Tracing all these would have been impossible without the original research, generosity, and encouragement of Martin Gilbert. As he wrote me, “our work goes in tandem.” My gratitude toward him is profound.
On my own behalf and that of my archival research assistant in England, Deborah Baker, whose task it was to sift and sort out documents, I should like to thank D. G. Vaisey (Department of Western Manuscripts, the Bodleian Library), Diana Grimwood Jones and Gillian Grant (Middle East Centre, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford), Mrs. P. Piper and N. A. M. Rodger (Public Record Office, Kew, Richmond, Surrey), G. J. Slater (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland), Marion Stewart (Churchill College, Cambridge), H. S. Cobb and F. Johnson (Record Office, House of Lords), A.N.E.D. Schofield and D. H. Bourke (British Library), D. M. Smith and C. C. Webb (Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York), Wing Commander R. Martin Sparkes (Annexe), Wayne Furman (New York Public Library), A. E. Cormack and R. F. Barker (Royal Air Force Museum, Hendon), Gordon Phillips (Times Archive), Patricia Methven (Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, University of London), D. A. Clarke and G. E. A. Raspin (British Library of Political and Economic Science), R. A. W. Suddaby (Imperial War Museum), B. C. Bloomfield (India Office Library and Records), J. K. Bates (National Register of Archives, Scotland), Dr. B. S. Benedikz (Special Collections, University of Birmingham), Henry James Scrymgeour-Wedderburn (Dundee Archives), E. P. Scott (Hove Area Library, East Sussex), Kay Chapman and R. J. B. Knight (National Maritime Museum), Christine Kennedy (Nuffield College Library, Oxford), Peter McNiven (University of Manchester), Ralph Malbon and W. Wilcox (City Library of Liverpool), D. M. Griffiths and R. Geraint Gruffydd (National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed), L. R. Day (Science Museum Library, South Kensington), V. E. Knight (Library of the University of Liverpool), E. C. Blayney (Foreign and Commonwealth Office), A. D. Maclean, Mrs. Diane Nuting, the second Viscount Trenchard, and John Spencer-Churchill, eleventh Duke of Marlborough, who gave me the freedom of Blenheim Palace.
Once again I express my deep appreciation to the staff of Wesleyan University’s Olin Library, in particular to J. Robert Adams, Caleb T. Winchester Librarian; and to Joan Jurale, head reference librarian; Edmund A. Rubacha and Susanne Javorski, reference librarians; Margaret Halstead, reference secretary; Erhard F. Konerding, documents librarian; Steven Lebergott, chief of interlibrary loans; and Alice Henry, circulation assistant. Other members of the staff who were especially helpful were Suzanne Fall; Ann Frances Wakefield; Dale Lee; and Alan Nathanson, bibliographer.
I am immensely indebted to Dr. Robert Byck, professor of psychiatry at Yale Medical School, for his observations on depression, Carl Jung, and Dr. Anthony Storr’s analysis of Churchill’s “Black Dog”; and to my friend and colleague Jeffrey Butler, professor of history at Wesleyan, for his meticulous review of the completed manuscript in the interests of historical accuracy, a vital service which was also provided—and provided superbly—by two British readers, Peter Day and Nigel Viney.
I am most appreciative of assistance furnished by Adoreen M. McCormick and Marilyn Dekker of the Library of Congress, who were helpful in verifying the lyrics of popular songs quoted in the text; Perry Knowlton, Adam Deixel, and Iam Gonzalez at the Curtis Brown literary agency, who provided access to Churchill’s American royalty statements; and Mrs. J. A. Openshaw of North Kingston, R.I., for generously sharing the recollections and memorabilia of her father, William J. Harvest, who, as a lance corporal in the Fourth Hussars, served under Lieutenant Winston Churchill in Bangalore between 1896 and 1899.
My inestimable assistant, Margaret Kennedy Rider, has, as always, proved to be understanding, perceptive, loyal, and tireless. Deborah Baker was as reliable as the sturdiest English oak. Virginia Creeden and Diana Scott were invaluable in securing permission to quote from letters, diaries, documents, and published works, as was Ellen Panarese in the matter of photo research. Finally, I once more offer deepest thanks to Don Congdon, my literary agent; Roger Donald, my editor; and Melissa Clemence, my tireless, gifted copy editor—three dedicated professionals without whose patience and counsel the publication of this work would have been literally impossible.
W.M.
Wesleyan University
February 1983
William Manchester was a hugely successful popular historian and biographer. In addition to the The Last Lion, his books include Goodbye Darkness, A World Lit Only by Fire, The Glory and the Dream, The Arms of Krupp, American Caesar, The Death of the President, and assorted works of journalism.
Books by William Manchester
Biography
DISTURBER OF THE PEACE: The Life of H. L. Mencken
A ROCKEFELLER FAMILY PORTRAIT: From John D. to Nelson
PORTRAIT OF A PRESIDENT: John F. Kennedy in Profile
AMERICAN CAESAR: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964
THE LAST LION: WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL; Visions of Glory: 1874–1932
History
THE DEATH OF A PRESIDENT: November 20–November 25, 1963
THE ARMS OF KRUPP, 1587–1968
THE GLORY AND THE DREAM: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972
Essays
CONTROVERSY: And Other Essays in Journalism, 1950–1975
Fiction
THE CITY OF ANGER
SHADOW OF THE MONSOON
THE LONG GAINER
Diversion
BEARD THE LION
Memoirs
GOODBYE, DARKNESS
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SOURCE NOTES
In these notes on sources of quoted material, works have generally been cited by author’s last name only, or, in the case of an author of multiple works, by author’s name and brief title; for full listings, see the bibliography.
Works by Churchill, which include collections of his writings or remarks compiled by others, are cited by abbreviated title only, but are also listed in full in the bibliography. Please note the following forms of citation:
Aftermath = The World Crisis: The Aftermath
Crisis I–V = The World Crisis, Volumes I to V
RC = A Roving Commission
Wars = Young Winston’s Wars
The Official Biography of Winston Spencer Churchill and its companion volumes are cited as follows:
WSC I–V = The five biographical volumes
CV I/1–V/2 = The companion volumes, from Volume I, Part 1, to Volume V, Part 2
Complete listings of this work appear at the beginning of the bibliography.
In addition, the following forms of citation are used:
NYT = New York Times
Times = The Times (London)
WM = Author’s interviews
A discussion of the author’s interview subjects and of various document collections may be found in the author’s acknowledgments.
Preamble: The Lion at Bay
1. Hansard 5/28/40
2. Berlin 15
3. WM / Lady Soames 10/27/80; Laurence Thompson 96
4. Irrepressible 218; Laurence Thompson 148, 169
5. Moran 833; Laurence Thompson 133; Hansard 5/13/40; Herbert in Marchant 105; Hansard 6/4/40
6. Berlin 5; Churchill Years 102; WM / Pamela Harriman 8/22/80; Berlin 6; Longford Churchill 127; Nel 53, 54
7. NYT 5/30/40; Moran 655
8. CV I/2 1004; Harriman 205
9. Wars 112; CV I/2 974; Sarah Churchill 71; RC 65
10. Wars xxvi; Stevenson 38; WSC III 31; CV II/3 1989; Gardner 254, 285
11. RC 64; Irrepressible 286; McGowan 47; Irrepressible 300; Moran 674, 595; WSC V 837–838
12. WM / Jane Williams 10/7/80; McGowan 163; Howells 70; Irrepressible 224, 222, 318, 160; Moran 722
13. Churchill Years 22;
Moran 717; Irrepressible 167
14. Irrepressible 225; Attlee in Stansky 197
15. Boothby Rebel 63
16. RC 10; WM / Sir John Martin 10/23/80; Martin in Wheeler-Bennett 143; WM / Richard Hill 11/7/80
17. Attlee in Stansky 189
18. Observer 12/20/51; Hansard 6/18/40, 6/4/40; Berlin 8
19. RC 5, 73
20. Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 237
21. CV I/1 414; Irrepressible 265
22. Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 238–239; Bryant 12–13; Moran 57; H. H. Asquith Letters 267
23. Times 1/21/27; Step by Step 57, 170; Moran 835
24. Liddell Hart in Stansky 95; Irrepressible 234; Moran 834
25. Moran 835; Rhodes James Failure 349; W. H. Thompson 87; Bonham Carter 9; Moran 776; Gardiner in Stansky 52; W. H. Thompson 44
26. Churchill Years 21; CV II/1 104; Churchill Years 237
27. RC 330–331; Hansard 11/12/40
28. CV I/1 584; Savrola 31–32, 234; Sarah Churchill 17
29. Beaverbrook War I 128; Moran 179; Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 262
30. Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 262; Riddell War Diary 49; Nel 139; CV I/2 862; Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 270; Moran 796
31. Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 259
32. Attlee in Stansky 198; Moran 827; Moir 203; Howells 61; Irrepressible 263, 6; Wit 45–46
33. Wit 65; Cowles Churchill 93
34. Irrepressible 263; Moran 460; Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 254; Cowles Churchill 10
35. Moran 576; Hunt 65
36. River War II 110; Stansky xi
37. WSC V 1106
38. Moran 453; Hunt 67, 68
39. Berlin 2; Great Contemporaries 342, 372; Bonham Carter 119
40. Bonham Carter 4; Moran 457, 511; McGowan 161; Herbert in Marchant 110; Irrepressible 154
41. Coote in Eade 181; Chandos 166; Irrepressible 69, 159
42. Amid These Storms 300; Moran 746; Irrepressible 166; Chandos 184; Brooks in Eade 363
43. Moran 456; Eden in Eade 84; McGowan 24; Irrepressible 122
44. Rhodes James Failure 27; WM / Jane Williams 10/7/80; Hunt 70; Nel 50
45. Cowles Churchill 5; Churchill Years 206
46. Irrepressible 195, 204–205; McGowan 145; Irrepressible 340
47. Irrepressible 85, 325, 255, 272, 181; WM / Sir David Pitblado 10/21/80
48. Attlee in Stansky 206; Shaw in Eade 463
49. Irrepressible 63
50. Irrepressible 203; Howells 110; McGowan 93; Gardner 169
51. Moran 472; Churchill Years 14; Cowles Churchill 336; McGowan 39; Martin in Wheeler-Bennett 141
52. Howells 85; WM / Viscount Head 11/17/80
53. Howells 85; Irrepressible 186
54. Mary Soames to Virgil Johnston 6/13/72; Hunt 65
Prologue: Land of Hope and Glory
1. 1. WM / Lord Boothby 10/16/80
2. Cross 143; Morris Pax 177; Wars 139–140
3. Morris Pax 109
4. Edmund Taylor 22; WM / Virginia Cowles 10/25/80
5. Morris in Perry and Mason 153
6. Collier 94–95; Morris Pax 133; Morris in Perry and Mason 146
7. Morris Pax 51
8. Morris Pax 132, 137
9. Moorehead Nile 290
10. Morris Pax 465
11. Morris Pax 187; Nicholson in Perry and Mason 207, 209; Morris Pax 188
12. Cross 89
13. Morris Pax 119
14. CV I/2 690, 684
15. CV I/2 688
16. Henry James 1–6
17. Coleman in Perry and Mason 60
18. McGregor in Perry and Mason 180, 181
19. Bailey 44
20. Davis Cousins 149–150
21. Norton 105
22. Best 75–76
23. Norton in Perry and Mason 171, 172; G. M. Young England 24
24. Phillips 197
25. Phillips 87
26. Best 75, 74, 117, 119
27. G. M. Young England 2; Phillips 62; G. M. Young England 7
28. Best 233, 212
29. Konig “Eleventh Edition”
30. Best 281; McGregor in Perry and Mason 178
31. Frost and Jay 39; Oxford English Dictionary definition of weekend
32. Edmund Taylor 31; Martin I 40; Collier 96, 104–105; Phillips 42; Martin I 164, 54
33. Crisis I 199; Gardner 31n; Best 243–244
34. Frost and Jay 39
35. Best 240; Little Dorrit ch. 34
36. Best 230; Cowles Churchill 71–72
37. Times 7/20/1863
38. Reader 20, 22; Best 165
39. Cross 32; Last Chronicle of Barset ch. 83
40. Blenheim 2
41. Lord Randolph I 1
42. Longford Wellington 399
43. McGregor in Perry and Mason 178; Martin I 278; WM / Graham Norton 10/8/80; Martin II 140
44. Martin II 360; Edmund Taylor 24
45. McGregor in Perry and Mason 178; WM / Pamela Harriman 8/22/80; Tuchman Proud 20
46. Martin I 44–45
47. Sackville-West 17
48. WM / Graham Norton 10/8/80
49. WSC I 6, 7
50. WSC I 13–14
51. WSC I 15
52. Blake Disraeli 692
53. Harris 485–486, 483
54. Harris 483
55. CV I/1 8; Howard 77
56. Howard 77
57. Eliot Heiresses 63; Moran 636; Eliot Heiresses 62
58. Moran 636–637
59. Martin I 99
60. Martin I 50, 52
61. CV I/1 8–9, 14
62. Martin I 53; CV I/1 11; Lord Randolph I 41, 42
63. CV I/1 12
64. CV I/1 15, 19, 21
65. CV I/1, 20; Martin I 91; Blenheim 2
66. CV I/1 1–2; Martin I 107
67. CV I/1 2
68. Martin I 108; Pelling 19; Blenheim 16
Part One: Headwaters, 1874–1895
1. Longford Churchill 17; CV I/1 6
2. RC 5; Bonham Carter 12; Eliot Heiresses 67–68; Lord Randolph I 72–73
3. Eliot Heiresses 69–70
4. Lord Randolph I 74
5. CV I/1 26–27, 28
6. CV I/1 29; WSC I 29; CV I/1 31, 57, 39; Lord Randolph I 74
7. WSC I 31; RC 8; CV I/1 48
8. RC 4
9. WSC I 35–36; Margot Asquith Autobiography I 64
10. RC 5, 111; Savrola 33
11. Storr in A. J. P. Taylor et al. 248; WSC I 43; RC 4, 8; Martin I 138; Wit 32
12. RC 1, 2
13. Lord Randolph I 92; WSC I 39; CV I/1 77
14. Great Contemporaries 55
15. Goertzel and Goertzel 262; RC 8
16. CV I/1 79; RC 3
17. RC 10, 11
18. RC 12; CV I/1 82, 88, 84, 83
19. CV I/1 84, 83, 86, 89, 87, 88, 83n
20. CV I/1 86; RC 13
21. WSC I 51
22. WSC I 48, 47; CV I/1 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
23. CV I/1 98; Cowles Churchill 30; CV I/1 154
24. CV I/1 98, 99, 125, 136, 143, 146, 149, 115; RC 13
25. CV I/1 131, 108; Cowles Churchill 31
26. CV I/1 152, 135, 136
27. CV I/1 111; Cowles Churchill 32; RC 19
28. RC 112
29. CV I/1 150, 151
30. CV I/1 152
31. CV I/1 160, 116, 117, 118, 119
32. CV I/1 120
33. RC 13; CV I/1 120, 121
34. Eliot Heiresses 72
35. CV I/1 111, 101, 142, 133, 103, 126, 227, 128
36. CV I/1 105, 127, 113
37. Harris 485
38. Pelling 28
39. Martin I 249, 250, 277, 299, 177
40. Martin I 227, 176, 319
41. Martin II 9
42. CV I/1 256; Savrola 157
43. Cowles Churchill 33; CV I/1 106
44. RC 46; Cowles Churchill 33
45. CV I/1 100, 304, 305, 143–144
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46. CV I/1 100, 103
47. CV I/1 103, 122, 125, 133
48. Margot Asquith Autobiography II 65; Harris 472, 478
49. Lord Randolph I 283–284
50. RC 8; Lord Randolph I 120, 121, 209–210
51. CV I/1 88, 89; Lord Randolph I 295; Harris 474
52. WSC I 65
53. Lord Randolph II 65
54. WSC I 73; Harris 478; Margot Asquith Autobiography I 140
55. Rhodes James Lord Randolph 203; Martin I 219
56. Harris 478
57. Harris 660; WSC I 74; Harris 480; WSC I 79
58. RC 47; WSC I 81
59. Rhodes James Lord Randolph 295; Martin I 230; Harris 479