse-accented netherworld. Unassuming little George, with his bus-driving dad, his Speke council house, his Saturday job as a butcher’s errand boy—above all, his unusually deep, adenoidal Liverpudlian voice—could hardly have dismayed her more if he’d marched into the front hall and begun laying about its Royal Worcester and Coalport china with a hatchet. “He’s a real wacker, isn’t he?” she commented witheringly after he’d gone. “You always seem to like the low-class types, don’t you, John?”
George swallowed all such slights—though he did not forget them—and by March 1958, having by now turned fifteen, was a full-fledged Quarryman. That month Paul wrote to a man named Mike Robbins, the husband of his cousin Bett, who was entertainments manager at Butlins Holiday Camp, in Filey. With true McCartney hubris but, alas, unsuccessfully, he offered the Quarrymen as resident performers during the next summer vacation.
George brought the number of guitarists in the Quarrymen to four, a not unusual complement for strum-happy skiffle groups but too many for the cooler, more calculated image of rock ’n’ roll. Balance could be restored only by dropping Eric Griffiths, the last of John’s original sidemen from Quarry Bank school. He was not an especially accomplished player and had never enjoyed the friendship with John that would have protected his back.
The group had also, coincidentally, lost Len Garry, the only other one who might perhaps have accompanied John, Paul, and George to their eventual destiny. In July 1958, Len collapsed at home and was rushed to Sefton General Hospital in a coma. He was found to be suffering from meningitis, an illness triggered, among other things, by breathing fetid air in subterranean dives like the Cavern. Once off the danger list, he was moved to the convalescent hospital at Fazakerley, where he remained until January 1959.
Eric Griffiths said later that John offered him a chance to stay on in the Quarrymen if he would replace Len on bass, but using one of the new electric bass guitars rather than an outmoded tea chest. When he replied that such a technological marvel was far beyond his means, the plot against him moved swiftly. His best friend in the group, Colin Hanton, was visited by Nigel Walley, informed of the collective will, and persuaded not to walk out in sympathy—for Colin’s drum kit, if not Colin’s drumming, remained a vital collective asset. The next time a group rehearsal was scheduled, Griffiths was simply not told about it. Colin then delivered formal notification that he was out.
Ironically, the change of image that was meant to improve the Quarrymen’s fortunes seemed to have a quite opposite effect. After the departure of Garry and Griffiths, the supply of paid gigs dwindled almost to nothing. For the next year, as graver matters overshadowed John’s life, his group would teeter constantly on the edge of extinction yet somehow never quite topple over it.
During this extended drought, most of the occasions when he shared a stage with his two young Liverpool Institute sidekicks had nothing to do with performing. Although the Institute and the art college occupied the same building complex, they
did not interact in any way, and all interior connecting corridors had been sealed since their hiving-off from the old Mechanics Institute in the 1890s. However, there was an exterior side passage from the Institute to a section of the college yard close to a door that led to its cafeteria. Several times a week on their lunch break, Paul and George would do their best to obliterate their school uniform by buttoning their black raincoats to the neck over their ties. Then they would slip along the passage into the college precincts to meet up with John in the cafeteria.
It was strictly against the rules of both college and school: had the two intruders been recognized by anyone in authority, they would have been ejected and reported to their headmaster. As Paul remembers, the thrill of danger always suffused this lunchtime habitat of John’s, where egg and chips was served instead of dreary school meat and veg, where fascinating females engaged in racy banter with arty young men, and where everyone could smoke as they pleased. “You’d see Paul and George sneak in,” Ann Mason remembers. “Then John would join them, looking quite nervous. The cafeteria had a stage, which we used for our college plays and shows. They usually sat up there together, because it was near the door, I suppose in case Paul and George needed to make a quick exit.”
John and Paul meanwhile continued writing songs together, seated in their facing chairs in the McCartney living room. After something like six months of these mostly illicit afternoon sessions, they had around twenty compositions they thought worth preserving—though for what, they still had no idea. Paul kept them in a school exercise book, their lyrics and chord sequences set out in his neat hand, each page headed “A Lennon-McCartney Original” or “Another Lennon-McCartney Original.”
In every songwriting partnership they had ever heard of, one partner produced the melody, the other the lyrics. John and Paul made no such division of labor; both did words and music. Each song on which they collaborated was not only an expression of their mirror-image affinity but also an exercise in one-upmanship. From opposite sides of the fireplace, they would bat new ideas and chord changes back and forth like a table tennis match, each half-hoping the rally would continue forever and half that his opponent might miss and the ball go bouncing out of control among the coal scuttle and the fire tongs.
To begin with, they used the traditional Tin Pan Alley lexicon of moon, June, true, and you, from which rock ’n’ roll, for all its seeming iconoclasm, had not significantly departed. “There’s no blue moon that I can see / There’s never been in history,” ran one lyric destined to go nowhere. Now and then, the composers would subconsciously reveal their common grounding in English literature. A casual Ping-Pong exchange around G major, for instance, produced the phrase “love, love me do,” a locution straight from the Lewis Carroll era (“Alice, Stop daydreaming, do!…”) Tape recorders at this date were still cumbersome reel-to-reel machines, costing far more than the pair could hope to scrape up between them. Consequently, they had no idea how their voices sounded together, nor any means of preserving rough versions of songs that might deserve to be polished later. Instead, a simple rule of thumb was adopted: if they came up with a new number on one day and could both still remember it on the day after, it worked.
So the titles kept accumulating in Paul’s exercise book, some predictable and derivative, others already giving off an unmistakable tang of originality and humor: “Keep Looking That Way,” “Years Roll By,” “Thinking of Linking,” “Looking Glass,” “Winston’s Walk.” In relation to their present life as musicians, the exercise was completely pointless. The audiences for whom the Quarrymen played, when they did manage to play, wanted nothing but skiffle chestnuts or American rock-’n’-roll covers. Those Lennon-McCartney Originals seemed destined not even to enjoy the limited exposure of John’s “Daily Howl.”
The old skiffle scene was growing more sophisticated in every way. Whereas once groups would audition for gigs in person, many of them now preferred to put songs on tape to circulate among promoters and club managements. Since the Quarrymen had no tape recorder, nor access to one, there was only one way so to advertise themselves. In the Kensington area of Liverpool was small studio where, for not too high a price, amateur performers could have their efforts enshrined on an actual gramophone record. Somewhat as a last resort in their hunt for work, the Quarrymen found the requisite cash among them and booked an appointment.
The studio was owned by an elderly man named Percy Phillips, who operated it single-handedly in a back room of his Victorian terrace house. Here, one afternoon in mid-1958, John, Paul, George, and drummer Colin Hanton assembled, plus a schoolfriend of Paul’s named Duff Lowe, who was blessed with the gift of playing Jerry Lee Lewis–style arpeggios on the piano.
Even at this important moment, Lennon-McCartney Originals were left in the background. For their A-side, they chose “That’ll Be the Day,” Buddy Holly’s breakthrough hit with the Crickets, released in September of the previous year. They had been trying for months to work out Holly’s back-somersaulting guitar intro and, thanks mainly to John, had just succeeded in getting it note-perfect. The B-side was “In Spite of All the Danger,” a country-and-western pastiche—and a rather good one—written by Paul with help from George, which explained Duff Lowe’s presence on piano. John took the lead vocal on both tracks, with Paul and George singing backup harmonies.
The experience of “making a record,” about which they had been boasting to their friends and families, proved rather lacking in glamour. They were allowed only a single take for each song, then had to sit and wait while Mr. Phillips cut the disk on a machine somewhat like an industrial lathe. The price was £5, but for an extra £1, he told them, he could first transfer their recording to tape and help them edit it before putting it on wax. “We’d only just managed to raise the five quid between us,” Colin Hanton remembers. “John said there was no way we were paying another £1.”
Their money bought them just the one shellac disk in the new, shrunken 45 rpm size, with a yellow label saying “Kensington” and the song titles and composer credits handwritten by Percy Phillips. Nigel Walley duly hawked it around the clubs and dance halls, but without notable success. Merseyside as yet had no local radio that might have picked it up, nor discotheques that might have introduced it to live audiences. The most effective plugger turned out to be Colin’s printer friend, Charles Roberts, who worked for the Littlewoods mail-order organization. Roberts managed to get John’s rendition of “That’ll Be the Day” played over the public-address system to Littlewoods’ largely female employees.
The disk became the common property of its makers, each enjoying custody of it in turn, one week at a time. John had it for a week, then passed it to Paul, who had it for a week, then passed it to George, who had it for a week, then passed it to Colin, who had it for a week, then passed it to Duff Lowe, who had it for the next two decades, until it was worth a fortune.
All these new people and preoccupations in his life had helped blind and deafen John to an unbelievable thing going on under his very nose. Aunt Mimi was having a clandestine affair with her boarder, the biochemistry student Michael Fishwick. Yes, Mimi, that brisk suburban Betsey Trotwood, who seemed so scornful of normal feminine susceptibilities—scornful of the entire male species—had a lover half her age and only eight years older than the nephew in her care.
She had taken to Fishwick from the moment he arrived at Mendips as a nineteen-year-old undergraduate in 1951. It was not just that the Yorkshire teenager was studious and serious beyond his years and able to provide the intellectual stimulation Mimi had craved in her mundane marriage to George Smith. Something about him recalled the only real love of her life, the young doctor from Warrington who had died from a virus in 1932 before they could marry. She would later give Fishwick the gold cuff links she had bought her doomed fiancé as an engagement present and secretly had cherished ever since.
After George’s death, Mimi had leaned heavily on Michael Fishwick, making him almost a surrogate head of the househo
ld and increasingly turning to him for advice in coping with John. A few months later—to their mutual astonishment—friendship turned into something more. He was twenty-four and she was fifty, though she said she was forty-six. The affair was consummated, revealing the exact nature of poor Uncle George’s fabled “kindness.” Mimi was still a virgin.
Their relationship, Fishwick now recalls, was punctuated by his absence during university vacations and was carried on almost entirely at Mendips. Occasionally they would go together to an art exhibition—like the big Van Gogh show in Liverpool—or stroll around one of the National Trust stately homes in the neighborhood, always taking care to do nothing that might set Woolton’s tongues wagging and front-room curtains twitching. Once, when Mimi was with John at her sister Mater’s in Edinburgh, she left him there and returned home so that she and Fishwick could have the house to themselves for a few days.
John never once suspected what was going on, often beyond a flimsy plaster wall in the bedroom next to his. Nor did Mimi confide in her three sisters, despite their unspoken vow to share everything. Julia, the one with the most highly tuned sexual antenna, had recently noticed a change in her—an indefinable blooming—and told the others she might have a “fancy man,” but never guessed his identity.
In July 1958, Fishwick returned to Mendips for another extended stay. Three months earlier, he had been drafted into one of the last batches of young Britons compelled to do National Service. He was now an RAF officer trainee on the Isle of Man but applied for leave to return to Liverpool, as he said, to check over the PhD thesis he was having typed at the university.