General Plan for the East (Generalplan Ost) 669, 682
Geneva conventions 623, 905
Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932–4) 254, 297–300
Genghis Khan 720, 888
Genoa 769
genocide: development of Nazi genocidal policy 459, 468–9, 524–31, 572–9, 594–8, 618, 668–99, 714–17, 775–7, 802–3, 969
in Mein Kampf 149–50, 467
Nazi and Soviet compared xxxiv–xxxv
geopolitics 154
Gera 307
Gercke, Rudolf 662 German air-force see Luftwaffe
German army: conscription 333, 334, 335–6, 351, 711, 854
equipping of 474, 590–91
flawed communications with Wehrmacht 553–4, 755
General Staff Headquarters, Zossen 536, 542, 543, 605, 895, 920
last counter-offensive (March 1945) 908, 914
legacy of Blomberg-Fritsch scandals 418, 422
losses 645–6, 652, 711, 798, 811, 857, 865, 868, 886, 893
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 316
oath of unconditional loyalty to H 317–18
Operations Department 624
Reserve Army 662, 835, 845, 860
resistance to H’s foreign policy 418, 422–3, 425, 429–30
retreat across the Rhine 892–3
size 333, 334–5, 888
spring/summer offensive (1942) 700, 710–13, 719–26
weakness of leadership 498, 564, 647
winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 645–6, 647, 651–6, 661–7, 693, 700, 704, 710 see also Army groups; Reichswehr; Wehrmacht
German Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres; OKH): complicity in murderous policy in Soviet Union 599–603 conflicts with H over strategy 554–5, 591, 604, 636–7, 641–3, 647–8, 719–21, 724–5, 786–9
declaration of loyalty (March 1944) 796
and drive for Moscow and Leningrad 641–3, 647–8
lack of coordinated command structure 711, 756
and ‘Manstein plan’ 555
and occupation of Italy 773
and opening of Eastern Front 589–91
and Operation Barbarossa 636
and Operation Citadel 755–6
‘permanent treachery’ 843–4, 846
spring/summer offensive (1942) 711, 721
winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 652–3
‘German Christians’ 296
German Combat League (Deutscher Kampfbund) 124, 126–7, 133, 137
German Communist Party see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
‘German Day’ (Deutscher Tag): (1922) 109;
(1923) 123–4
German Evangelical Church 296
German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront; DAF) 289, 594, 934, 964
German language 650
German National Front (Deutschnationale Front; DNF) 289
German National People’s Party (DNVP): capitulates 289–90
Graefe and 141
Hugenberg and 193, 222–3, 253
and ‘National Opposition’ 222–3
opposition to H 243
Reichstag elections: (1930) 204–5;
(1932) 242
Schleicher and 251
and vote of no-confidence in government 239, 240
German navy: Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 337–8, 368–9, 486
flawed communications within Wehrmacht 553–4
High Command 608, 617–18
preparation for war with Britain 422, 550
and proposed invasion of Britain 565, 567
in Scandinavia 551–2, 553
sinking of Bismarck 617–18
size of 337, 338
steel supplies 387
Z-Plan 471, 550
German News Agency 346
German People’s Party (DVP) 197, 199, 240, 289
German Radical Party 32
German Workers’ Party (DAP): committee 85
founding of 82–3
H joins 75–7
H’s role in early development 83–9
programme 85–6
renaming 87 see also National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
German-Socialist Party (Deutschsozialistische Partei; DSP) 81, 100–101, 232
German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (28 September 1939) 517
Germanen-Orden 81–2
Germany: agreement with Austria (1936) 369–70, 386, 402
alliance with Italy 151, 169, 369–70, 371, 402, 403, 471
Allied assault on 892–3, 908, 914, 918, 935
Allied bombing raids 570, 718, 727–8, 748, 752–3, 762–3, 770, 789–90, 799, 851, 861, 893–4, 900–901, 921
Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 337–8, 368–9, 486
Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 369, 370–71
capitulation xxix, 895, 904, 958–9, 961–3
cultural ‘coordination’ under Nazis 291
declaration of war on United States (11 December 1941) 606–7, 658–60, 690, 693–4
Depression 196, 198, 222, 257–8, 261, 530
diplomatic relations with Soviet Union 331–2, 488–9, 583–6
division of 969
economic crisis of 1929 185, 190–96, 199
economic crisis of 1936 359–61, 365
failure of ‘total war’ effort 746–7, 854–60
French occupation of Ruhr (1923) 118, 119, 121, 151, 170
German-Japanese alliance 657
hatred of Britain 562
hyperinflation (1923) 108, 114, 125
introduction of Rentenmark 132
judicial system 705–7, 708–9, 848
national pride 372
non-aggression pact with Poland (1934) 298, 331, 483, 486 non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (1939) 496, 498–9, 500, 501, 502, 551, 580, 585, 621
‘Pact of Steel’ (1939) 487
paramilitary politics 121
plebiscites 193, 196, 299–300, 317, 318, 332, 414
post-First World War political climate 77–9, 108, 258–9
radicalization of home front 705–9, 715, 744, 749–50, 854–7
reparations 96, 132, 191, 193, 198, 208, 222
return of Saar (1935) 332–3
Revolution of 1918 60, 62–3, 66–71, 80
Soviet invasion 890, 893, 919–21
trade treaty with Soviet Union (1939) 488–9, 495–6
Treaty of Friendship with Soviet Union (1939) 517
Tripartite Pact (1940) 580, 584
unique circumstances allowing H’s rise to power 256–9
war debts 661
wartime shortages 502, 573, 680, 705
withdrawal from League of Nations (1933) 297–300, 331, 351 see also First World War; Second World War; Third Reich; Weimar Republic
Germany Flight’ (Deutschlandflug) 227, 228, 231, 241
Gersdorff, Rudolph-Christoph Freiherr von 819, 820, 821, 822, 824
Gerstenmaier, Eugen 824, 846
Gestapo (Secret State Police): and Blomberg scandal (1938) 392
and development of genocidal programme 675
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 395, 396
and the ‘Jewish problem’ 340, 341, 343, 384, 452
Müller as head 671
‘Night of the Long Knives’ 312
and November pogrom (1938) 457–8
and opposition groups 741, 823, 825, 828
torture of July plotters 846
Geyr von Schweppenburg, Leo 813
Gibraltar 567, 580, 582, 591–2, 730
Giesing, Erwin 849, 869–70
Giesler, Hermann 561, 709, 903
Giesler, Paul 950
Giraud, Henri 732
Gisevius, Hans-Bernd 541
Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund 405, 408
Glasgow 611
Gleichschaltung (‘coordination’) 282–3, 291, 297, 410
Gleiwitz 508
Globocnik, Odilo 575, 688
Glogau 891
Gneisenau (battleship) 704
Gneisenau, August Graf Neithardt von 809
Godesberg Memorandum 438–9, 440, 441, 445
Godin, Reinhart, Freiherr von 59
Goebbels, Joseph: adoration of H 171, 173, 181, 379, 592, 909
and Allied bombing raids 790, 905
and Allied invasion 804, 805, 808–10
and annexation of Memelland (1939) 481
anti-clericalism 661
appointed Gauleiter of Berlin 171
appointed Propaganda Leader of Nazi Party 200
and Ardennes offensive 881
and assassination attempts on H (November 1939) 544–5;
(July 1944) 836–9, 843, 844–5, 847
and Austrian Question 385–6, 407–8, 409, 411, 414
background 167–8
and Balkan campaign 607
and ban on intermarriage 343
and battle for Stalingrad 737, 739, 742
and Blomberg scandal (1938) 393
and bombing of the Deutschland (1937) 384
and Bormann’s restructuring for peacetime Germany 916–17
and boycott of Jewish businesses 286
brings news of death of Roosevelt 918
and Brüning’s resignation 229–30
Christmas present to H (1937) 377
and ‘Committee of Three’ 750–51
conflict with Churches 381, 382
construction of ‘Westwall’ 431
and Czechoslovakia 386, 420, 431, 445, 476, 477, 479
on dangers of H’s declining authority 913, 915–16
and deal with Schleicher 232–3
and declaration of war against United States 658, 659–60
and deportations and massacres of Jews 595, 669, 671, 680–81, 683, 685–7, 689, 694, 698–9
diary 168, 361, 364, 381, 385, 456, 457, 465, 691, 780, 843
disappointed by H 170, 171
and disposal of H’s body 956–7
and economic crisis of 1936 360–61
field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty (March 1944) 796
and ‘Final Solution’ 714–15, 777
and Frick 771
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 396, 397, 398, 399
in Führer Bunker 902, 923, 929–30, 931, 936–7, 938, 939, 940–41, 943, 946, 950, 954, 955
on generals’ opposition to H 843, 844–5
and ‘German Revolution’ 303
and German surrender 958, 959
H proposes for Ministry for the People’s Education 232
and Heß affair (May 1941) 613–14, 615
his ‘Damascus’ 170–71, 173
and H’s last Testament 950–51
on H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 243, 254
in H’s Reich Chancellery entourage 293, 324, 376
ideological fanaticism 168
inferiority complex 168
and invasion of Hungary (March 1944) 793–4
and Italian crisis (July 1943) 768–9
and ‘Jewish Question’ 347, 381, 452–5, 577–8, 679, 694, 698–9, 759–60, 763–4
Kolberg (film) 858, 908
and ‘leadership crisis’ 748, 751–3
and Leipzig Reichswehr trial (1930) 207
marital problems 463, 492
memorandum to H (September 1944) 872–3
and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 436–7, 438–9, 441, 444, 445
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 521, 525–6, 549
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 310, 311–12, 315
and north German NSDAP 167–9, 170
and November pogrom (1938) 455–63, 465–7
and Nuremberg rallies 344
and occupation of France 561, 562
and opening of Western Front 540, 555
and Operation Barbarossa 618, 620–21, 622, 623–4, 626, 627
organizes torchlight procession (30 January 1933) 261
and Papen’s Marburg speech (1934) 307–8
plans for ‘racial cleansing’ of Berlin 454
and Polish crisis (1939) 502, 503, 507, 511
preparations for invasion of Britain 562–3, 564
and proposals for ending war 897–8, 899, 904, 908–9
radicalization of home front 705–6, 707, 854–7
and rearmament 353, 354, 364, 384
refashions H’s image 701–2
Reich Minister of People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda 280, 288, 291
Reichstag deputy 190
and Reichstag elections: (1930) 202, 204;
(1932) 227–8, 231, 241;
(1933) 277;
(1936) 356
and Reichstag fire (1933) 274–5
relationship with H 378–9, 909
reminiscing with H 719
and Russian campaign 640, 644, 648–9, 651, 654
and SA revolt (1931) 217
and Saar plebiscite (1935) 332
and Scandinavian campaign 552–3
and Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) 496
and spring offensive (1942) 713
on Stalin 385
and Strasser’s resignation of party offices 245, 248
suicide 960
‘total war’ effort 705–6, 745–7, 749, 750–51, 808–10, 855–8
tours bombed-out cities 762
urges peace offer with Stalin 773
and ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 728
and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 648, 665, 667, 704
witness at H’s wedding 948
worries about depression in popular mood 799, 807
Goebbels, Magda 491, 909, 954, 955, 960
Goerdeler, Carl: and Four-Year Plan 364–5
opposition to H 418, 541, 819, 823, 846
Gold Beach 805
Goldap 879
Goliath tanks 877
Gollancz, (Sir) Victor 968
Goltz, Count von der 194
Gömbös, Gyula 114
Gomorrha, Operation 770
Göring, Edda 924
Göring, Emmy 924
Göring, Hermann: agitates against Manstein 797
aircraft production 800–801
ambitions to run War Ministry 397
announces existence of German air-force 334
and the Anschluß 403, 407–11
appointed head of SA 112
‘aryanization’ policy 383, 463
background 112
and Balkan campaign 608
and battle for Stalingrad 734, 735, 738
blamed for Allied bombing raids 718, 752–3, 762, 768, 790–91, 797, 880
and Blomberg scandal (1938) 392–3
business links 223, 224, 268–9
and ‘Committee of Three’ 750, 751, 752
construction of ‘Westwall’ 425
and Czechoslovakia 418, 442–3, 444, 478–9
and D-Day 805
designated H’s successor 624
and development of genocidal programme 676
and Dunkirk 558–9
and economic crisis of 1936 360–61
and Enabling Act (1933) 281
expelled from all offices 949
extravagance 224–5
foreign policy ideas 403, 406
and Four-Year Plan 364–7, 397, 403, 461, 634
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 408
and German expansion plans 386–7, 390, 418, 422–3
and German occupation of France 560–61
H proposes for Air Ministry 232
and Halder 726
and Heß affair (May 1941) 612, 614
and Himmler 329
house-arrest 933
on H’s military genius 607
and H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 252, 253, 254, 255
and H’s Reich Chancellery entourage 293, 376
and Italian crisis (July 1943) 768–9
and ‘Jewish Question’ 450, 461, 464, 575, 598, 678, 679
and July 1944 assassination attempt 832
leadership of Lu
ftwaffe 641
leaves Führer Bunker 923–4
made Field-Marshal 398
Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich 506, 751, 752
and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 442–3, 444
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 520
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 312, 313
and North African campaign 736
and November pogrom (1938) 460–63, 465, 467
and opening of Western Front 538, 541, 558
and outbreak of war 513
and Papen 317
and party funding 224–5
and personality cult of H 112, 284
and plans for ‘New Order’ 633
and Polish crisis (1939) 503, 504, 509, 511
and Potempa murder affair (1932) 237
prestige at rock-bottom 900
promoted to Reich Marshal 564
proposals for ending war 897–8, 899
and proposed invasion of Britain 563–4, 570
Prussian Minister of the Interior 273, 284
Prussian Minister President 283–4
and putsch attempt (1923) 128, 131
and rearmament 352, 353, 387
Reichstag deputy 190
and Reichstag fire (1933) 275
Reichstag President 240
and Ribbentrop 471, 472
and Russian Campaign 627, 634
and the SA 303, 306, 309, 310
and Spanish Civil War 362–3
stripped of rights of succession 932–3
suicide 964
terror-wave in Prussia 273–4
and Total War Effort 855
‘utterly unimaginable’ as leader of nation 913
and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 662
Gorki 653
Göttingen 141, 167
Graefe, Albrecht 141
Graf, Ulrich 98
Graf, Willi 741
Grafeneck 534
Grandel, Gottfried 95
Grauert, Ludwig 276
Grave 866
Great Britain see Britain Great King, The (film) 702
‘great men’ theories xxxv-xxxvi, 157, 181
‘Greater German National Community’ (Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft; GVG) 140–41, 144
Greece 581, 583, 591, 604–5, 607, 608, 609–10, 862, 867
Greenland 761
Greim, Robert Ritter von 938, 946–7, 963
Greiner, Helmuth 735
Greiner, Josef 23, 29, 41
Greiser, Arthur 526–7, 575–6, 684–5, 891, 965
Grimm, Hans 154
Grodno 626
Groener, Wilhelm 228–9
Grohé, Josef 341
Groscurth, Helmuth 433, 442, 536, 541, 543
Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (GVG; ‘Greater German National Community’) 140–41, 144