18 “What we have identified here”: Ibid.
CHAPTER 10: THE ARTIFICIAL MIND AND SILICON CONSCIOUSNESS
1 “Machines will be capable”: Crevier, p. 109.
2 “within a generation … the problem”: Ibid.
3 “It’s as though a group of people”: Kaku, p. 79.
4 “I would pay a lot for a robot”: Brockman, p. 2.
5 However, I met privately with: Interview with the creators of ASIMO during a visit to Honda’s laboratory in Nagoya, Japan, in April 2007 for the BBC-TV series Visions of the Future.
6 he used to marvel at the mosquito: Interview with Dr. Rodney Brooks in April 2002 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
7 I have had the pleasure of visiting: Visit to MIT Media Laboratory for the Discovery/Science Channel TV series Sci Fi Science, April 13, 2010.
8 “That is why Breazeal decided”: Moss, p. 168.
9 At Waseda University: Gazzaniga, p. 352.
10 Their goal is to integrate: Ibid., p. 252.
11 Meet Nao: Guardian, August 9, 2010, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/aug/09/nao-robot-develop-display-emotions.
12 “It’s hard to predict the future”: http://cosmomagazine.com/news/4177/reverse-engineering-brain.
13 Neuroscientists like Dr. Antonio Damasio: Damasio, pp. 108–29.
14 “In mathematics, you don’t understand”: Kurzweil, p. 248.
15 “There could not be an objective test”: Pinker, “The Riddle of Knowing You’re Here,” Your Brain: A User’s Guide, Winter, 2011, p. 19.
16 At Meiji University: Gazzaniga, p. 352.
17 “To our knowledge, this is the first”: Kurzweil.net, August 24, 2012, http://www.kurzweilai.net/robot-learns-self-awareness. See also Yale Daily News, September 25, 2012, http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2012/09/25/first-self-aware-robot-created.
18 When I interviewed Dr. Hans Moravec: Interview with Dr. Hans Moravec in November 1998 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
19 “Unleashed from the plodding pace”: Sweeney, p. 316.
20 When I interviewed Dr. Rodney Brooks: Interview with Dr. Brooks in April 2002 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
21 “We don’t like to give up”: TEDTalks, http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/rodney_brooks_on_robots.html.
22 Similarly, at the University of Southern California: http://phys.org/news205059692.html.
CHAPTER 11: REVERSE ENGINEERING THE BRAIN
1 Almost simultaneously, the European Commission: http://actu.epfl.ch/news/the-human-brain-project-wins-top-european-science.
2 “It’s essential for us to understand”: http://blog.ted.com/2009/10/15/supercomputing.
3 “There’s not a single neurological disease”: Kushner, p. 19.
4 “I think we’re far from playing God”: Ibid., p. 2.
5 “In a hundred years, I’d like”: Sally Adee, “Reverse Engineering the Brain,” IEEE Spectrum, http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/ethics/reverse-engineering-the-brain.
6 “Researchers have conjectured”: http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/01/tech/innovation/brain-map-connectome.
7 “In the seventeenth century”: http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/sebastian_seung.html.
8 “The Allen Human Brain Atlas provides”: http://ts-si.org/neuroscience/29735-allen-human-brain-atlas-updates-with-comprehensive).
9 According to Dr. V. S. Ramachandran: TED Talks, January 2010, http://www.ted.com.
CHAPTER 12: THE FUTURE: MIND BEYOND MATTER
1 5.8 percent claimed they had an out-of-body: Nelson, p. 137.
2 “I see myself lying in bed”: Ibid., p. 140.
3 Notably, temporary loss of blood: National Geographic News, April 8, 2010, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/04/100408-near-death-experiences-blood-carbon-dioxide; Nelson, p. 126
4 Dr. Thomas Lempert, neurologist: Nelson, p. 126.
5 The U.S. Air Force, for example: Ibid., p. 128.
6 We once spoke at a conference: Dubai, United Arab Emirates, November 2012. Interviewed in February 2003 for Exploration national radio broadcast. Interviewed in October 2012 for Science Fantastic national radio broadcast.
7 By 2055, $1,000 of computing power: Bloom, p. 191.
8 For example, Bill Gates, cofounder: Sweeney, p. 298.
9 “People who predict a very utopian future”: Carter, p. 298.
10 He told me that the San Diego Zoo: Interview with Dr. Robert Lanza in September 2009 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
11 “Should we ridicule the modern seekers”: Sebastian Seung, TEDTalks, http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/sebastian_seung.html.
12 In 2008, BBC-TV aired: http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/broadband/tx/isolation/timeline.
13 we will be able to reverse engineer: Interview with Dr. Moravec in November 1998 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
14 On the other side was Eric Drexler: See a series of letter in Chemical and Engineering News from 2003 to 2004.
15 “I’m not planning to die”: Garreau, p. 128.
CHAPTER 13: THE MIND AS PURE ENERGY
1 “Wormholes, extra dimensions”: Sir Martin Rees, Our Final Hour (New York: Perseus Books, 2003), p. 182.
CHAPTER 14: THE ALIEN MIND
1 So far, more than one thousand: Kepler Web Page, http://kepler.nasa.gov.
2 In 2013, NASA scientists announced: Ibid.
3 how they can distinguish false messages: Interview with Dr. Wertheimer in June 1999 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
4 I once asked him about the giggle factor: Interview with Dr. Seth Shostak in May 2012 for Science Fantastic national radio broadcast.
5 He has gone on record: Ibid.
6 “Remember, this is the same government”: Davies, p. 22.
7 The Greek writers: Sagan, p. 221.
8 But St. Thomas Aquinas: Ibid.
9 We can be fooled: Ibid.
10 “If the fact that brutes abstract”: Ibid., p. 113.
11 “In the blind and deaf world”: Eagleman, p. 77.
12 we have to expand our own horizon: Interview with Dr. Paul Davies in April 2012 for Science Fantastic national radio broadcast.
13 “My conclusion is a startling one”: Davies, p. 159.
14 “Although there is only a tiny probability”: Discovery News, December 27, 2011, http://news.discovery.com/space/seti-to-scour-the-moon-for-alien-tech-111227.htm.
CHAPTER 15: CONCLUDING REMARKS
1 In an article in Wired: Wired, April 2000, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html.
2 “several separate and unequal species”: Garreau, p. 139.
3 “This techno utopia is all about”: Ibid., p. 180.
4 “The idea that we are messin’ ”: Ibid., p. 353.
5 “Technologies—such as gunpowder”: Ibid., p. 182.
6 “The you that all your friends know”: Eagleman, p. 205.
7 “Our reality depends on what”: Ibid., p. 208.
8 “How it is that anything so remarkable”: Pinker, p. 132.
9 somehow create a twin of the Earth: Interview with Dr. Stephen Jay Gould in November 1996 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
10 “Homo sapiens is one small twig”: Pinker, p. 133.
11 “nothing gives life more purpose”: Pinker, “The Riddle of Knowing You’re Here,” Time: Your Brain: A User’s Guide (Winter 2011), p. 19.
12 “What a perplexing masterpiece”: Eagleman, p. 224.
APPENDIX: QUANTUM CONSCIOUSNESS?
1 many (but not all) pathological killers: Interview with Dr. Simon Baron-Cohen in July 2005 for Exploration national radio broadcast.
2 Dr. Michael Sweeney c
oncludes, “Libet’s findings”: Sweeney, p. 150.
SUGGESTED READING
Baker, Sherry. “Helen Mayberg.” Discover Magazine Presents the Brain. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing Co., Fall 2012.
Bloom, Floyd. Best of the Brain from Scientific American: Mind, Matter, and Tomorrow’s Brain. New York: Dana Press, 2007.
Boleyn-Fitzgerald, Miriam. Pictures of the Mind: What the New Neuroscience Tells Us About Who We Are. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, 2010.
Brockman, John, ed. The Mind: Leading Scientists Explore the Brain, Memory, Personality, and Happiness. New York: Harper Perennial, 2011.
Calvin, William H. A Brief History of the Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Carter, Rita. Mapping the Mind. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.
Crevier, Daniel. AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
Crick, Francis. The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Science Search for the Soul. New York: Touchstone, 1994.
Damasio, Antonio. Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. New York: Pantheon Books, 2010.
Davies, Paul. The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.
Dennet, Daniel C. Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. New York: Viking, 2006.
—————. Conscious Explained. New York: Back Bay Books, 1991.
DeSalle, Rob, and Ian Tattersall. The Brain: Big Bangs, Behaviors, and Beliefs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
Eagleman, David. Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain. New York: Pantheon Books, 2011.
Fox, Douglas. “The Limits of Intelligence,” Scientific American, July 2011.
Garreau, Joel. Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies—and What It Means to Be Human. New York: Random House, 2005.
Gazzaniga, Michael S. Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
Gilbert, Daniel. Stumbling on Happiness. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006.
Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Back Bay Books, 2008.
Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996.
Horstman, Judith. The Scientific American Brave New Brain. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
Kaku, Michio. Physics of the Future. New York: Doubleday, 2009.
Kurzweil, Ray. How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed. New York: Viking Books, 2012.
Kushner, David. “The Man Who Builds Brains.” Discover Magazine Presents the Brain. Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Publishing Co., Fall 2001.
Moravec, Hans. Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Moss, Frank. The Sorcerers and Their Apprentices: How the Digital Magicians of the MIT Media Lab Are Creating the Innovative Technologies That Will Transform Our Lives. New York: Crown Business, 2011.
Nelson, Kevin. The Spiritual Doorway in the Brain. New York: Dutton, 2011.
Nicolelis, Miguel. Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains with Machines—and How It Will Change Our Lives. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2011.
Pinker, Steven. How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton, 2009.
—————. The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. New York: Viking, 2007.
—————. “The Riddle of Knowing You’re Here.” In Your Brain: A User’s Guide. New York: Time Inc. Specials, 2011.
Piore, Adam. “The Thought Helmet: The U.S. Army Wants to Train Soldiers to Communicate Just by Thinking.” The Brain, Discover Magazine Special, Spring 2012.
Purves, Dale, et al., eds. Neuroscience. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2001.
Ramachandran, V. S. The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Quest for What Makes Us Human. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011.
Rose, Steven. The Future of the Brain: The Promise and Perils of Tomorrow’s Neuroscience. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Sagan, Carl. The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence. New York: Ballantine Books, 1977.
Sweeney, Michael S. Brain: The Complete Mind: How It Develops, How It Works, and How to Keep It Sharp. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2009.
Tammet, Daniel. Born on a Blue Day: Inside the Extraordinary Mind of an Autistic Savant. New York: Free Press, 2006.
Wade, Nicholas, ed. The Science Times Book of the Brain. New York: New York Times Books, 1998.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
1.1 Jeffrey L. Ward
1.2 Jeffrey L. Ward
1.3 Jeffrey L. Ward
1.4 Jeffrey L. Ward
1.5 AP Photo / David Duprey
1.5a Tom Barrick, Chris Clark / Science Source
1.6 Jeffrey L. Ward
2.1 Jeffrey L. Ward
2.2 Jeffrey L. Ward
2.3 Jeffrey L. Ward
4.1 The Laboratory of Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, Duke University
5.1 Jeffrey L. Ward
10.1 MIT Media Lab, Personal Robots Group
10.2 MIT Media Lab, Personal Robots Group, Mikey Siegel
A Note About the Author
MICHIO KAKU is a professor of theoretical physics at the City College and City University of New York; cofounder of string field theory; the author of several widely acclaimed science books, including Hyperspace, Beyond Einstein, Physics of the Impossible, and Physics of the Future; and host of numerous TV specials and a national science radio show.
Other titles by Michio Kaku available in eBook format
Parallel Worlds • 9780385514163
Physics of the Future • 9780385530811
Physics of the Impossible • 9780385525442
Visions • 9780307794772
Visit mkaku.org
For more information on Doubleday books
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ALSO BY THE AUTHOR
Physics of the Future
Physics of the Impossible
Parallel Worlds
Hyperspace
Visions
Einstein’s Cosmos
Beyond Einstein
Michio Kaku, The Future of the Mind
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