113. WM/Lady Soames.
114. Thompson, 17.
115. WM/Lady Soames.
116. Feiling, 424; Churchill, Storm, 549; Fehrenbach, 45.
117. T. Harrison and C. Madge, eds., War Begins at Home (London, 1940), 39; Margery Allingham, The Oaken Heart (London, 1941), 84; Thompson, 14.
118. Time 1/22/40.
119. Colville, Fringes, 116; Thompson, 15; ChP 19/2.
120. Times 12/26/39.
121. Thompson, 13–28 passim.
122. Thompson, 13–28 passim.
123. Thompson, 13–28 passim.
124. Thompson, 16.
125. Telford Taylor, The Breaking Wave: The Second World War in the Summer of 1940 (New York, 1967), 39.
126. CAB 65/3.
127. ChP 19/2.
128. ND L-52; DGFP series D, vol. VIII, no. 224.
129. WM/William L. Shirer, 7/20/71; Emmanuel Beau de Loménie, La Mort de la Troisième République (Paris, 1951), 128–129.
130. Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1940, I, 107.
131. Churchill, Storm, 479.
132. Time 9/18/39; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 9/26/39.
133. Alphonse Goutard, 1940: La Guerre des Occasions Perdus (Paris, 1956), 234.
134. Shirer, Collapse, 535–536.
135. Goutard, 132–133.
136. CAB 83/3; Churchill, Storm, 558–559.
137. Événements, III, 690, Beaufre, 232; Shirer, Collapse, 620–621.
138. Shirer, Collapse, 183–187.
139. Time 12/18/39.
140. Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston, 1980), 381.
141. Goutard, 131.
142. Goutard, 131; Événements, II, 281–282; Shirer, Collapse, 533–534
143. CAB 65/1.
144. CAB 65/1; ChP 19/3; Eade, ed., 122.
145. CAB 65/1; ChP 19/3; Churchill, Storm, 554.
146. Churchill, Storm, 561–562.
147. Sir Philip Vian, Action This Day: A War Memoir (London, 1960), 26.
148. Marder, English Historical Review, 31 fn.
149. Churchill, Storm, 561–562; Nicolson, II, 59.
150. Churchill, Storm, 562, 564.
151. Churchill, Storm, 564; Vian, 26; ChP 19/5.
152. WSC VI, 154.
153. Churchill, Storm, 563; Marder, English Historical Review, 30; Thompson, 51.
154. Nicolson, II, 59.
155. ChP 9/143.
156. ChP 9/143.
157. Templewood Papers; ChP 8/658.
158. Thompson.
159. ND 004-PS; DGFP series D, vol. VIII, no. 663–33; ND C-63; NCA, Suppl. B, 1543–47.
160. Churchill, Storm, 564; ND C-66.
161. ND CD-170, C-166; FCNA, 1939, 27, 51.
162. FCNA, 1939, 51, 53–57; Jodl diary, 12/13/39; Halder diary, 12/14/39; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 54–55.
163. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 307.
164. Liddell Hart, Second World War, 56; ND 063-C; DGFP series D, vol. VIII, no. 644.
165. Thompson, 56; Colville, Fringes, 40, 76.
166. Churchill, Storm, 571–581; CAB 66/5, 65/11; Admiralty Papers 1/10795; CAB 65/12; Chief of Staff 64 (40); CAB 79/85; CAB 65/12.
167. John Eking and the editors of Time-Life Books, Battles for Scandinavia (Chicago, 1981), 47.
168. Churchill, Storm, 591–592.
169. Churchill, Storm, 582; CAB 65/12; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 58.
170. Admiralty Papers 205/2.
171. Admiralty Papers 116/4240; CAB 65/12.
172. Colville, Fringes, 94–95; CAB 65/6.
173. Churchill, Storm, 583, 582; Colville, Fringes, 95.
174. NCA, Supplement B, 1543–477; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 58.
175. Times 4/6/40.
176. Hansard 4/ 11/40.
177. Liddell Hart, Second World War, 52; Marder, English Historical Review, 55.
178. Roskill, War at Sea, I, 179; CAB 65/11; Sir Eric Seal’s letter to the author, 9/8/71; Marder, English Historical Review, 57.
179. Gamelin, III, 866; Paul Baudouin, The Private Diaries of Paul Baudouin (London, 1953). 41.
180. Liddell Hart, Second World War, 62; Churchill, Storm, 624–627.
181. Shirer, Berlin Diary, 314; Admiralty Papers 116/4471; Churchill, Storm, 601; Nicolson, II, 70.
182. Colville, Fringes, 101; The Listener 5/6/40.
183. CAB 65/6; Colville, Fringes, 90; Thompson, 57; Daily Mail 4/11/40.
184. Shirer, Berlin Diary; Liddell Hart, Second World War, 59.
185. Jodl diary in Shirer, Rise and Fall, 709.
186. Churchill, Storm, 619; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 315, 320.
187. CAB 65/12, 21/1388; Churchill, Storm, 614.
188. Churchill, Storm, 624, 626–627.
189. Churchill, Storm, 623.
190. Hansard 5/8/40.
191. Shirer, Collapse, 569; Nicolson, II, 74.
192. CAB 99/3; Shirer, Berlin Diary, 324–326; Nicolson, II, 74–75.
193. Hansard 3/3/40; Seal Papers.
194. Événements, II, 359–360, 361–363.
195. Baudouin, 25.
196. WM/Sir William Deakin, 10/5/80; F. W. Deakin, “Churchill The Historian,” Schweizer Monatshefte Nr. 4 (Zurich, 1970).
197. F. W. Deakin.
198. Times 4/4/40; Daily Mail 4/4/40; ChP 2/392, 2/395.
199. Nicolson, II, 74–75.
200. Nicolson, II, 74–75; ChP 4/131; Thompson, 70.
201. Robert Rhodes James, Chips, The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon (London, 1967), 243; Col. Roderick Macleod and Denis Kelly, eds., The Ironside Diaries 1937–1940 (London, 1962), 293.
202. ChP 3/131, 2/393.
203. ChP 19/2.
204. ChP 1/99/1929; CAB 79/4.
205. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 944; WM/William L. Shirer, 7/20/80.
206. N. Chamberlain Papers, diary.
207. Evening Standard 5/6/40; Halifax Papers, diary.
208. Hansard 5/7/40.
209. Nicolson, II, 76; Hansard 5/7/40; Thompson, 80.
210. Nicolson, II, 76; Hansard 5/7/40.
211. Hansard 5/7/40; Nicolson, II, 77.
212. Nicolson, II, 77.
213. Hansard 5/7/40 (italics added).
214. Churchill, Storm, 659; Nicolson, II, 77; Rhodes James, Chips, 243, 245.
215. Henri de Kerillis, Français, void la vérité (New York, 1942), 247; Clare Luce, Europe in the Spring (New York, 1940), 246, 126–127.
216. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 716.
217. Dalton, 304–305.
218. Daily Herald 5/8/40.
219. WM/Malcolm MacDonald, 11/6/80; Dalton, 305–306; Hansard 5/8/40.
220. Thompson, 82–83.
221. Nicolson, II, 78; Hansard 5/8/40.
222. Churchill, Storm, 659.
223. F. Owen, Tempestuous Journey (London, 1954), 748.
224. Hansard 5/8/40 (italics added).
225. WM/Macmillan; Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945 (London, 1967), 74.
226. Dalton, 306; Rhodes James, Chips, 246; WM/R. A. Butler, 12/5/80.
227. Hansard 5/8/40; Rhodes James, Chips, 246.
228. Rhodes James, Chips, 246; John Peck, “Bull and Benediction,” unpublished typescript, 96–97 (published in WSC VI, 298–299).
229. Hansard 5/8/40.
230. Alfred Duff Cooper, Old Men Forget (New York, 1954), 279.
231. Nicolson, II, 79–80; Dalton, 306.
232. Churchill, Storm, 661.
233. Adam Sykes and Iain Sproat, eds. The Wit of Sir Winston (London, 1965), 75; Colville, Fringes, 89.
234. Churchill, Storm, 661.
235. Thompson, 82, 83.
236. Dalton, 310.
237. Earl of Avon, The Reckoning (London, 1965), 96.
238. Dalton, 308; Thompson, 88.
239. Thompson, 89.
240. Thompson, 78–80; Dalton, 306–307, 309.
241. Avon, Reckoning, 96–97.
242. WM/Macmillan; Macmillan, Blast, 72;
Amery, III, 361.
243. ChP 2/392.
244. Churchill, Storm, 661; Thompson, 91–92.
245. Churchill, Storm, 661–662; Thompson, 91–92.
246. Halifax Papers, diary, 5/9/40.
247. Thompson, 90; Churchill, Storm, 662–663.
248. Churchill, Storm, 662–663; WM/Viscount Head, 11/19/80.
249. Earl of Birkenhead, Life of Lord Halifax (London, 1965), 454.
250. David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M. 1938–1945 (New York, 1972), 280; Birkenhead, 454; Churchill, Storm, 662–663.
251. Rhodes James, Chips, 248; WM/Kathleen Hill, 11/4/80; ChP 2/413; Avon, Reckoning, 97; WSC VI, 305.
252. Shirer, Rise and Fall, 723.
253. Liddell Hart, Second World War, 66–67.
254. Allen Dulles, Germany’s Underground (New York, 1947), 58–61. According to W. L. Shirer, Sas personally confirmed this account with him after the war.
255. Événements, IX, 2758–2760; Anatole de Monzie, Ci-devant (Paris, 1942), 44; Baudouin, 44–48.
256. Baudouin, 44–48.
257. Paul Reynaud, Au Coeur de la mêlée, 1930–1945 (Paris, 1951), 412.
258. Churchill, Storm, 662; CAB 64/7; WSC VI, 306.
259. Templewood, 431–432; Times, News Chronicle 5/10/40; CAB 83/3.
260. Shirer, Collapse, 605.
261. CAB 65/7.
262. J. C. Reith, Into the Wind (London, 1949), 382; Halifax Papers, diary, 5/10/40.
263. Avon, Reckoning, 97–98; Templewood, 432; Nicolson, II, 82.
264. Churchill, Storm, 662; Avon, Reckoning, 94–98.
265. CAB 65/7; Stuart, 250; Macleod and Kelly, 303–304.
266. Dalton, 311–312.
267. CAB 65/7.
268. CAB 65/7; Avon, Reckoning, 98.
269. John W. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, His Life and Reign (London, 1958), 443–444.
270. Churchill, Storm, 665.
271. Churchill, Storm, 665; W. H. Thompson, Sixty Minutes with Winston Churchill (London, 1953), 44–45.
272. WSC VI, 311.
273. Churchill, Storm, 666.
274. Nicolson, II, 83–84.
275. Churchill, Storm, 666–667.
276. Reed Whittemore, “Churchill and the Limitations of Myth,” Yale Review, Winter 1955; Wheeler-Bennett, George VI, 446.
277. John Evelyn Wrench, Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times (London, 1955), 415; Colville, Fringes, 122; WM/Sir John Colville, 10/8/80.
278. News Chronicle 1/1/40; Nicolson, I, 85.
279. Hansard 5/13/40 (verse form added).
280. WSCHCS 6220–6223 (5/19/40).
281. WSCHCS 6231–6238 (6/18/40).
282. ChP 4/194; Isaiah Berlin, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (London, 1940), 26, 29.
283. Winston S. Churchill, Their Finest Hour, (Boston, 1949), 21–22.
284. Lord Moran, Churchill. Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival (1940–1965) (Boston, 1966), 959.
285. Hansard 10/8/40.
286. Hansard 11/23/32.
* For a full account of Churchill’s struggle against Gandhi’s campaign for Indian independence, see volume one of this work.
* Publicist, one of the most abused words in the English language, means “a writer versed in international law,” or, loosely, “any writer, as a journalist, on matters of public policy.” Walter Lippmann was a publicist. Publicity men are not.
* A touched-up photograph of this scene, showing Edward with his right hand by his side, was published around the world. The original, described above, is in the possession of one of the American prosecutors at Nuremberg.
* The location of a riot by striking Welsh miners in November 1910. Churchill, then home secretary, restored order and actually saved miners’ lives. But “Tonypandy” had a memorable ring to it; union leaders made it pejorative and—like “Gallipoli”—it stuck.
ARRAY
Welcome
Dedication
Epigraph
Author’s Note
The Story Thus Far
Preamble: THE LION CAGED
Prologue: A FEVER OVER EUROPE
Part One: SHOALS
Part Two: REEF
Part Three: UNDERTOW
Part Four: VORTEX
Part Five: SURGE
Part Six: CATACLYSM
About the Author
Books by William Manchester
List of Illustrations
List of Maps
Chronology
Newsletters
Source Notes
Copyright Acknowledgments
Copyright
COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is grateful to the following publishers, individuals, and companies for permission to reprint excerpts from selected material as noted below.
Quotations from the letters of Neville Chamberlain are reprinted by kind permission of the Head of Special Collections, University Library, University of Birmingham.
Quotations from the letters in the Baroness Spencer Churchill collection are reprinted by kind permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of Lady Mary Soames. Copyright Mary Soames.
Quotations from the letters of Randolph Churchill are reprinted by kind permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of the Estate of Randolph Churchill. Copyright the Estate of Randolph Churchill.
Winston S. Churchill from A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, reprinted by permission of Dodd, Mead and Co., Inc., the Canadian Publisher McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, and Cassell Publishers Ltd.
Winston S. Churchill from The Second World War: Volume I, The Gathering Storm. Copyright 1949 by Houghton Mifflin Company, Copyright © renewed 1976 by Lady Spencer Churchill and the Honourable Lady Sarah Audley, the Honourable Lady Soames. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company and Cassell Publishers Ltd.
John Colville from The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955. Copyright © 1985 by Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. Reprinted by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., and Hodder and Stoughton Limited.
Anthony Eden from Facing the Dictators. Copyright © 1962 by the Times Publishing Company, Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company, Macmillan London, and Times Newspapers Ltd.
Excerpt from “The Hollow Men” in Collected Poems 1909–1962 by T. S. Eliot, copyright 1936 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., copyright © 1963, 1964 by T. S. Eliot. Reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., and Faber and Faber Limited.
Martin Gilbert from Winston S. Churchill: Volume V, The Prophet of Truth 1922–1939. Copyright © 1976 by C & T Publications, Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company and William Heinemann Ltd.
Martin Gilbert from Winston S. Churchill: Volume VI, Finest Hour 1939–1941. Copyright © 1983 by C & T Publications, Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company and William Heinemann Ltd.
Kay Murphy Halle from The Irrepressible Churchill. Reprinted by permission of the author.
Thomas Jones from A Diary with Letters 1931–1950 (Oxford University Press, 1954). Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.
Harold Macmillan from Winds of Change. Copyright © 1966 by Thompson Newspapers Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. and Macmillan London.
Harold Nicolson from Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939. Volume I, edited by Nigel Nicolson. Harold Nicolson’s Diaries and Letters copyright © 1966 by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. Introduction and Notes to this volume copyright © 1966 Nigel Nicolson. V. Sackville-West’s Letters copyright © 1966 by Sir Harold Nicolson. Reprinted with the permission of Atheneum Publishers, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company, and William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.
Harold Nicolson from The War Years, 1939–1945. Volume II of The Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson edited by Nigel Nicolson. Harold Nicolson’s Diaries and Letters copyright © 1967 by William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. Introduction and Notes to
this volume copyright © 1967 Nigel Nicolson. V. Sackville-West’s Letters copyright © 1967 by Sir Harold Nicolson. Reprinted with the permission of Atheneum Publishers, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company, and William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.
Material from the Royal Archives reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Mary Soames from Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage copyright © Mary Soames 1979. Reproduced by permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of Lady Mary Soames and Houghton Mifflin Company.
“Lambeth Walk” written by Noel Gay and Douglas Furber. Copyright © 1937 Richard Armitage Ltd. Copyright Renewed. All rights managed in the U.S. by Bibo Music Publishers (c/o The Welk Music Group, Santa Monica, CA 90401). International Copyright Secured. All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission.
“WE’re Gonna Hang Out The Washing on the Siegfried Line” by Jim Kennedy and Michael Carr. © 1939 by Skidmore Music Co., Inc. for the territories of the United States and Canada. Copyright renewed. Used by permission. United Kingdom, © 1939 Francis Day & Hunter Ltd. Reproduced by permission of EMI Music Publishing Ltd., London, WC2H OLD.
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“The Lion Caged” appeared in slightly different form in American Heritage.
ISBN 978-0-316-24487-9