92 NYT 8/18, 8/20, 8/21, 8/24, 8/25, 8/26/1951; Rovere and Schlesinger 219, 247 (back to text)
93 SH 1716-17 (back to text)
94 Manchester Glory 437-38; SH 1716-17; Rovere 149 (back to text)
95 New York Herald Tribune 6/13/1954; “The Feud and Its Ghost,” Life 2/20/1956 (back to text)
CHAPTER ELEVEN: TAPS
1 WM/Carlos Romulo 10/18/1977; Archer 174; MacArthur Reminiscences 405-06 (back to text)
2 Whitney 488; Lee and Henschel 77; WM/Louis Sullivan 4/1/1976 (back to text)
3 “A Critic Predicts,” T 10/29/1951; “Man of the Hour,” T 5/7/1951 (back to text)
4 “Man of the Hour,” T 5/7/1951; Lee and Henschel 76 (back to text)
5 WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976 (back to text)
6 Lee and Henschel 92; “The Heartiest Welcome Ever,” Life 5/7/1951; “The General in Seattle,” T 11/26/1951; WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976 (back to text)
7 “The Heartiest Welcome Ever,” life 5/7/1951; “The General in Seattle,” T 11/26/1951 (back to text)
8 Lee and Henschel 104 (back to text)
9 Whitney 492-^93, 505 (back to text)
10 Ibid. 492, 498 (back to text)
11 Ibid. 502 (back to text)
12 Ibid.; “The General in Seattle,” T 11/26/1951; “A Delightful Trip,” T 6/25/1951 (back to text)
13 Merle Miller 341-48 (back to text)
14 NYT 3/23, 3/30/1952; “Prospect and Retrospect,” T 3/31/1952; Manchester Glory 566 (back to text)
15 NYT 5/16, 6/11/1952; “MacArthur in ‘52 Campaign,” (U.S, News and World Report 6/20/1952; “The General v. Generals,” T 5/26/1952 (back to text)
16 “Unfading Old Soldier,” T 2/11/1952; Sulzberger 733 (back to text)
17 Whitney 521-24; WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976; Sulzberger 771 (back to text)
18 Sulzberger 769 (back to text)
19 Blaik 494-95; WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976 (back to text)
20 MacArthur Reminiscences 408-09 (back to text)
21 “Two Old Soldiers,” T 12/29/1952; MacArthur Reminiscences 409-12 (back to text)
22 Blaik 507; MacArthur Reminiscences 412; “Here Is What MacArthur Really Meant,” Life 4/24/1964 (back to text)
23 “Two Old Soldiers, “T 12/29/1952; Mayer Japan 140-41, 143; MacArthur Reminiscences 413 (back to text)
24 Mayer Japan 140; Lee and Henschel 179; MacArthur Reminiscences 383; Acheson 544; Sebald and Brines 275 (back to text)
25 Lee and Henschel 179; “Old Soldiers . . . New Problems,” U.S. News and World Report 3/26/1954; “Reunion at the Waldorf,” T 9/12/1955; NYT 6/22/1960 (back to text)
26 WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976; MacArthur in Life 2/13/1956; “MacArthur vs. Truman,” T 2/20/1956; “Threnody and Thunder,” T 4/17/1964 (back to text)
27 Phyllis Casler, Army War College, Carlisle, Pa., 11-12/1977; John Slonaker, Army War College, 4/10/1978 (back to text)
28 “In Remembrance of MacArthur,” Life 4/17/1964; Mayer Japan 153; WM/Romulo 10/18/1977 (back to text)
29 Whitney 532; “People,” T 1/24/1955; “The General and the Heckler,” T 8/10/1953 (back to text)
30 “The General and the Heckler,” T 8/10/1953; “Old Soldiers Sometimes Buy,” T 8/9/1954 (back to text)
31 “People of the Week,” U.S. News and World Report 8/9/1957; Lee and Henschel 102-04; Whitney 533-34; MacArthur Reminiscences 415-18; “Prospect and Retrospect,” T 3/31/1952; Whan 291-300, 323-37; “Plain Talk from the General,” Nation 8/17/1957 (back to text)
32 “ ‘No Substitute for Victory’—Lessons of the Korean War,” U.S. News and World Report 4/20/1964; Wittner 57 (back to text)
33 “MacArthur on War,” Life 2/7/1955; “As Young as Your Faith,” T 2/7/1955 (back to text)
34 “Notes and Comment,” New Yorker 2/5/1955 (back to text)
35 Whitney 540; “The Great Soldier,” Reporter 2/10/1955; “Old Soldiers . . . New Problems,” U.S. News and World Report 3/26/1954; Wittner 125; MacArthur Reminiscences 418-19 (back to text)
36 Sorensen 641; Schlesinger 339; Mayer Japan 153-54; WM/John F. Kennedy 10/5/1961 (back to text)
37 “Sentimental Journey,” T 7/14/1961; Wittner 126; WM/Romulo 10/18/1977 (back to text)
38 “Sentimental Journey,” T 7/14/1961; “In Remembrance of MacArthur,” Life 4/17/1964 (back to text)
39 “Sentimental Journey,” T 7/14/1961; “Kisses, Tears, Cheers, All Say ‘Mabuhay!’ “ Life 7/14/1961; MacArthur Reminiscences 265-66 (back to text)
40 Archer 176-77; Gavin M. Long 224 (back to text)
41 Richards 86; “ ‘At the Beginning,’ “ T 8/24/1962; Mayer Japan 153-54; WM/Robert F. Kennedy 12/1/1965; Blaik 498; WM/Laurence E. Bunker 4/20/1976 (back to text)
42 Archer 177-78; Wittner 65; MacArthur Reminiscences 423, 425-26 (back to text)
43 WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976; Ganoe MacArthur 161-62 (back to text)
44 Lampert in Assembly Spring 1964; Blaik in Assembly Spring 1964; Blaik 522; WM/John Bradley 2/5/1976; WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976 (back to text)
45 WM/Sullivan 4/1/1976; Lee and Henschel 77; Mayer MacArthur 9-10; “Wonderful Figure,” New Yorker 6/16/1951; “Mrs. Douglas MacArthur—Her Kind of Clothes,” Vogue 4/15/1953 (back to text)
46 Lee and Henschel 287; WM/Bunker 4/20/1976 (back to text)
47 Archer 183; “As Young as Your Faith,” T 2/7/1955; “Eternal Youth,” American Mercury 9/1955; Whan 313; WM/Roger O. Egeberg 10/18/1976 (back to text)
48 WM/Bunker 4/20/1976 (back to text)
49 NYT 3/3, 3/7/1964; Mydans in Life 4/17/1964; Archer 183 (back to text)
50 NYT 3/6, 3/7, 4/6/1964, 4/3/1978 (back to text)
51 Ibid. 4/6/1964 (back to text)
52 Ibid. 4/7/1964; “In Remembrance of MacArthur,” Life 4/17/1964 (back to text)
53 Cousins in Saturday Review 5/2/1964; “Threnody and Thunder,” T 4/17/1964; “Notes and Comment,” New Yorker 4/18/1964; “Here Is What MacArthur Really Meant,” Life 4/24/1964; “From the First Mrs. MacArthur,” U.S. News and World Report 5/4/1965; “Douglas MacArthur,” Reporter 4/23/1964; WM/Bunker 4/20/1976 (back to text)
54 NYT 4/7, 4/8/1964; “Notes and Comment,” New Yorker 4/18/1964; Lampert in Assembly Spring 1964 (back to text)
55 Blaik 484; WM/Robert F. Kennedy 12/1/1965 (back to text)
56 Blaik 484-85; NYT 4/9/1964 (back to text)
Bibliography
Ordinarily it is impossible for a researcher to identify one source which dwarfs the others, but in this case it is not only possible; it is mandatory. Professor D. Clayton James’s three-volume Years of MacArthur, of which the first two volumes have appeared, will certainly be the definitive work on the General. It is scholarly, perceptive, objective, and, in its accounts of battles, extraordinarily detailed. No one attempting an inquiry into MacArthur’s life can fail to pay it homage, both as a mine of fact and—this was particularly important to me—as a guide to other sources. My book is a better book because of James’s books. I am profoundly grateful to him, and the reader should share that gratitude. Among other published works, apart from those by MacArthur himself, I am particularly indebted to the memoirs of William A. Ganoe, Sidney L. Huff, George C. Kenney, Earl D. Blaik, William J. Sebald, Robert L. Eichelberger, Walter Krueger, Charles A. Willoughby, William F. Halsey, Daniel E. Barbey, Carlos Romulo, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Courtney Whitney, though certain passages in Whitney must be read skeptically and confirmed elsewhere. Interviews supplemented this and other material and are cited in the chapter notes. To those who wish to read further about the General, I recommend the books by Clark Lee, Frazier Hunt, Russell Brines, John Gunther, and (on the Korean War) John W. Spanier. No one can write about the great Pacific war without an intimate knowledge of Samuel Eliot Morison’s massive history of American naval operations in World War II. Valuable histories of the U.S. Military Academy are those of Stephen E. Ambrose and Thomas J. Fleming and, in a lighter vein, the reminiscences of Marty Maher.
I. DOCUMENTS
Material on MacArthur’s early years is ava
ilable at the Milwaukee County Historical Society, the Milwaukee Public Library, and the Milwaukee Public Museum. The U.S. Military Academy Archives at West Point are rich in documents relating to MacArthur’s years as a cadet (1899-1903) and as superintendent of the academy (1919-1922). One invaluable source there of anecdotal material about the General’s cadet days is a file of letters from sixteen members of the Point’s turn-of-the-century classes, collected in February of 1942 by E. E. Farman, who had written them to ask for their recollections of MacArthur then. The New York Public Library’s Research Libraries Administrative Office, rich in MacArthuriana, fully justifies its reputation for excellence and hospitality toward scholars. The Elihu Root and William Howard Taft papers in the Library of Congress—particularly Taft’s correspondence with Root and with Charles P. and Helen Taft—are essential to an understanding of the controversy between Taft and Arthur MacArthur, Jr. Yale University’s Manuscripts and Archives Division, in the Sterling Memorial Library, houses the papers of Henry L. Stimson and Hanson Baldwin which contain MacArthur material. The Army War College, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, was helpful in providing details of battles, weapons, and casualties.
Nowhere was I received with greater kindness and cooperation than in the MacArthur Memorial Bureau of Archives in Norfolk, Virginia, to which the General and his key aides donated their papers. These priceless items of primary source material comprise military and other governmental documents, including radiograms, cables, correspondence, memoranda, operation orders, plans, and reports. There are communications between MacArthur’s headquarters and the War Department (later the Department of the Army), the State Department, the Department of Defense, other Pacific commands, Allied governments, and private citizens. Records from the General’s personal headquarters files are organized into twenty-four record groups (RGs), each of which is separately indexed. These are:
RG 1 Records of the United States Military Adviser to the Philippine Commonwealth, 1935-1941
RG 2 Records of Headquarters, United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), 1941-1942
RG 3 Records of General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), 1942-1945
RG 4 Records of General Headquarters, United States Army Forces, Pacific (USAFPAC), 1942-1945
RG 5 Records of General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), 1945-1951
RG 6 Records of General Headquarters, Far East Command (FECOM), 1947-1951
RG 7 Records of General Headquarters, United Nations Command (UNC), 1950-1951
RG 8 Records of Headquarters, United States Army Forces in Korea (USAFIK), 1947-1948
RG 9 Collection of Messages (radiograms), 1945-1951
RG 10 General of the Army Douglas MacArthur’s Private Correspondence, 1932-1964
RG 11 Audio-Visual Records (tape recordings, motion pictures)
RG 12 Collection of Photographs
RG 13 Personal Papers of Mrs. Douglas MacArthur, 1964-1968
RG 14 Records of MacArthur Memorial, Library and Archives, City of Norfolk, Virginia
RG 15 Documents Donated by the General Public
RG 16 Personal Papers of General Courtney Whitney, USA, 1942-1945
RG 17 Records of the Department of the Philippines, 1934-1935
RG 18 Records of the Chief of Staff, United States Army, 1929
RG 19 Reproductions of Related Documents (from the Library of Congress)
RG 20 Records of General Arthur MacArthur, 1880-1912
RG 21 Records of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, 1951-1964
RG 22 Papers of Brigadier General H. E. Eastwood, USA, 1942-1953
RG 23 Papers of Major General Charles A. Willoughby, USA, 1952-1973
RG 24 Papers of H. O. Williamson (a collection of books, magazines, clippings, scrapbooks on the life of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur)
Relevant official documents are the State Department’s White Paper on the fall of China to Mao Tse-tung, United States Relations with China, 1944-1949, Department of State Publication 3573 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1949); MacArthur’s 1951 telegram to Congressman Joseph Martin (U.S. House of Representatives, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, 97, Part 3, April 5, 1951); the General’s 1951 address to the Joint Session of Congress (U.S. House of Representatives, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Record, 97, Part 3, April 19, 1951); United States Policy in the Korean Crisis (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1950); The United States and the Korean Problem, Documents, 1943-1953 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1953); Military Situation in the Far East, hearings before the Armed Services Committee and Foreign Relations Committee, United States Senate, 82nd Congress, 1st Session (five volumes; Washington: Government Printing Office, 1951); Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments, hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee of the Judiciary, United States Senate, 83rd Congress, 1st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1954-55); Institute of Pacific Relations, hearings before the same subcommittee, 82nd Congress, 1st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1951).
II. BOOKS
Abaya, Hernando J. Retrayal in the Philippines. New York, 1946.
Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department. New York, 1969.
Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse. New York, 1958.
Allen, H. C. Great Britain and the United States. New York, 1955.
Allen, Robert S. Washington Merry-go-Round. New York, 1955.
Allen, Robert S., and Drew Pearson. More Merry-go-Round. New York, 1932.
Almond, Gabriel. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York, 1950.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Duty, Honor, Country. Baltimore, 1966.
Amerine, William H. Alabama’s Own in France. New York, 1919.
Appleman, Roy E., et al. Okinawa: The Last Battle. Washington, 1948.
——. South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu. Washington, 1961.
——. The United States Army in the Korean War. Washington, 1961.
Archer, Jules. Front-Line General: Douglas MacArthur. New York, 1963.
Arnold, Henry H. Global Mission. New York, 1949.
Asprey, Robert B. Once a Marine: The Memories of General A. A. Vandegrift. New York, 1964.
Bailey, Thomas A. A Diplomatic History of the American People. New York, 1964.
Baldwin, Hanson W. Battles Lost and Won. New York, 1966.
——. Great Mistakes of the War. New York, 1949.
Ballantine, John. Formosa. Washington, 1952.
——. The Korean Knot. Philadelphia, 1957.
Barbey, Daniel E. MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy. Annapolis, 1969.
Barnett, A. Doak. Communist Strategies in Asia. New York, 1963.
Baruch, Bernard. Baruch: The Public Years. New York, 1960.
Bateson, Charles. The War with Japan: A Concise History. East Lansing, 1968.
Beck, John J. MacArthur and Wainwright. Albuquerque, 1974.
Belote, James H., and William M. Belote. Corregidor: The Saga of a Fortress. New York, 1967.
Berger, Carl. The Korean Knot. Philadelphia, 1957.
Bernstein, David. The Philippine Story. New York, 1947.
Blaik, Earl. The Red Blaik Story. New York, 1974.
Blake, George. Paul V. McNutt: Portrait of a Hoosier Statesman. Indianapolis, 1966.
Borg, Dorothy. The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933-1938. Cambridge, Mass., 1964.
Borton, Hugh. American Presurrender Planning for Postwar Japan. New York, 1967.
Brereton, Lewis H. The Brereton Diaries. New York, 1946.
Brines, Russell. MacArthur’s Japan. Philadelphia, 1948.
Bulkeley, Robert J., Jr. At Close Quarters: PT Boats in the United States’ Navy. Washington, 1962.
Bullard, Robert L. Personalities and Reminiscences of the War. Garden City, 1925.
Bundy, McGeorge. The Patt
ern of Responsibility. Boston, 1952.
Burns, James M. The Lion and the Fox. New York, 1956.
——. Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, 1940-45. New York, 1970.
Cagle, Malcolm W., and Frank A. Manson. The Sea War in Korea. Annapolis, 1957.
Cannon, M. Hamlin. Leyte: The Return to the Philippines. Washington, 1954.
Cantril, Hadley, ed. Public Opinion, 1935-1946. Princeton, 1951.
Casey, Hugh J., ed. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific, 1941-1945. 7 vols. Washington, 1947-53.
Catledge, Turner. My Life and the Times. New York, 1971.
Chase, Joseph C. Soldiers All. New York, 1920.
Chennault, Claire L. Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault. Edited by Robert Hotz. New York, 1949.
Cheseldine, R. M. Ohio in the Rainbow. Columbus, 1924.
Chunn, Calvin E., ed. Of Rice and Men. Los Angeles, 1946.
Churchill, Winston. The Age of Revolution. New York, 1957.
——. The Hinge of Fate. Boston, 1950.
——. The New World. New York, 1956.
——. Their Finest Hour. Boston, 1949.
Chynoweth, Bradford G. “Visayan Castaways.” Unpublished manuscript. Cited in James II.
Clark, Mark W. From the Danube to the Yalu. New York, 1954.
Clark, Ronald. The Man Who Broke Purple. Boston, 1977.
Clausewitz, Karl von. On War. New York, 1943.
Coffman, Edward M. The Hilt of the Sword. Madison, 1966.
——. The War to End All Wars. New York, 1968.
Collier, Basil. The War in the Far East, 1941-1945. New York, 1969.
Considine, Robert. It’s All News to Me: A Reporter’s Deposition. New York, 1967.
——. MacArthur the Magnificent. Philadelphia, 1942.
Crabb, Cecil V., Jr. Bipartisan Foreign Policy: Myth or Reality. Evanston, 1958.
Craig, William. The Fall of Japan. New York, 1967.
Cramer, Clarence H. Newton D. Baker: A Riography. Cleveland, 1961.
Cronin, Francis D. Under the Southern Cross: The Saga of the Americal Division. Washington, 1951.
Davis, Burke. The Billy Mitchell Affair. New York, 1967.
——. George Washington and the American Revolution. New York, 1975.