Exactly that! The Presbyterian Pilot! Here he is!—within twenty seconds of lift-off, and the only strange thing is how little adrenalin is pumping when the moment comes … He can hear the rumble of the Atlas engines building up down there below his back. All the same, it isn’t terribly loud. The huge squat rocket shakes a bit and struggles to overcome its own weight. It all happens very slowly in the first few seconds, like an extremely heavy elevator rising. They’ve lit the candle and there’s no turning back, and yet there’s no surge inside him. His pulse rises only to 110, no more than the minimum rate you should have if you have to deal with a sudden emergency. How strange that it should be this way! He has been more wound up for a takeoff in an F–102.
“The clock is operating,” he said. “We’re underway.”
It was all very smooth, much smoother than the centrifuge … just as Shepard and Grissom said it would be. He had gone through the same g-forces so many times … he hardly noticed them as they built up. It would have bothered him much more if they had been less. Nothing novel! No excitement, please! It took thirteen seconds for the huge rocket to reach transonic speed. The vibrations started. It was just as Shepard and Grissom said: it was much gentler than the centrifuge. He was still lying flat on his back, and the g-forces drove him deeper and deeper into the seat, but it all felt so familiar. He barely noticed it. He kept his eyes on the instrument panel the whole time … All quite normal, every little needle and switch in the right place … No malevolent instructor feeding Abort problems into the loop … As the rocket entered the transonic zone, the vibration became intense. The vibrations all but obliterated the roar of the engines. He was entering the area of “max q,” maximum aerodynamic pressure, in which the pressure of the shaft of the Atlas forcing its way through the atmosphere at supersonic speed would reach almost a thousand pounds per square foot. Through the cockpit window he could see the sky turning black. Almost 5 g’s were driving him back into his seat. And yet … easier than the centrifuge … All at once he was through max q, as if through a turbulent strait, and the trajectory was smooth and he was supersonic and the rumble of the rocket engines was more muffled than ever and he could hear all the little fans and recorders and the busy little kitchen, the humming little shop … The pressure on his chest reached 6 g’s. The rocket pitched down. For the first time he could see clouds and the horizon. In a moment—there it was—the Atlas rocket’s two booster engines shut down and were jettisoned from the side of the shaft and his body was slammed forward, as if he were screeching to a halt, and the g-forces suddenly dropped to 1.25, almost as if he were on earth and not accelerating at all, but the central sustainer engine and two smaller engines were still driving him up through the atmosphere … A flash of white smoke went up past the window … No! The escape tower was firing early—but the JETTISON TOWER light wasn’t on! … He didn’t see the tower go … Wait a minute … There went the tower, on schedule … The JETTISON TOWER light came on green … The smoke must have been from the booster rockets as they left the shaft … The rocket pitched back up … going straight up … The sky was very black now … The g-forces began pushing him back into his seat again … 3 g’s … 4 g’s … 5 g’s … Soon he would be forty miles up … the last critical moment of powered flight, as the capsule separated from the rocket and went into its orbital trajectory … or didn’t … Hey! … All at once the whole capsule was whipping up and down, as if it were tied to the end of a diving board, a springboard. The g-forces built up and the capsule whipped up and down. Yet no sooner had it begun than Glenn knew what it was. The weight of the rocket on the launch pad had been 260,000 pounds, most of it oxidizer and fuel, the liquid oxygen and RP-1 fuel. This was being consumed at such a furious rate, about one ton per second, that the rocket was becoming merely a skeleton with a thin skin of metal stretched over it, a tube so long and light that it was flexing. The g-forces reached six and then he was weightless, just like that. The sudden release made him feel as if he were tumbling head over heels, as if he had been catapulted off the end of that same springboard and was falling through the air doing forward rolls. But he had felt this same thing on the centrifuge when they ran the g-forces up to seven and then suddenly cut the speed. At the same moment, right on schedule … a loud report … the posigrade rockets fired, throwing the capsule free of the rocket shaft … the capsule began its automatic turnabout, and all the proper green lights went on in front of him, and he knew he was “through the gate,” as they said.
“Zero-g and I feel fine,” he said. “Capsule is turning around …”
Glenn knew he was weightless. From the instrument readings and through sheer logic he knew it, but he couldn’t feel it, just as Shepard and Grissom had never felt it. The turnaround brought him up to a sitting position, vertical to the earth, and that was the way he felt. He was sitting in a chair, upright, in a very tiny cramped quiet little cubicle 125 miles above the earth, a little metal closet, silent except for the humming of its electrical system, the inverters, the gyros, the cameras, the radio … the radio … He had been specifically instructed to violate the Fighter Jock code of No Chatter. He was supposed to radio back every sight, every sensation, and otherwise give the taxpayers the juicy stuff they wanted to hear. Glenn, more than any of the others, was fully capable of doing the job. Yet it was an awkward thing. It seemed unnatural.
“Oh!” he said. “That view is tremendous!”
Well, it was a start. In fact, the view was not particularly extraordinary. It was extraordinary that he was up here in orbit about the earth. He could see the exhausted Atlas rocket following him. It was tumbling end over end from the force of the small rockets throwing the capsule free of it.
He could hear Alan Shepard, who was serving as capcom in the Mercury Control Center at the Cape. His voice came in very clearly. He was saying, “You have a go, at least seven orbits.”
“Roger,” said Glenn. “Understand Go for at least seven orbits … This is Friendship 7. Can see clear back, a big cloud pattern way back across toward the Cape. Beautiful sight.”
He was riding backward, looking back toward the Cape. It must be tremendous, it must be beautiful—what else could it be? And yet it didn’t look terribly different from what he had seen at 50,000 feet in fighter planes. He had no greater sense of having left the bonds of earth. The earth was not just a little ball beneath him. It still filled his field of consciousness. It slid by slowly underneath him, just the way it did when you were in an airplane at forty or fifty thousand feet. He had no sense of being a star voyager. He couldn’t see any stars at all. He could see the Atlas booster tumbling behind him and beginning to grow smaller, because it was in a slightly lower orbit. It just kept tumbling. There was nothing to stop it. Somehow the sight of this colossal great tumbling cylinder, which had weighed more than the average freighter while it was on the ground and which now weighed nothing and had been discarded like a candy wrapper—somehow it was more extraordinary than the view of earth. It shouldn’t have been, but it was. The earth looked the way it had looked to Gus Grissom. Shepard had seen a low-grade black-and-white movie. Through his window Glenn could see what Grissom saw, the brilliant blue band at the horizon, a somewhat wider band of deeper blues leading into the absolutely black dome of the sky. Most of the earth was covered in clouds. The clouds looked very bright, set against the blackness of the sky. The capsule was heading east, over Africa. But, because he was riding backward, he was looking west. He saw everything after he had passed over it. He could make out the Canary Islands, but they were partly obscured by clouds. He could see a long stretch of the African coast … huge dust storms over the African desert … but there was no sense of taking in the whole earth at a glance. The earth was eight thousand miles in diameter and he was only a hundred miles above it. He knew what it was going to look like in any case. He had seen it all in photographs taken from the satellites. It had all been flashed on the screens for him. Even the view had been simulated. Yes … that’s the way they said
it would look … Awe seemed to be demanded, but how could he express awe honestly? He had lived it all before the event. How could he explain that to anybody? The view wasn’t the main thing, in any case. The main thing … was the checklist! And just try explaining that! He had to report all his switch and dial readings. He had to put a special blood-pressure rig on the arm of his pressure suit and pump it up. (His blood pressure was absolutely normal, 120 over 80—perfect stuff!) He had to check the manual attitude-control system, swing the capsule up and down, side to side, roll to the right, roll to the left … and there was nothing novel about it, not even in orbit, a hundred miles above the earth. How could you explain that! When he swung the capsule, it felt the same as it did in a one-g state on earth. He still didn’t feel weightless. He merely felt less cramped, because there were no longer any pressure points on his body. He was sitting straight up in a chair drifting slowly and quietly around the earth. Just the hum of his little shop, the background noises in his headset, and the occasional spurt of the hydrogen-peroxide jets.
“This is Friendship 7,” he said. “Working just like clockwork on the control check, and it went through just about like the procedures-trainer runs.”
Well, that was it. The procedures trainer and the ALFA trainer and the centrifuge … He noticed that, in fact, he seemed to be moving a little faster than he had been on the ALFA trainer. When you sat in the trainer, cranking your simulated hydrogen-peroxide thrusters, they ran films on the screen of the earth rolling by below you, just the way it would be in orbital flight. “They didn’t roll it by fast enough,” he said to himself. Not that it mattered particularly … The sensation of speed was no more than that of being in an airliner and watching a cloud bank slide by far below … The world demanded awe, because this was a voyage through the stars. But he couldn’t feel it. The backdrop of the event, the stage, the environment, the true orbit … was not the vast reaches of the universe. It was the simulators. Who could possibly understand this? Weightless he was, in the vacuum of space, humming around the earth … but his center of gravity was still back in that Baptist hardtack Low Rent stretch of sand and palmetto grass in Florida.
Ahhhh—but now this was truly something. Forty minutes into the flight, as he neared the Indian Ocean, off the east coast of Africa, he began sailing into the night. Since he was traveling east, he was going away from the sun at a speed of 17,500 miles an hour. But because he was riding backward, he could see the sun out the window. It was sinking the way the moon sinks out of sight as seen on earth. The edge of the sun began to touch the edge of the horizon. He couldn’t tell what part of the earth it was. There were clouds everywhere. They created a haze at the horizon. The brilliant light over the earth began to dim. It was like turning down a rheostat. It took five or six minutes. Very slowly the lights were dimming. Then he couldn’t see the sun at all, but there was a tremendous band of orange light that stretched from one side of the horizon to the other, as if the sun were a molten liquid that had emptied into a tube along the horizon. Where there had been a bright-blue band before, there was now the orange band; and above it a wider dimmer band of oranges and reds shading off into the blackness of the sky. Then all the reds and oranges disappeared, and he was on the night side of the earth. The bright-blue band reappeared at the horizon. Above it, stretching up about eight degrees, was what looked like a band of haze, created by the earth’s atmosphere. And above that … for the first time he could make out the stars. Down below, the clouds picked up a faint light from the moon, which was coming up behind him. Now he was over Australia. He could hear Gordon Cooper’s voice. Cooper was serving as the capcom at the tracking station in the town of Muchea, out in the kangaroo boondocks of western Australia. He could hear Cooper’s Oklahoma drawl.
“That sure was a short day,” said Glenn.
“Say again, Friendship 7,” said Cooper.
“That was about the shortest day I’ve ever run into,” said Glenn. Somehow that was the sort of thing to say to old Oklahoma Gordo sitting down there in the middle of nowhere.
“Kinda passes rapidly, huh?” said Gordo.
“Yessir,” said Glenn.
The clouds began to break up over Australia. He could make out nothing in the darkness except for electric lights. Off to one side he could make out the lights of an entire city, just as you could at 40,000 feet in an airplane, but the concentration of lights was terrific. It was an absolute mass of electric lights, and south of it there was another one, a smaller one. The big mass was the city of Perth and the smaller one was a town called Rockingham. It was midnight in Perth and Rockingham, but practically every living soul in both places had stayed up to turn on every light they had for the American sailing over in the satellite.
“The lights show up very well,” said Glenn, “and thank everybody for turning them on, will you?”
“We sure will, John,” said Gordo.
And he went sailing on past Australia with the lights of Perth and Rockingham sliding into the distance.
He was over the middle of the Pacific, about halfway between Australia and Mexico, when the sun began to come up behind him. This was just thirty-five minutes after the sun went down. Since he was traveling backward, he couldn’t see the sunrise through the window. He had to use the periscope. First he could see the blue band at the horizon becoming brighter and brighter. Then the sun itself began to slide up over the edge. It was a brilliant red—not terribly different from what he had seen at sunrise on earth, except that it was rising faster and its outlines were sharper.
“It’s blinding through the scope on clear,” said Glenn. “I’m going to the dark filter to watch it come on up.”
And then—needles! A tremendous layer of them—Air Force communications experiment that went amok … Thousands of tiny needles gleaming in the sun outside the capsule … But they couldn’t be needles, because they were luminescent—they were like snowflakes—
“This is Friendship 7,” he said. “I’ll try to describe what I’m in here. I am in a big mass of some very small particles that are brilliantly lit up like they’re luminescent. I never saw anything like it. They’re round, a little. They’re coming by the capsule, and they look like little stars. A whole shower of them coming by. They swirl around the capsule and go in front of the window and they’re all brilliantly lighted. They probably average maybe seven or eight feet apart, but I can see them all down below me also.”