14. Lengel, General George Washington, 232.
15. PWR,11:190.
16. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 74.
17. PWR,11:199. Letter to John Hancock, September 11, 1777.
18. Freeman, George Washington, 4:485.
19. Flexner, George Washington, 2:224.
20. Unger, Lafayette, 50.
21. Lengel, General George Washington, 241.
22. PWR,11:200. Letter to John Hancock, September 11, 1777.
23. Ibid.
24. PWR,11:332. Letter to Brigadier General Thomas Nelson, Jr., September 27, 1777.
25. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 75.
26. Jefferson, Writings, 1318.
27. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 336.
28. Flexner, George Washington, 2:229.
29. Ibid., 2:226.
30. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 75.
31. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 99.
32. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 335.
33. Lengel, General George Washington, 247.
34. Ibid., 250.
35. Morgan, Genius of George Washington, 9.
36. Lengel, General George Washington, 251.
37. Ellis, His Excellency, 107.
38. PWR,11:398.
39. Lengel, General George Washington, 254.
40. Flexner, George Washington, 2:233.
41. Lengel, General George Washington, 255.
42. Flexner, George Washington, 2:234.
43. Lengel, General George Washington, 257.
44. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, 200.
45. PWR,11:397.
46. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 245.
47. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 120.
48. WWR,278. Letter to John Augustine Washington, October 18, 1777.
49. PWR,11:409. Letter to General William Howe, October 6, 1777.
50. Ibid., 11:410.
51. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 244.
52. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 239.
53. PWR,11:487. Letter to John Page, October 11, 1777.
54. Ibid., 11:394. Letter to John Hancock, October 5, 1777.
55. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 245.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: RAPPING A DEMIGOD OVER THE KNUCKLES
1. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 127.
2. Golway, Washington’s General, 148.
3. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 78.
4. Flexner, George Washington, 2:238.
5. Ibid., 2:212.
6. PWR,10:240. Letter to John Hancock, July 10, 1777.
7. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 238.
8. Flexner, George Washington, 2:247.
9. PWR,11:512-13. “General Orders,” October 15, 1777.
10. Cunliffe, George Washington, 109.
11. PWR,11:541. “General Orders,” October 18, 1777.
12. Ibid., 11:596. Letter to John Hancock, October 24, 1777.
13. Ibid., 11:614. Letter from John Hancock, October 25, 1777.
14. Ibid., 12:21. Letter to Major General Israel Putnam, October 26, 1777.
15. Ibid., 12:93. Letter from Major General Horatio Gates, November 2, 1777.
16. Ibid., 12:27. Letter to Landon Carter, October 27, 1777.
17. Ibid., 12:243. Letter to Patrick Henry, November 13, 1777.
18. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 177.
19. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 21.
20. Schiff, Great Improvisation, 109.
21. PWR,12:60-61. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, October 30, 1777.
22. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 102.
23. PWR,12:141. Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, November 6, 1777.
24. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 338.
25. Unger, Lafayette, 61.
26. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 276.
27. Freeman, George Washington, 4:597.
28. Ibid., 4:547.
29. Flexner, George Washington, 2:241.
30. WWR,275. Letter to Richard Henry Lee, October 17, 1777.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., 276.
33. PWP, 10:75. “Memorandum on General Officers,” March 9, 1792.
34. Flexner, George Washington, 2:248.
35. PWR,13:139.
36. Flexner, George Washington, 2:258.
37. Freeman, George Washington, 4:556.
38. PWR,12:276. Letter from Brigadier General Thomas Conway, November 16, 1777.
39. Flexner, George Washington, 2:258.
40. PWR,12:577. Letter from Major General Horatio Gates, December 8, 1777.
41. Flexner, George Washington, 2:267.
42. Ibid., 2:263.
43. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 339.
44. Ibid., 340.
45. Ibid., 341.
46. Flexner, George Washington, 2:251.
47. PWR,13:360. Letter from Major General Thomas Conway, January 27, 1778.
48. Grizzard, George!, 57.
49. PWR,13:195-96. Letter from Major General Thomas Conway, January 10, 1778.
50. Flexner, George Washington, 2:265.
51. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 278.
52. PWR,14:329. Letter to Patrick Henry, March 27, 1778.
53. Flexner, George Washington, 2:266.
54. Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, 212.
55. WWF,14:385. Letter to John Jay, April 14, 1779.
56. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 100.
57. PWR,16:140. Letter from Thomas Conway, July 23, 1778.
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: A DREARY KIND OF PLACE
1. Brady, Martha Washington, 120.
2. PWR,12:669. Letter to Henry Laurens, December 22, 1777.
3. Ibid., 13:435. Letter to John Parke Custis, February 1, 1778.
4. WWR,284. Letter to Henry Laurens, December 23, 1777.
5. Grizzard, George!, 319.
6. WWR,281. “General Orders,” December 17, 1777.
7. Callahan, Henry Knox, 127.
8. Nelson, Thomas Paine, 121.
9. Flexner, George Washington, 2:261.
10. Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 27.
11. Flexner, George Washington, 2:282.
12. Golway, Washington’s General, 165.
13. Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 13.
14. Flexner, George Washington, 2:277.
15. Ellis, American Creation, 69.
16. Flexner, George Washington, 2:277.
17. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 341.
18. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 96.
19. Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, 207.
20. Smith, John Marshall, 63.
21. WWR,282. Letter to Henry Laurens, December 23, 1777.
22. PWR,18:448. Letter to Benjamin Harrison, December 18, 1778.
23. Freeman, George Washington, 4:571.
24. WWR,299-300. Letter to John Banister, April 21, 1778.
25. PWR,13:323. Letter to Brigadier General John Lacey, Jr., January 23, 1778.
26. WWR,292. Letter to George Clinton, February 16, 1778.
27. Ibid., 342. Letter to James Warren, March 31, 1779.
28. Ibid., 340. Letter to George Mason, March 27, 1779.
29. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 175-76.
30. Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 122.
31. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 107.
32. Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 122.
33. Flexner, George Washington, 2:283.
34. Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 177.
35. Zinoman, “Leadership and Honor, Noble and Not So,” New York Times, October 24, 2008.
36. Addison, Cato, 14.
37. Ibid., 31, 87.
38. Ibid., 87, 84.
39. Unger, Lafayette, 55.
40. Ibid.
41. Schiff, Great Improvisation, 227-28.
42. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 110.
&n
bsp; 43. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 148.
44. PWR,12:567. Letter from Baron von Steuben, December 6, 1777.
45. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 104.
46. Flexner, George Washington, 2:288.
47. PWR,14:287. Letter to Lieutenant Colonels Francis Barber and John Brooks, March 24, 1778.
48. Ibid., 16:152. Letter to Henry Laurens, July 24, 1778.
49. PWP, 10:74. “Memorandum on General Officers,” March 9, 1792.
50. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 128.
51. Ibid., 218.
52. Ibid., 244.
53. PWR,14:429. Letter from Lund Washington, April 8, 1778.
54. Ibid., 16:315. Letter to Lund Washington, August 15, 1778.
55. Ibid., 14:1. “General Orders,” March 1, 1778.
56. Flexner, George Washington, 2:289.
57. PWR,15:38-39. “General Orders,” May 5, 1778.
58. Ibid., 15:39.
59. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 108.
60. Unger, Unexpected George Washington, 124.
61. Thompson, “In the Hands of a Good Providence,” 151.
62. PWR,15:221. Letter to Robert Morris, May 25, 1778.
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THE LONG RETREAT
1. PWR,12:27. Letter to Landon Carter, October 27, 1777.
2. Wood, “The Making of a Disaster.”
3. PWR,15:262. Letter to Gouverneur Morris, May 29, 1778.
4. Ibid., 15:261.
5 . Ibid., 8:289. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, February 9, 1777.
6. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, 345.
7. Lengel, General George Washington, 289.
8. Ibid., 290.
9. Flexner, George Washington, 2:294.
10. PWR,15:403. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, June 15, 1778.
11. Ibid., 14:325. “General Orders,” March 27, 1778.
12. Callahan, Henry Knox, 143.
13. Lengel, General George Washington, 291.
14. Freeman, George Washington, 5:16.
15. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 113.
16. PWR,15:526. Letter from Major General Nathanael Greene, June 24, 1778.
17. Lengel, General George Washington, 293.
18. Ibid., 294.
19. PWR,15:536. “General Orders,” June 25, 1778.
20. Ibid., 15:541. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, June 25, 1778.
21. Ibid., 15:560.
22. Ibid., 16:4. Letter to Henry Laurens, July 1, 1778.
23. Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 127.
24. Lengel, General George Washington, 300.
25. Flexner, George Washington, 2:304.
26. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 114.
27. Flexner, George Washington, 2:305.
28. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 114.
29. Lengel, General George Washington, 300.
30. Flexner, George Washington, 2:305.
31. Ibid.
32. Grizzard, George!, 184.
33. Flexner, George Washington, 2:306.
34. Ibid.
35. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 114.
36. PWR,16:5. Letter to Henry Laurens, July 1, 1778.
37. Ibid., 16:25. Letter to John Augustine Washington, July 4, 1778.
38. Ibid., 15:583. “General Orders,” June 29, 1778.
39. Flexner, George Washington, 2:310.
40. PWR,16:35. Letter from Henry Laurens, July 7, 1778.
41. WWF,13:15. Letter to Henry Laurens, October 3, 1778.
42. Flexner, George Washington, 2:311.
43. Ibid.
44. PWR,15:594-95. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, ca. June 30, 1778.
45. Ibid., 15:595-96. Letter to Major General Charles Lee, June 30, 1778.
46. Flexner, George Washington, 2:312.
47. WWF,13:334. Letter to John Augustine Washington, November 26, 1778.
48. Flexner, George Washington, 2:314.
49. WWF,13:384. Letter to President Joseph Reed, December 12, 1778.
50. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 225.
51. Flexner, George Washington, 2:327.
52. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 117.
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: PESTS OF SOCIETY
1. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, 119.
2. PWR,16:38. Letter from Vice Admiral d’Estaing, July 8, 1778.
3. WWR,320. Letter to Thomas Nelson, August 20, 1778.
4. Freeman, George Washington, 5:54.
5. PWR,8:580. Letter to Major General John Sullivan, March 15, 1777.
6. Ibid., 17:111. Letter to John Augustine Washington, September 23, 1778.
7. Ibid., 16:464. Letter to Major General John Sullivan, September 1, 1778.
8. WWR,321. Letter to Count d’Estaing, September 11, 1778.
9. Unger, Lafayette, 86.
10. Flexner, George Washington, 2:327.
11. WWF, 20:350. “General Orders,” November 15, 1780.
12. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 169.
13. WWR,329. Letter to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778.
14. Schiff, Great Improvisation, 247.
15. WWR,329. Letter to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778.
16. Ibid., 330.
17. Ibid., 328.
18. Ibid.
19. Morgan, Genius of George Washington, 15.
20. Flexner, George Washington, 2:330.
21. PWR,18:521.
22. WWF,13:336. Letter to John Augustine Washington, November 26, 1778.
23. Schiff, Great Improvisation, 195.
24. WWF,13:383. Letter to President Joseph Reed, December 12, 1778.
25. Ibid., 13:348. Letter to President Joseph Reed, November 27, 1778.
26. Stahr, John Jay, 109.
27. Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 73.
28. Golway, Washington’s General, 197.
29. Flexner, George Washington, 2:336.
30. Palmer, George Washington and Benedict Arnold, 291.
31. WWF,13:385. Letter to President Joseph Reed, December 12, 1778.
32. Cadou, George Washington Collection, 75.
33. Thompson, “‘As If I had Been a Very Great Somebody.’”
34. Golway, Washington’s General, 196.
35. Callahan, Henry Knox, 154.
36. WWF, 14:27. Letter to the Committee of Conference, January 20, 1779.
37. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 223.
38. Ibid.
39. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 188.
40. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 224.
41. WWR, 1102.
42. WWF, 20:341. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, November 12, 1780.
43. WWR,338. Letter to Henry Laurens, March 20, 1779.
44. Wiencek, Imperfect God, 232.
45. WWF, 24:421. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, July 10, 1782.
46. PWC,10:330. Letter to Edward Montagu, April 5, 1775.
47. WWR,335. Letter to Lund Washington, February 24, 1779.
CHAPTER THIRTY: THE STORM THICKENS
1. Flexner, George Washington, 1:323.
2. WWR,540. Letter to James Duane, September 7, 1783.
3. PWR,18:166. Letter to Brigadier General Edward Hand, November 16, 1778.
4 . Grant, John Adams, 163.
5 . Cadou, George Washington Collection, 75.
6 . WWF, 14:199. Letter to Major General Horatio Gates,
March 6, 1779.
7 . Ibid., 14:484. Letter to the President of Congress, May 3, 1779.
8 . WWR,350. “Speech to the Delaware Chiefs,” May 12, 1779.
9 . Ibid.
10 . Ibid, 351.
11 . Fields, “Worthy Partner,” 182.
12 . WWF,15:189. Letter to Major General John Sullivan, May 31, 1779.
13 . WWR,365. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.
14 . Ibid.
15 . WWF, 17:465. Letter to Philip Schuyler, January 30,
1780.
16 . Lengel, General George Washington, 307.
/>
17 . Grizzard, George!, 341-42.
18 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:229.
19 . PWP, 10:74. “Memorandum on General Officers,” March 9, 1792.
20 . Wood, Empire of Liberty, 130.
21 . Grizzard, George!, 344.
22 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 47.
23 . Irving, Life of George Washington, 413.
24 . WWF,15:447. Letter to the President of Congress, July 21, 1779.
25 . WWR,363. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.
26 . Ibid., 374. Letter to Joseph Reed, May 28, 1780.
27 . Unger, Lafayette, 104.
28 . Cadou, George Washington Collection, 75.
29 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 75.
30. Ibid., 74.
31. Ibid., 75.
32 . Ibid.
33 . WWR,362-63. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.
34 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 75.
35 . Ibid.
36 . Cadou, George Washington Collection, 76.
37 . Chinard, George Washington as the French Knew Him, 77.
38 . WWR,361-63. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.
39. Ibid., 361.
40 . Ibid., 366.
41 . Ibid.
42 . Ibid.
43 . WWF, 16:274. Letter to Count d’Estaing, September 13, 1779.
44 . Ibid., 17:91. Letter to John Parke Custis, November 10, 1779.
45 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 172.
46 . WWF,17:423. Letter to Major General Nathanael Greene, January 22, 1780.
47 . Stahr, John Jay, 105.
48 . WWF,13:21. Letter to Gouverneur Morris, October 4, 1778.
49 . Ibid., 14:432. Letter to Burwell Bassett, April 22, 1779.
50 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:359.
51 . WWF,17:315. Letter to Philip Schuyler, December 25, 1779.
52 . Ibid., 17:293. Letter to Governor William Livingston, December 21, 1779.
53 . Ibid., 17:272. Letter to John Jay, December 15, 1779.
54 . Golway, Washington’s General, 212.
55 . WWF, 17:460. “General Orders,” January 28, 1780.
56 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, 8.
57 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 127.
58 . Freeman, George Washington, 5:144.
59. Ibid., 5:156.
60 . Grant, John Adams, 228.
61 . Thompson, Memorandum for the Martha Washington
Anniversary Committee, 7.
62 . WWF, 18:453. Letter to Joseph Jones, May 31, 1780.
63. Ibid.
64 . Ibid., 18:436. Letter to President Joseph Reed, May 28, 1780.
65 . Flexner, George Washington, 2:356.
66. Ibid., 2:357.
67. Ibid.
68 . Brady, Martha Washington, 134.