p. 215: “the balance of power”: Doris Fleeson, “John Kennedy for President,” Washington Post, Mar. 30, 1957.
p. 215: Meet the Press, Oct. 28, 1956, Transcript, Box 920A, PPP.
p. 216: “highly questionable”: JFK, “Highly Questionable Legislative Course,” June 20, 1957, CR, Compilation of Speeches, JFKL.
p. 216: “dangerous precedent”: JFK to Roy Wilkins, July 10, 1957, Box 23, Powers Papers.
p. 216: On the vote and the four Western liberals, see Doris Fleeson, “Kennedy Looks to the South,” Washington Evening Star, July 3, 1957; and Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 521-22.
p. 216: For attacks on JFK, see JFK to Roy Wilkins, July 10, 1957, Box 23, Powers Papers, and Parmet, Jack, 410.
p. 216: On Titles III and IV, see JFK, Civil Rights Act of 1957, July 23, 1957, CR, Compilation of Speeches; and Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 522-24.
p. 216: For the controversy over jury trials, see Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 524-26.
p. 217: For JFK’s consultations, see Paul Freund to JFK, July 23, 1957; JFK to Freund, July 30, 1957; Arthur E. Sutherland to JFK, July 26, 1957; JFK to Sutherland, July 30, 1957; Robert Troutman to JFK, July 26, 1957; Mark Dewolf Howe to JFK, Aug. 1, 1957; and conversation with Dean James Landis, n.d., Box 536, PPP.
p. 217: A vote against jury trials: JFK, Civil Rights Act of 1957, Aug. 1 and 7, 1957, CR, Compilation of Speeches.
p. 217: “impossible”: JFK to Bill, the Chronicle, n.d., Box 536, PPP.
p. 217: Enactment of the law: Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 526-27.
p. 217: “Why not show” and “stout” bridge: Quoted in Parmet, Jack, 412.
p. 217: The tensions with Wilkins: “Wilkins Scores Kennedy for Vote on Civil Rights,” Berkshire Eagle, April 28, 1958, clipping; JFK to Wilkins, May 6, June 6, July 18, 1958; Wilkins to JFK, May 29, 1958, Box 23, Powers Papers.
p. 218: “I think most of us agree”: JFK, Speech, Oct. 17, 1957, Box 898, PPP.
p. 218: On RFK, see Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 119, 137-42, 162-63.
p. 218: “If the investigation”: O’Donnell and Powers, 132.
p. 218: LBJ’s warning: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 143.
p. 218: JFK’s decision: Martin and Plaut, 191.
p. 219: The Kennedys and Beck and Hoffa: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, chap. 8, and Thomas, 74-89.
p. 219: JFK’s bill: “Disclosure of Financial Affairs of Labor Organizations,” Mar. 11, 1958, Compilation of Speeches.
p. 220: Meany’s response: New York Times, Mar. 28, 1958.
p. 220: NAM opposition: JFK, “National Association of Manufacturers Opposition to Kennedy-Ives Labor Bill,” July 29, 1958, Compilation of Speeches.
p. 220: “Jimmy Hoffa can rejoice”: New York Times, Aug. 19, 1958. Also see Parmet, Jack, 429-33.
p. 220: For JFK’s 1959 labor reforms, see Meet the Press, Nov. 9, 1958, Box 920A, PPP.
p. 220: For Landrum-Griffin and “appalling public apathy,” see Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 182-84.
p. 221: “Justice, Labor and”: Quoted in Sorensen, 18.
p. 221: “Jesus, Jack”: Quoted in Collier and Horowitz, 246-47.
p. 221: “My father is conservative”: JFK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 221: “I have never had”: LBJ conversation with Kefauver, Jan. 11, 1955, LBJA/CF, LBJL.
p. 221: “bombarded me”: Quoted in Doris Goodwin, 790.
p. 222: “The most powerful single force”: JFK, “Imperialism—The Enemy of Freedom,” July 2, 1957, Compilation of Speeches.
p. 222: JFK response to his critics: “Algeria,” July 8, 1957, Compilation of Speeches.
p. 222: “You lucky mush”: Quoted in Burns, 196.
pp. 222-23: JFK, “A Democrat Looks at Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1957, 1-16.
p. 223: “the Democratic party”: JFK to J. K. Galbraith, Feb. 4, 1958, Box 691, PPP. Also see JFK to George Kennan, Feb. 13, 1958; Kennan to JFK, Feb. 19, 1958, Box 691, PPP. Also see JFK to Alton Hathaway, Mar. 6, 1958; and David C. Forbes, Mar. 6, 1958, Box 691, PPP. For examples of JFK’s policy statements, see “Address at 50th Anniversary Dinner, Bnai Zion, NYC,” Feb. 9, 1958, Box 563; “Social Science Foundation Lecture,” Feb. 24, 1958, Box 811, PPP; “The Struggle Against Imperialism, Part II—Poland and Eastern Europe,” Aug. 21, 1957; and “The Choice in Asia—Democratic Development in India,” Mar. 25, 1958, Compilation of Speeches; and Press Release, JFK and Sen. John Sherman Cooper, Mar. 25, 1958, Box 562, PPP.
pp. 223-24: On Sputnik and Gaither’s committee, see Ambrose, Eisenhower, 423-35.
p. 224: JFK interview: “Kennedy Wants Us to Sacrifice,” Dec. 8, 1957, New York Times. JFK, “Mutual Security Act of 1958,” June 4, 1958, Compilation of Speeches.
p. 224: “dangerous period”: JFK, “U.S. Military Power—Preparing for the Gap,” Aug. 14, 1958, Compilation of Speeches. Also see Memo: “Foreign Policy Activities,” in a Folder titled “Missiles, Sept. 5-23, 1958,” Box 692, PPP.
p. 224: For the polls, see Gallup, 1523-24.
p. 225: “Seldom in the annals”: Quoted in Doris Goodwin, 792.
p. 225: “Senator Kennedy, do you have” and “This man seeks”: Quoted in Martin and Plaut, 461-62.
p. 225: “perfect politician,” American Mercury, 1956.
p. 225: “Jack is the greatest”: Quoted in Martin and Plaut, 461.
p. 225: The best discussion of the 1958 campaign is in Parmet, Jack, chap. 25.
p. 225: “direct and personal participation”: Lawrence O’Brien to JFK, May 16, 1957, Box 527, PPP.
p. 225: “the flowering of another”: Harold Martin, “The Amazing Kennedys,” Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 7, 1957, 49.
Chapter 7: Nomination
p. 229: “terrible shapelessness”: Quoted in the New York Times, Sec. 4, p. 21, May 16, 2000.
p. 229: Speaking invitations: Martin and Plaut, 462; O’Donnell and Powers, 129.
p. 229: some Massachusetts newspapers: Lynn Sunday Telegram-News, July 14, 1957; Boston Globe, July 29, 1957.
p. 229: Democratic state chairman: New York Times, Nov. 16, 1958. Chicago Daily News poll of 1,220 delegates: Box 25, David Powers Papers, JFKL.
p. 230: Democratic governors: Edward M. Edwin to JFK, Aug. 14, 1959, Box 549, PPP.
p. 230: “very smart”: Gallup, 1623-24.
p. 230: “Month after month”: William V. Shannon in the New York Post, Nov. 11, 1957.
p. 230: “clothes and hair-do”: New York Times, Oct. 10, 1958.
p. 230: “on how to win”: Ibid., Nov. 10, 1958.
p. 230: “looked at him”: Peter Lisagor OH.
pp. 230-31: For Nixon’s nomination prospects, see Gallup, 1602, 1607, 1616, 1625, 1631, 1641.
p. 231: For Eisenhower’s popularity, see ibid., 1586, 1589, 1596-97, 1603, 1609, 1615, 1618, 1625, 1632, 1639.
p. 231: For Democratic-Republican matchups, see ibid., 1597, 1607, 1618-19, 1622, 1642, 1647-48; and Louis Harris, “An Analysis of a Trial Pairing of Vice President Richard Nixon vs. JFK,” Oct. 1957, and “A Study of Public Opinion on Candidates in Eight West Coast Cities,” Feb. 1959, Box 819, PPP.
p. 231: Gridiron speech: Mar. 15, 1958, Box 1025, PPP.
p. 231: JFK’s standing among Democrats, See Gallup, 1588, 1590, 1601, 1607, 1613, 1617, 1622-23, 1630, 1649.
p. 231: His standing with congressional Democrats: Parmet, Jack, 506.
pp. 231-32: “We’ve always been”: Interview with JFK, Ralph G. Martin Papers, Boston University.
p. 232: “I’m not interested”: Newton Minow OH, Columbia University.
p. 232: “If I don’t make it”: Interview with JFK, Martin Papers.
p. 232: “Catholic-baiting”: Quoted in Martin and Plaut, 448. Also see Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style, 19-23.
p. 232: Twenty-four percent: Gallup, 1605-6.
p. 232: “Kennedy seemed too cool”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 14.
p. 233: “the effects upon this country”: Memo, July 12, 1959, Box 123, Katie Louchheim Papers,
LC.
p. 233: “youngsters he had summoned”: White, Making, 1960, 48.
p. 233: Jack publicly denied: Face the Nation, Mar. 30, 1958, and Feb. 22, 1959, Box 779, PPP.
p. 233: “dodged the McCarthy issue”: Quoted by John Madigan on Meet the Press, Mar. 30, 1958, Box 779, PPP.
p. 233: “not sure Kennedy”: AP dispatch, May 8, 1958, Box 32, POF.
p. 233: TV appearance: ABC’s College News Conference, New York Times, Dec. 8, 1958.
pp. 233-34: “father has been spending”: JFK to Eleanor Roosevelt, Dec. 11, 1958, Box 32, POF.
p. 234: “gladly so state”: Eleanor Roosevelt (ER) to JFK, Dec. 18, 1958, ibid.
p. 234: “accept the view”: JFK to ER, Dec. 29, 1958. Also ER to JFK, Jan. 6 and 20, 1959; JFK to ER, Jan. 10 and 22, 1959; and ER telegram to JFK, Jan. 29, 1959, ibid.
p. 234: Spent an estimated $1.5 million: Doris Goodwin, 793.
pp. 234-35: “You do what you think” and other quotes: Wofford, 37-39.
p. 235: “knew instinctively,” and O’Neill and Prendergast: Collier and Horowitz, 297-98, 646-47.
p. 235: “very vigorous” and “‘I was so goddamn mad’”: David Lawrence OH.
p. 235: Childs’s column and the plane: Parmet, Jack, 512.
p. 235: “It’s not the Pope”: McCullough, 970. Also see “A vote for Jack is a vote for father Joe,” in annotated ms. of Paul B. Fay, “The Pleasure of His Company,” Paul B. Fay Papers, JFKL.
p. 236: “the Catholic issue”: Quoted in Parmet, Jack, 469-70.
p. 236: Stevenson-Minow conversation: Minow OH; also see William Attwood OH, William Benton OH, and William McCormick Blair Jr., OH, all at Columbia University.
p. 236: Conversation with Steele and promises to remain neutral: Parmet, Jack, 470-71.
p. 236: “I don’t think he’d be”: Barbara Ward Jackson OH.
p. 236: “Do you think”: Face the Nation, Mar. 30, 1958, Box 799, PPP.
p. 236: “independence from”: James M. Burns to JFK, Nov. 1, 1959, Box 129, POF.
pp. 236-37: He believed that his votes: Face the Nation, Mar. 30, 1958, Box 779, PPP. Also see JFK interview, Martin Papers, and prenomination campaign speeches for 1958-60 in the PPP.
p. 237: “The key thing”: Wofford, 36-37.
p. 237: JFK also gave voice: Though Burns and JFK had their differences about some of what Burns included in his book, there was substantial cooperation between them. See James M. Burns to JFK, Nov. 1, 1959, Box 129, POF.
pp. 237-38: “mixed voting record” and other quotes: Burns, 266-71.
p. 238: “his campaign identity”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 17-18.
p. 238: “This, I suppose”: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 203-4.
p. 239: “comprehensive housing”: Burns, 268-73.
p. 239: As in Massachusetts: O’Donnell and Powers, 130.
p. 239: “We have to get organized”: RFK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 239: “citizen organizations” mounting a “grass roots appeal”: “Preconvention Grass Roots Campaigning; Kennedy Clubs,” Jan. 29, 1959, Box 26, David Powers Papers, JFKL.
pp. 239-40: Steve Smith’s office: Burns, 233; White, Making, 1960, 51; Parmet, Jack, 507.
p. 240: “Where do we stand?”: Sorensen to All “Summit Conference” Participants, April 1, 1959, Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 240: “Regardless of whom”: Gallup, 1633-39.
p. 241: For the fall schedule, see Burns, 231. For JFK’s speeches along the way, see Box 1025, PPP. Also see Sorensen, 114.
p. 241: “certainly brilliant”: Memo, July 12, 1959, Box 123, Louchheim Papers.
p. 241: “I’m getting a lot better”: JFK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 241: “he learned the art”: Sorensen, 114.
p. 242: “The tone was tiredness”: Martin and Plaut, 209-10.
p. 242: Meeting of seventeen principal people: Handwritten notes: “Oct. 28, 1959—R.F.K. House—Hyannis Port.” Also see “Summary of Talk of Kennedy Men,” Summer 1959, Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 242: “what has been done”: Fay, 76-77.
p. 242: Six-page summary report to RFK: J. Miller, “Some Modest Realignment in the Kennedy Image,” Oct. 20, 1959, Pre-Admin., Political Files, Box 39, RFK Papers, JFKL.
p. 243: “Check those things”: Pierre Salinger OH; Salinger, 30.
p. 243: “hard-and-fast” and the quotes on JFK’s performance: White, Making, 1960, 54-55.
p. 243: On Bowles and a southern strategy, see Minutes of Meeting, Oct. 28, 1959, Pre-Admin., Political Files, Box 39, RFK Papers; RFK to Files: Georgia and Virginia, Nov. 18, 1959, Box 26, Powers Papers; Chester Bowles OH; Parmet, Jack, 513-14.
p. 243: Announcement of candidacy: Jan. 2, 1960, Box 1025, PPP.
p. 244: “refuse the vice presidential”: Ibid.
p. 244: Predictions: Sorensen, 139-40.
p. 244: “scored 100”: Memo, July 12, 1959, Box 123, Louchheim Papers.
p. 244: Humphrey speech in Virginia: Adam Clymer interview with Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, Oct. 9, 1996, given to me by Clymer.
p. 245: “unpopular in some sectors”: Lisagor OH. Also see “Summary of Talk of Kennedy Men.”
p. 245: “I don’t have to worry”: JFK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 245: “no Southerner can be nominated”: “Summary of Talk of Kennedy Men,” Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 245: Joe Kennedy was more concerned: JPK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 245: “a ‘riverboat gambler’”: Quoted in Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 203.
p. 245: “has no very firm principles”: Lisagor OH.
p. 245: “comes from the right state”: “Summary of Talk of Kennedy Men,” Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 246: “I wish I could get Stu”: JFK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 246: Dirt on Symington: James Fahey to JPK, May 13, 1960, JPK Papers, JFKL.
p. 246: “sleeping candidacy”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 17.
p. 246: “But he still has”: “Summary of Talk of Kennedy Men,” Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 246: “He is not a threat”: JPK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 246: “Look, when someone says”: JFK Interview, Martin Papers.
p. 246: “definitely and categorically”: Jan. 1960, Box 123, Louchheim Papers.
pp. 246-47: “conveyed an intangible”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 20.
p. 247: New Hampshire: Goodwin, 795-96; JFK, “The Presidential Primary and Your Vote,” Jan. 25, 1960, Box 1025, PPP; “Results of Presidential Primaries in 1960: New Hampshire, Mar. 8, 1960,” Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 247: On Indiana, Nebraska, California, and Ohio, see “Results of the 16 Presidential Primaries in 1960,” Box 26, Powers Papers. Also Sorensen, 144-50.
p. 247: For the discussions with Pat Brown, see “California,” June 7, 1960, Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 247: “Mike, it’s time”: Abraham Ribicoff OH, Columbia University.
p. 247: “a veteran politician”: O’Donnell and Powers, 148-52. Also Sorensen, 145.
p. 248: “If we do not do very well”: JPK to Count Enrico Galeazzi, Mar. 31, 1960, JPK Papers.
p. 248: JFK’s 1958-59 appearances in Wisconsin: “Wisconsin”, n.d., Box 26, Powers Papers. Meet the Press, Jan. 3, 1960, Box 920A, PPP.
pp. 248-49: “winter of cold winds”: O’Donnell and Powers, 153-54.
p. 249: “You’re too soon”: Quoted in Collier and Horowitz, 294.
p. 249: “vicious falsehoods”: Sorensen, 153.
p. 249: “Thank God”: “Wisconsin Attacks,” April 4, 1960, Box 989, PPP.
p. 249: “an element of”: Humphrey, 208.
p. 250: “remained remarkably”: James Reston, New York Times, April 4, 1960.
p. 250: “‘Do you like’”: Lisagor OH.
p. 250: “just an effective”: Patrick J. Lucey OH.
p. 250: For the family’s involvement and Humphrey’s quotes, see O’Donnell and Powers, 157-59, and White, Making, 1960, 92-93.
p. 250: The vote: “Results of Presidential Primaries in 1960” and “Results of the 16 Presidential Primaries in 1960,” Box 26, Powers Papers.
p. 251: “ashen” and “mighty uneasy”: William Proxmire OH.
p. 251: “A shift of”: “Analysis of the Wisconsin Returns,” n.d., Box 27, Powers Papers.
p. 251: Jumped from his seat: Sheldon Stern to author, Mar. 25, 2002.
p. 251: “What does it all mean?”: O’Donnell and Powers, 159-60.
p. 251: “The religious issue”: Lucey OH; O’Donnell and Powers, 159.
p. 251: Cronkite: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, 295.
p. 251: On West Virginia, see West Virginia: Key Facts, Box 968, PPP; Robert McDonough OH; O’Donnell and Powers, 160.
pp. 251-52: The Harris poll: Jan. 1969, Box 818, PPP; and Bob Wallace to RFK, Jan. 5, 1960, Box 969, PPP.
p. 252: The Kanawha county poll: White, Making, 1960, 101.
p. 252: “public opinion had shifted”: West Virginia Polls, n.d., Box 27, Powers Papers.
p. 252: “what are our problems?”: O’Donnell and Powers, 160.
p. 252: “Bob Byrd is”: ? to Dear Frank, April 12, 1960, Box 27, Powers Papers.
p. 252: “the reactionary element”: Homer E. Bussa to Frank N. Hoffman, Jan. 22, 1960, Box 968, PPP.
p. 252: “bury the religious issue:” McDonough OH.
p. 252: “to meet the religious issue”: “Meeting re West Virginia Primary—April 8, 1960,” Pre-Admin., Political Files, Box 39, RFK Papers.
p. 252: “Four F’s”: Frank H. Fischer OH.
p. 253: “I am a Catholic”: McDonough OH.
p. 253: “Nobody asked me”: O’Donnell and Powers, 166-67.
p. 253: “He was the most”: McDonough OH; also see James Haught OH.
p. 253: “I am the only”: Sorensen, 158.
p. 253: “Over and over again”: White, Making, 1960, 108.
p. 253: “a nice old man”: “Jackie in West Virginia,” n.d., Box 27, Powers Papers.
p. 254: “I have to confess”: “West Virginia,” May 10, 1960: “Highlights of JFK’s Campaign in West Va.,” Box 27, Powers Papers. On Jackie, also see Leaming, 16.
p. 254: “The Senator is still”: Diary Notes, April 26, 1960, Box 2, Evelyn Lincoln Papers, JFKL.