Monowitz, 111, 129, 452–53, 464
Montgomery, Bernard, 4, 177, 290, 337, 352, 356
Battle of the Bulge and, 500, 501
in Sicily, 395, 396
Moore, Sir Thomas, 382
Moran, Lord, 85, 486, 510
Mordowicz, Czeslaw, 200–201, 497
Morgan, J. P., 30
Morgenthau, Elinor Fatman, 421
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 58, 74, 227, 238, 240, 248, 312, 418–28, 434, 526, 586n–87n
background and career path of, 419–23
Darlan deal and, 342, 343
DuBois memo and, 418–19, 425–26
farming and, 420–23, 587n
FDR’s relationship with, 421–27
Holocaust and, 380
Pearl Harbor and, 349
postwar world as viewed by, 424–25, 485–86, 597n
rescue plans and, 408, 413–15, 418, 419, 435–37, 440, 455, 595n
WRB and, 427–28, 435–38
Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 420–21, 423, 587n, 588n
Morocco, 73, 268, 277, 353–54
Moscow, 15–16, 195, 254, 531
German advance on, 255, 260, 262–63, 267, 301
Moscow Radio, 465–66
movies, 237, 346, 572n
Munch, Hans, 99
Mundt, Karl, 416
Munich, 204, 212, 285, 292
bombing of, 324
Himmler’s chicken farm in, 292–93
Hitler in, 211, 214, 292, 364–67
revolution in, 365
synagogue in, 211
Munich agreement, 46, 230
Munich University, 366
Murphy, Robert, 330, 339
Murphy, USS, 515
Murray, Williamson, 594n
Murrow, Edward R., 54, 76, 345, 454, 536, 553n–54n
music, 213, 323, 393
at Auschwitz, 109, 112–13, 121, 294, 498
Hitler and, 360, 362–63
Muslims, Islam, 2–3, 405, 406, 463, 519
Mussolini, Benito, 223, 231, 373, 395–98, 550n
German kidnapping of, 398
Hitler’s relationship with, 249, 359
imprisonment of, 396
Naples, 73, 374, 398
Napoleon, 2, 334
Hitler compared with, 50, 82, 256, 354, 571n
Hitler’s visit to tomb of, 52
Russia invaded by, 252, 254, 571n
Nation, 230, 376, 568n
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 411, 585n
National Jewish Monthly, 322
National People’s Party, 280
National Resources Planning Board, 56
national security, U.S., 235
Lend-Lease and, 240–42
refugees and, 221, 223, 229
National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), 366–67
see also Nazi Party
navy, British, 39, 335
navy, French, 339
navy, German, 372
Navy, U.S., 232, 239, 277, 510
demobilization of, 39
FDR as assistant secretary of, 32, 35–39, 196, 222, 548n
FDR’s views on, 428–29
Torch and, 338
weakness of, 51
Navy Department, U.S., 35, 37
Nazi Party, 366–73
ban on, 292, 368
greeting, symbol, and credo of, 366–67
Schulte and, 284–85, 286
Netherlands, the Dutch, 6, 165, 192, 236, 269
Allied bombing of, 434
blitzkrieg against, 48–49, 220, 288
refugees and, 218
see also Dutch Jews
Neutrality Act, 47, 219, 237, 247
New Deal, 42, 43, 46, 218, 312, 314, 474
Moroccan, 353–54
New Moon (boat), 24
New Republic, 407
Newsweek, 215, 331–32, 341
New Year’s, 113, 243, 345–46, 558n
New York, N.Y., 27, 28, 30–31, 302, 388, 400
anti-Semitism in, 220
Day of Mourning and Prayer in, 327
D-Day in, 194–95
Eleanor Roosevelt’s apartment in, 489
election of 1944 and, 488, 489–90, 597n–98n
FDR’s illnesses and, 34, 39, 40
humanitarian emergency conference in (1943), 401–2
Madison Square Garden in, 28, 59, 301, 313, 414
refugees in, 228
Roosevelt adjoined townhouses in, 31, 547n
Schulte in, 283
Tammany Hall in, 36, 312
“We Will Never Die” in, 376–78
Wise in, 310–13, 319, 326
New York (state), 448
FDR, as governor of, 32, 41–42, 222, 312, 421, 422
FDR as senator in, 32–35
New Yorker Magazine, 191
New York Herald Tribune, 380
New York Post, 416, 417
New York Times, 47, 55, 88, 163, 168, 316, 379, 461, 469, 515, 533
D-Day and, 190, 195
on Giesche, 282
on Holocaust, 326–27, 332, 380, 435, 441–42, 449
rescuing Jews and, 378, 417
St. Louis episode in, 217
New Zealand squadron, 462
Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, 509
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 387
Night of the Long Knives, 284–85, 293, 373, 575n
Nikols, Bruce, 522–23
Nimitz, Admiral, 56, 481, 482, 520
1943, 347–98, 580n–84n
Western world of war in, 1–12, 347–59
Ninth Panzer Army, 203
NKVD, 21
Nordhausen, 527
Norfolk, Va., 228
Normandy, 13, 78, 79, 142, 157, 158
fields flooded in, 83
map of, 201
see also Operation Overlord
North Africa, 179, 197, 245, 272, 273, 301, 353, 480
Allied invasion of, see Operation Torch
French, 276, 339–44
Jews in, 268, 385–86
landing site in, 277
refugees and, 385–86
Norway, Norwegians, 27, 165, 192, 232, 288, 301, 355
Nazi agents in, 220, 269
nuclear weapons, 410–13, 509, 531, 585n
Nuremberg, 434, 521, 530
Nuremberg laws, 115, 210, 372
Nuremberg rally (1929), 293
Nuremberg trials, 380, 533
Obama, Barack, 23, 522
O’Connell, Daniel, 547n
Odessa, 255, 261, 434
Ohrdruf, 522–25, 533, 599n, 601n
oil, 203, 204, 223, 246, 252, 393, 409, 470
synthetic, 111, 295, 452, 453
Olsen, Iver, 455–56, 459
Omaha Beach, 162, 183, 185–89, 193, 200, 564n
101st Airborne Division, U.S., 180, 501
opera, 362–63
Operation Barbarossa, 253, 257, 290, 571n
Operation Bolero, 273, 275
Operation Jericho, 461–63, 469
Operation Overlord, 13, 63–65, 67–68, 69, 72, 78–83, 166, 173–95, 375, 492, 594n
Allied ruse and, 80
commander selected for, 68, 72–73, 410, 553n
dead in, 157, 182, 185–98, 200
FDR’s illness and, 88, 90
German defenses against, 81–83
lack of contingency planning in, 81
location of, 78, 80
logistics of, 81
overloading of assault troops in, 186
preparations for, 78–81, 79, 174, 176, 178, 554n
sheer magnitude of, 78, 80
Slapton Sands and, 157–62, 177, 561n
Trident conference and, 392–94
weather concerns and, 63–64, 82, 175–78, 563n
wounded in, 157, 187, 188, 198, 200
see also D-Day
Operation Roundup, 273
Operation Sea Lion, 54, 235
Operation Tiger, see Slapton Sands
Operation To
rch, 274–78, 321, 330, 333–45, 350, 352, 356–57, 534, 580n–86n
equipment for, 338–39, 340
French and, 339–44
landings in, 335, 338–42
map of, 336–37
second phase of, 341–42
secrecy of, 335
success of, 341, 344, 345
Oppenheimer, Robert, 412, 433–34
Oradour-sur-Glâne massacre, 492
Oran, 338, 341
Orthodox Greek Catholic Church, 406
OSS, 167
Oswego, N.Y., 437
P38 dive-bombers, 470
Pacific Ocean, Pacific theater, 63, 196, 272, 277, 333, 481
atomic bomb in, 531
Soviets in, 513
Palestine, 3, 18, 216, 302, 318, 379, 405–8, 436, 585n
Balfour Declaration and, 311
Jewish rescue and, 378, 402, 416
killings at Oswiecim and, 326, 327
postwar plans and, 513, 516
Papen, Franz von, 370
paratroopers:
Allied, 179–83, 190, 200, 564n
German, 246, 398
Soviet, 461
Paris, 27, 48, 125, 211, 302, 355
Breslau compared with, 282, 283
fall of, 50, 52, 231, 303, 551n
FDR in, 27, 38
liberation of, 471, 472, 484
McCloy in, 444
Parker, Dorothy, 401
Parliament, British, 69, 243–44, 315
see also House of Commons, British; House of Lords, British
Pas de Calais, 80
Passover, 390, 587n
passports, 297, 303, 459
Patton, George S., 73, 351, 530
concentration camps and, 523–24, 601n
dummy army of, 8
in Sicily, 395, 396
Torch and, 336, 338
Paul, Randolph, 225, 413–14, 427
Paulus, Friedrich, 355
Payne, Charles, 522
Peabody, Endicott, 25, 546n
peace efforts, 48, 52, 57, 72, 142, 167, 168, 247, 397, 425
forced on British, 252, 253
German-Soviet, 60, 69, 277, 448
Middle East and, 406
in postwar world, 490, 507, 508, 514, 520, 532, 535, 536
“soft,” 68
U.S. negotiated, 241
Pearl Harbor, 54, 174, 196, 267, 344, 349, 411, 446, 471, 532, 571n, 574n
McCloy and, 445
Roberts Commission Report on, 445–46
Pehle, John, 413, 427, 435–37, 440, 468–71
bombing issue and, 450–52, 454–57, 469–71
Pennsylvania, 45, 194, 490
Pepper, Claude, 235
Perkins, Frances, 33, 41, 312, 451, 507, 600n
Perry, Mark, 553n
Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 342, 373
Philadelphia, Pa., 45, 194, 490
Philippines, 481, 482
photographs, 209–10, 257, 422, 462, 500, 593n
of Auschwitz, 128–29, 203, 431, 452, 453, 497, 498, 559n, 591n–92n
Casablanca conference and, 353, 354
D-Day and, 186
of FDR’s 1944 acceptance speech, 479, 596n
of Hitler, 368, 370
liberation of concentration camps and, 526
of Nazis, 557n
of SS applicants, 293
Pickard, Percy, 462, 463
Pickett, George, 186
Pickett’s charge, 83, 97, 186
Pisarovice, 147–48
Pitt, William, 113
Pius XII, Pope, 438
Pletcher, J. D., 528
Ploiesti oil fields, 409, 470
plutonium, 412
Pogue, Forrest C., 573n
poison gas, 157, 300, 456
Churchill and, 49, 550n
German experiments with, 263–64, 265
Poison Mushroom, The (Heimer), 213
Poland, Poles, 69, 72, 92, 115, 165, 271, 284, 434, 585n
Allied bombing of, 174, 393, 398
border of, 147, 150, 270
D-Day surrender of, 182
in escape from Auschwitz, 128, 130, 145, 148–53
German invasion of, 46, 61, 93, 220, 232, 260, 288
in Holocaust, 11–12
postwar, 512, 514, 600n
secret service of, 290
slave labor from, 236, 318
underground in, 400, 403–5, 440, 469, 470, 488, 495
police, German, 211–12, 261, 294, 297, 367, 390
Polish American Congress, 466
Polish Americans, 466
Polish-government-in-exile, 318, 326, 331, 497
Polish Home Army, 389
Polish Jews, 170, 211, 260–61, 262, 297, 305, 314, 326–27
deportation of, 271, 304, 389
in Hungary, 437
Karski on, 404
in Red Army, 497, 498
see also Warsaw ghetto
Polish political prisoners, 93, 264
Polish refugees (non-Jews), 382
Polish Resistance, 498
Polish Resistance Home Army, 465–67
politics, 243, 354, 448, 576n
Long in, 222–23, 226
see also specific topics
Pollack, Dr., 154
Portsmouth, 81
Portugal, 245, 397, 417, 436
postwar world, 165, 377, 381, 465
FDR and, see Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, postwar world and
Morgenthau’s views on, 424–25, 485–86, 597n
Tehran conference and, 61, 62, 65–66, 67, 72
Potsdam garrison church, 371
Poughkeepsie Eagle, 32
POWs (prisoners of war), 50, 66, 275, 442, 521
Polish, 318, 522
Soviet, 93, 124–25, 145, 255, 260, 264, 291, 318, 504, 522
President’s Advisory Committee on Political Refugees, 226, 227, 228, 313, 319, 384
press, 16, 46, 138, 141, 426, 549n
D-Day and, 190–93
FDR’s disability ignored by, 45
FDR’s illness and, 85, 87–88, 89
FDR’s knowledge of, 26
Holocaust skeptics in, 331
Knox’s death and, 157
leaks and, 485
Lend-Lease and, 238–39
Nazi, 211, 215
see also specific publications
Preston, Guy, 444
Prettyman, Arthur, 240
prostitutes, 296, 360, 363, 364
Protestants, 28, 218, 280, 331, 406, 424, 435
Prussian war ministry, 281
public opinion, 244
morale and, 333, 574n
on refugees, 218–20, 230, 387
on war, 232, 247, 248
Wise and, 380
Pyramids, xiv, 2–5
Pyrenees, 385, 436
Quanza, SS, 128, 569n
Quebec conference (1943), 63, 391, 410–12, 485–86, 597n
Quincy, USS, 515–17
quotas, immigration, 214–15, 219, 220, 224, 225
Rabat, 340, 341, 353–54
race riots, 55
racist Nazi laws, 115, 210, 213, 567n
Raczynski, Count, 331
radar, German, 6, 9, 180, 191, 204
radio, 57, 85, 231–32, 240–42, 290, 377, 439, 477, 491
Day of Mourning and Prayer and, 327
D-Day and, 182, 184, 187, 191, 194, 195, 564n
Eleanor Roosevelt on, 219
German, 270, 398, 592n
Murrow’s broadcasts on, 345, 536
from Polish transmitter, 391
Soviet, 255, 465–66
Wheeler on, 244
Raleigh News and Observer, 34
Ranger battalions, 157
rationing, 156, 299, 324, 330, 333, 452
Ratshof Pub, 113
Ravensbrück, 518
Rayburn, Sam, 192, 332, 411
Reagan, Ronald, 23
Reams, R. Borden, 382
Red Army, 19, 62, 64, 67, 70, 134, 253–54, 267, 335
, 511, 530
in advance on Auschwitz, 499, 502, 517
in Berlin, 530–31
destruction caused by, 203, 274, 355, 434
fear of collapse of, 273
at Kiev, 260
in liberation of Majdanek, 497
purges of generals of, 252
Red Cross vans and trucks, 11–12, 96
reform, 34, 311
refugees, 50, 92, 214–30, 303, 307, 382, 405–8, 535
Battle of the Bulge and, 500
Bermuda conference on, 383–87, 391, 401, 415, 583n
children as, 218–20
German Jews as, 214–22, 225, 317, 463, 567n
Long and, 221–29, 427, 568n
Nation and, 230, 568n
safe transport for, 218
St. Louis episode and
as spies, 220–21, 223, 226, 427
as U.S. temporary visitors, 219
Virgin Islands and, 321
see also Jews, rescue of
Reichsbahn, 112
Reichsbank, 102
Reichstag, 210, 287, 325, 369, 371, 473, 531
Reich Youth Leadership, 102
Reilly, Mike, 17, 21, 482
“relatives rule,” 224
“Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews” (DuBois memo; “A Personal Report to the President”), 74, 418–19, 426, 427
Republicans, Republican Party, 34, 37, 45, 222, 235, 242, 513
election of 1910 and, 32, 33
election of 1928 and, 312
election of 1944 and, 474–76, 486, 487–88, 491, 597n
postwar world and, 486
revolution, German, 365
Revolutionary War, U.S., 141
Reynaud, Paul, 50
Rezniqi, Arsllan, 463
Rhine, 496, 502
Rhineland, 372
Rice, Rondall R., 594n
Riegner, Gerhart, 302–8, 440, 449, 591n
background of, 302
consuls approached by, 305–6
corroboratory information of, 310, 316, 321–22, 329
despair of, 308
Harrison’s meeting with, 320, 321–22
security concerns of, 303
Wise’s views on, 316
Riegner Telegram, 304–10, 315–22, 331, 419, 497
Riga, 255
Riga extermination camp, 263, 266
Ringle, Kenneth D., 447
Ritter von Schönerer, Georg, 362
Roberts, Owen J., 383
Roberts Commission Report, 445–46
Robespierre, 257, 360
Robinson, Edward G., 376
Rogers, Will, 415
Röhm, Ernst, 293, 367, 373
Romania, 252, 269, 321, 355, 384, 471
Allied bombing of, 174, 204, 409
Romanian Jews:
in Hungary, 437
rescue efforts and, 378–79, 380, 407–9, 414
Rome, 48, 174, 179, 195, 395, 397–98
Rome-Berlin Pact (1936), 372
Rommel, Erwin, 3, 49, 398, 500
death of, 481
in North Africa, 3, 197, 272, 275, 277, 290, 324, 334–35, 344, 355, 356–57, 580n–81n
Overlord and, 81–83, 157, 158, 162, 182, 198, 200, 565n
Rommel, Lucie, 198
Roosevelt, Alice, see Longworth, Alice Roosevelt