San Francisco Conference, Chinese delegation to, 317
Schurman, Jacob Gould, 78
Scorched earth policy of Chiang, 226–27
Secret police, 176–77
Secret societies used by Chiang in Shanghai coup, 110–11
Service, John Stewart, 291, 294, 337
Shakee Massacre, 94
Shameen, Shakee Massacre at, 94
Shanghai, Louza police station incident, 93–94; support of Chiang against Communist faction of Kuomintang, 109; Chiang coup in, 109–11; attacked by Japan, 157–59; defense of, against Japanese, 217–18; fall of, 221; occupied by Nationalist forces after Japanese surrender, 329; fall to Communists, 358
Shantung, in civil war of 1929–30, 145; taken by Japanese, 224; surrendered to Communists, 352
Shensi, Communists established in, 199–200
Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 29
Sian, first visit of Chiang to, 182–83; proposal made to Chiang for united front with Communists, 200–1; ambush of Nationalist troops at, 202; kidnaping of Chiang at, 202–12; recovered by Nationalist troops, 213
Sino-Soviet agreements on postwar territorial rights, 324–26
Smith, Arthur, quoted, 23
Snow, Edgar, quoted, 87
Somervell, Gen. B. B., 269
Soong, Mrs., 122–23
Soong, Charles, 36, 50–53, 76
Soong Chingling. See Madame Sun
Soong Eling. See Madame Kung
Soong Mayling. See Madame Chiang
Soong, T. V., as Minister of Finance in Sun Yat-sen government, 86; as Minister of Finance in Nationalist Government, 134, 155; resignation of, 178–80; at kidnaping of Chiang, 208–9, 211; opposition to Stilwell, 270; Truman report on Yalta agreements to, 322; conference with Stalin, 324–25, 327
South China. See Canton government; Hankow government
South Manchurian Railway, 132; as excuse for Japanese seizure of Manchuria, 156; Yalta Conference agreement on, 315; held by Communists, 344
Special Movement Force, 176–77
Stalin, Josef, quoted on Kuomintang, 109; directive for Chinese Communists to depose right-wing Kuomintang leaders, 113–14; decision to attempt revolution in China, 148; insistence on second front in Europe, 265; at Teheran Conference, 276; reassurance from, about Chinese Communists, 285; at Yalta Conference, 313–15; Hurley interview with, 318; Hopkins interview with, 322; Soong conference with, 324–25, 327; Japanese request to mediate peace terms, 325; at Potsdam Conference, 325
Stilwell, Gen. J. W., 241–43, 246–47, 249–50; opinion of Chiang, 247–48, 252–53, 259–60; blamed by Chiang for failure of supplies, 251–52; efforts of Soong sisters to pacify, 267–70; desire to use Communist troops, 257, 259, 271, 297; plans for recapturing Burma, 253–54, 258, 265, 267, 280; recall requested by Chiang, 269; Burma campaign, 280–83; authority increased, 291–92, 294, 298–300; enthusiasm for Chinese Communists, 296; recalled, 301–5
Stimson, Henry L., 242
Stratemeyer, Gen. George E., 332
Stuart, Dr. Leighton, 341
Students, status of, 71
Suiyuan, resistance to Japanese aggression in, 198
Sultan, Gen., 308
Sun, Madame, 50–53, 80, 87; removal to Moscow, 114–15; return from Moscow, 235; Stilwell influenced by, 252, 300, 302; return to Communist territory, 364
Sun Chuan-fang, 94, 103, 105
Sun Fo, 114, 152, 156, 157, 350
Sun Ming-chiu, 203, 205
Sun Yat-sen, 30, 32–33, 35–37; Three Principles of, 37; in First Revolution, 37, 40–42; railway expansion program of, 45–46; in Second Revolution, 48–50; in exile, 50–53; Canton government established by, 59–60, 64; elected President of South China, 66–69; Northern Punitive Expedition of, 67–68; deposed by Chen Chiung-ming, 69–71; and Manifesto of friendship with Russia, 73–76; South China government stabilized with Soviet support, 77–82; administration of, 86, 88–93; tomb of, 137
Sung Cheh-yuan, 184
Szechuan, effort to eradicate opium industry in, 187–88
Szepinkai, occupied by Chinese Communists, 343
Taiwan, returned to Chinese ownership, 341; riots on, 347–48; prepared for government in exile, 355, 357; government established in, 363–65
Tamshui, taken by Nationalists, 96
Tang Sheng-chih, 118, 126
Tang Yu-lin, 164
Tangku truce, 167; demand by Chiang for abrogation of, 198
Tchitcherin, 73, 81
Teheran Conference, 275–76
“Three Demands” of Chiang Kai-shek during World War II, 250
Tientsin, surrendered to Communists, 352
Tokyo Military Staff College, 13–14, 31–33, 35
Tong, Dr. Hollington, quoted: on Chiang as student, 28, 34; on war lords, 58; on Special Movement Force, 176, 177; on anger of Chiang against British, 226; on prejudice of Chiang against propaganda, 225; on Nehru, 245; on air raid incident of Indian visit, 246–47; on American insistence on coalition government, 341; on embargo of American supplies, 344–45; on temporary retirement of Chiang in 1949, 356
Trade unions, organization of, 83, 93; Chiang attack against, 110–11
Trans-Siberian Railway, 312
Truman, Harry S., 319, 321, 322, 331, 354; at Potsdam Conference, 325
Tsai Ting-hai, 158, 168
Tsai Yuan-pei, 125
Tsinan, Chinese-Japanese armed conflict in, 131–32
Tsingtao, German naval base overthrown in World War I, 53; Japanese troops at, 119
Tsitsihar, occupied by Chinese Communists, 343
Tu Yueh-sen, 152
Tzu Hsi, Dowager Empress, 22, 36
Unconditional surrender ultimatum to Japan, 325
Unions. See Trade unions
United Nations, Far Eastern strategy of, 239–42, 263, 265–66, 275–76, 297–98; San Francisco Conference, 317
United States, early attitude toward Chiang Kai-shek, 98; attitude toward Japanese-Chinese war, 222, 227–28; refusal to accept Japanese terms, and Pearl Harbor attack, 236; wartime supplies to China, 238–42, 244, 249–50, 266, 280, 309; military observation team with Communists, 290–91, 294, 310–11, 351; State Department, partiality to Chinese Communists, 311, 316–17, 338; Amerasia disclosures, 317, 321; armed forces in China after Japanese surrender, 326–29, 337, 339; in postwar China, 328, 330, 335–51; White Paper on China, 359; policy toward divided China, 364–65
U.N.R.R.A., 341
Vincent, John Carter, 286
Waichow, captured by Nationalists, 96–97
Wallace, Henry, visit to Chungking, 286–89
Wang Ching-wei, 46–47, 57, 92–93, 95–96, 99–100; as Chairman of Hankow government, 108, 114, 127–28; efforts to unseat Chiang, 140, 144, 146, 152, 156; in coalition government, 157, 161–62; in southwest rebellion, 167–69; attempted assassination of, 190; defection to Japan, 228–30
Wanping, incident starting Japanese-Chinese war at, 216
War lords, 58
Wavell, Gen. A. P., 239, 241, 258
Wedemeyer, Gen. Albert C., on wartime assignment, 304, 307–11, 316, 326–30, 335, 341; on fact-finding visit, 346–49
Western Hills Conference of Kuomintang anti-Communists, 97
Western powers, treaty ports and concessions forced by, 20–21; Manchu Dynasty supported by, 19; during establishment of Republic, 41–42, 49; efforts of Sun Yat-sen to gain support from, 74–76, 78–79; defense of Canton Customs House by, 82; incidents with Nationalists, 93–94, 105–7; Nationalist government recognized by, 138; Nine-Power Conference in Brussels, 222; see also Great Britain; United Nations; United States
Whampoa military academy, 83–86, 88
White, Theodore, 271, 304–5
Wilson, Woodrow, 49, 58
World War I, 58–59
World War II, beginning of, 231
Written language, reform of, 71–72, 346
Wu Pei-fu, 89–91, 94; Northern Expedition against, 103–7, 112
Wuchang, taken by Na
tionalists in Northern Expedition, 104
Yalta Conference, 311, 313–15; reactions of Chiang to agreements of, 322–23; Chinese-Soviet agreements on, 324–26
Yang Hu-cheng, 195, 200–14
Yen Hsi-shan, 129, 131–33, 183, 352, 359, 364; as Minister of Interior, 135–36; in revolt against Chiang, 144–45; Communists repelled from Shansi province by, 199; in Japanese war, 218
Yenan, captured by Communists, 200; visit of foreign correspondents to Communists at, 289–90; American military mission at, 290–91, 294, 310–11
Yingkow, Communist refusal to permit landing of Nationalist troops at, 332–33
Yo Fei, traditional military hero, 29–30
Yu Han-mou, 193
Yuan Shih-kai, 32, 39; as President, 42, 45–46, 48–50, 53–54; assumption of throne and abdication, 55–56
Yui, Dr. David, 125
About the Author
Emily Hahn (1905–1997) was the author of fifty-two books, as well as 181 articles and short stories for the New Yorker from 1929 to 1996. She was a staff writer for the magazine for forty-seven years. She wrote novels, short stories, personal essays, reportage, poetry, history and biography, natural history and zoology, cookbooks, humor, travel, children’s books, and four autobiographical narratives: China to Me (1944), a literary exploration of her trip to China; Hong Kong Holiday (1946); England to Me (1949); and Kissing Cousins (1958).
The fifth of six children, Hahn was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and later became the first woman to earn a degree in mining engineering at the University of Wisconsin. She did graduate work at both Columbia and Oxford before leaving for Shanghai. She lived in China for eight years. Her wartime affair with Charles Boxer, Britain’s chief spy in pre–World War II Hong Kong, evolved into a loving and unconventional marriage that lasted fifty-two years and produced two daughters. Hahn’s final piece in the New Yorker appeared in 1996, shortly before her death.
A revolutionary for her time, Hahn broke many of the rules of the 1920s, traveling the country dressed as a boy, working for the Red Cross in Belgium, becoming the concubine to a Shanghai poet, using opium, and having a child out of wedlock. She fought against the stereotype of female docility that characterized the Victorian era and was an advocate for the environment until her death.
All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Copyright © 1955 by Emily Hahn Boxer
The extracts from The Stilwell Papers, by Joseph W. Stilwell, are copyright, 1948, by Winifred A. Stilwell, reprinted by permission of William Sloane Associates, Inc.
Cover design by Andy Ross
ISBN: 978-1-5040-1627-8
This edition published in 2015 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.
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Emily Hahn, Chiang Kai-Shek
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