——. 1909. Memories of my life. London: Methuen.
Gobineau, A. de. 1856. The moral and intellectual diversity of races. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
Goddard, H. H. 1912. The Kallikak family, a study of the heredity of feeble-mindedness. New York: Macmillan, 121pp.
——. 1913. The Binet tests in relation to immigration. Journal of Psycho-Asthenics 18: 105–107.
——. 1914. Feeble-mindedness: its causes and consequences. New York: Macmillan, 599pp.
——. 1917. Mental tests and the immigrant. Journal of Delinquency 2: 243–277.
——. 1917. Review of L. M. Terman, The Measurement of Intelligence. Journal of Delinquency 2: 30–32.
——. 1919. Psychology of the normal and subnormal. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 349pp.
——. 1928. Feeblemindedness: a question of definition. Journal of Psycho-Asthenics 33: 219–227.
Gossett, T. F. 1965. Race: the history of an idea in America. New York: Schocken Books, 510pp.
Gould, S. J. 1977. Ever since Darwin. New York: W. W. Norton.
——. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
——. 1978. Morton’s ranking of races by cranial capacity. Science 200: 503–509.
Guilford, J. P. 1956. The structure of intellect. Psychological Bulletin 53: 267–293.
——. 1959. Three faces of intellect. American Psychology 14: 469–479.
Hall, G. S. 1904. Adolescence. Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 589 and 784pp.
Haller, J. S., Jr. 1971. Outcasts from evolution: scientific attitudes of racial inferiority, 1859—1900. Urbana, III.: University of Illinois Press, 228pp.
Hearnshaw, L. S. 1979. Cyril Burt psychologist. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 370pp.
Herrnstein, R. 1971. IQ. Atlantic Monthly, September, pp. 43–64.
Herrnstein, Richard J., and Murray, Charles. 1994. The bell curve: the reshaping of American life by difference in intelligence. New York: Free Press.
Hervé, G. 1881. Du poids de l’encéphale. Revue d’Anthropologie, 2nd séries, vol. 4, pp.681–698.
Humboldt, A. von. 1849. Cosmos. London: H. G. Bohn.
Jarvik, L. F.; Klodin, V.; and Matsuyama, S. S. 1973. Human aggression and the extra Y chromosome: fact or fantasy? American Psychologist 28: 674–682.
Jensen, A. R. 1969. How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review 33: 1–123.
——. 1979. Bias in mental testing. New York: Free Press.
Jerison, J. J. 1973. The evolution of the brain and intelligence. New York: Academic Press.
Jouvencel, M. de. 1861. Discussion sur le cerveau. Bulletin Société d’Anthropologie Paris 2: 464–474.
Kamin, L. J. 1974. The science and politics of IQ. Potomac, MD.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kevles, D. J. 1968. Testing the army’s intelligence: psychologists and the military in World War I. Journal of American History 55: 565–581.
Kidd, B. 1898. The control of the tropics. New York: Macmillan, 101pp.
LeBon, G. 1879. Recherches anatomiques et mathematiques sur les lois des variations du volume du cerveau et sur leurs relations avec l‘intelligence. Revue d’Anthropologie, 2nd series, vol. 2, pp. 27–104.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Stockholm.
Lippmann, Walter. 1922. The Lippmann-Terman debate. In The IQ controversy, eds. N. J. Block and G. Dworkin. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976, pp. 4–44.
Lomax, A., and Berkowitz, N. 1972. The evolutionary taxonomy of culture. Science 177: 228–239.
Lombroso, C. 1887. L’homme criminel. Paris: F. Alcan, 682pp.
——. 1895. Criminal anthropology applied to pedagogy. Monist 6: 50–59.
——. 1896. Histoire des progrès de l’Anthropologie et de la Sociologie criminelles pendant les années 1895–1896. Trav. 4th Cong. Int. d’Anthrop. Crim. Geneva, pp. 187–199.
——. 1911. Crime: its causes and remedies. Boston: Little, Brown, 471 pp.
Lombroso-Ferrero, G. 1911. Applications de la nouvelle école au Nord de l’Amérique. Bericht 7th Internationaler Kongress der Kriminalanthropologie, pp.130–137
Lovejoy, A. O. 1936. The great chain of being. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ludmerer, K. M. 1972. Genetics and American society. Baltimore, MD.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mall, F. P. 1909. On several anatomical characters of the human brain, said to vary according to race and sex, with especial reference to the weight of the frontal lobe. American Journal of Anatomy 9: 1–32.
Manouvrier, L. 1903. Conclusions générates sur l’anthropologie des sexes et applications sociales. Revue de I’École d’Anthropologie 13: 405–423.
Mark, V., and Ervin, F. 1970. Violence and the brain. New York: Harper and Row.
McKim, W. D. 1900. Heredity and human progress. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 279pp.
Medawar, P. B. 1977. Unnatural science. New York Review of Books, 3 February, pp. 13–18.
Meigs, C. D. 1851. A memoir of Samuel George Morton, M.D. Philadelphia: T. K. and P. G. Collins, 48pp.
Montessori, M. 1913. Pedagogical anthropology. New York: F. A. Stokes Company, 508pp.
Morton, S. G. 1839. Crania Americana or, a comparative view of the skulls of various aboriginal nations of North and South America. Philadelphia: John Pennington, 294pp.
——. 1844. Observations on Egyptian ethnography, derived from anatomy, history, and the monuments [separately reprinted subsequently as Crania Aegyptiaca, with title above as subtitle]. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9: 93–159.
——. 1847. Hybridity in animals, considered in reference to the question of the unity of the human species. American Journal of Science 3: 39–50, and 203–212.
——. 1849. Observations on the size of the brain in various races and families of man. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 4: 221–224.
——. 1850. On the value of the word species in zoology. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 5: 81–82.
——. 1851. On the infrequency of mixed off spring between European and Australian races. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 5: 173–175.
Myrdal, G. 1944. An American dilemma: the Negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 2 vols., 1483pp.
Newby, I. A. 1969. Challenge to the court. Social scientists and the defense of segregation, 1954–1966. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 381 pp.
Nisbet, R. 1980. History of the idea of progress. New York: Basic Books, 370pp.
Nott, J. C., and Gliddon, G. R. 1854. Types of Mankind. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo and Company.
——. 1868. Indigenous races of the earth. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
Parmelee, M. 1918. Criminology. New York: MacMillan, 522pp.
Pearl, R. 1905. Biometrical studies on man. I. Variation and correlation in brain weight. Biometrika 4: 13–104.
——. 1906. On the correlation between intelligence and the size of the head. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 16: 189—199.
Pearl, R., and Fuller, W. N. 1905. Variation and correlation in the earthworm. Biometrika 4: 213–229.
Popkin, R. H. 1974. The philosophical basis of modern racism. In Philosophy and the civilizing arts, eds. C. Walton and J. P. Anton, pp. 126–165.
Provine, W. B. 1973. Geneticists and the biology of race crossing. Science 182: 790–796.
Pyeritz, R.; Schreier, H.; Madansky, C.; Miller, L.; and Beckwith, J. 1977. The XYY male: the making of a myth. In Biology as a social weapon, pp. 86–100. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Co.
Screider, E. 1966. Brain weight correlations calculated from original results of Paul Broca. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 25: 153–158.
Serres, E. 1860. Principes d’embryogénie, de z
oogénie et de teratogénic Mémoire de l’Académie des Sciences 25: 1–943.
Sinkler, G. 1972. The racial attitudes of American presidents from Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 500pp.
Spearman, C. 1904. General intelligence objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 15: 201–293.
——. 1914. The heredity of abilities. Eugenics Review 6: 219–237.
——. 1914. The measurement of intelligence. Eugenics Review 6: 312–313.
——. 1923. The nature of “intelligence” and the principles of cognition. London: MacMillan, 358pp.
——. 1927. The abilities of man. New York: Macmillan, 415pp.
——. 1931. Our need of some science in place of the word “intelligence.” Journal of Educational Psychology 22: 401–410.
——. 1937. Psychology down the ages. London: MacMillan, 2 vols., 454 and 355pp.
——. 1939. Determination of factors. British Journal of Psychology 30: 78–83.
——. 1939. Thurstone’s work re-worked. Journal of Educational Psychology 30: 1–16.
Spearman, C., and Wynn Jones, LI. 1950. Human ability. London: MacMillan, 198pp.
Spenser, H. 1895. The principles of sociology. 3rd ed. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Spitzka, E. A. 1903. A study of the brain of the late Major J. W. Powell. American Anthropology 5: 585–643.
——. 1907. A study of the brains of six eminent scientists and scholars belonging to the Anthropometric Society, together with a description of the skull of Professor E. D. Cope. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 21: 175–308.
Stanton, W. 1960. The leopard’s spots: scientific attitudes towards race in America 1815–1859. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 245pp.
Stocking, G. 1973. From chronology to ethnology. James Cowles Prichard and British Anthropology 1800–1850. In facsimile of 1813 ed. of J. C. Prichard, Researches into the physical history of man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. ix-cxvii.
Strong, J. 1900. Expansion under new world-conditions. New York: Baker and Taylor, 310pp.
Sully, James. 1895. Studies of childhood. XIV. The child as artist. Popular Science 48: 385–395.
Taylor, I; Walton, P.; and Young, J. 1973. The new criminology; for a social theory of deviance. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 325pp.
Terman, L. M. 1906. Genius and stupidity. A study of some of the intellectual processes of seven “bright” and seven “stupid” boys. Pedagogical Seminary 13: 307–373.
——. 1916. The measurement of intelligence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 362pp.
Terman, L. M., and 12 others. 1917. The Sanford Revision extension of the Binet- Simon scale for measuring intelligence. Baltimore: Warwick and York, 179pp.
Terman, L. M. 1919. The intelligence of school children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 317pp.
Terman, L. M., and 5 others. 1923. Intelligence tests and school reorganization. Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y.: World Book Company, 111pp.
Terman, L. M., and Merrill, Maud A. 1937. Measuring intelligence. A guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford-Binet tests of intelligence. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 461pp.
Thomson, G. H. 1939. The factorial analysis of human ability. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Thorndike, E. L. 1940. Human nature and the social order. New York: Macmillan, 1019pp.
Thurstone, L. L. 1924. The nature of intelligence. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company, 167pp.
——. 1935. The vectors of mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 266pp.
——. 1938. Primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Psychometric Monographs, no. 1, 121pp.
——. 1940. Current issues in factor analysis. Psychological Bulletin 37: 189–236.
——. 1946. Theories of intelligence. Scientific Monthly, February, pp. 101–112.
——. 1947. Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 535pp.
——. 1950. The factorial description of temperament. Science 111: 454–455.
Thurstone, L. L., and Thurstone, T. G. 1941. Factorial studies of intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Psychometric Monographs, no. 2, 94pp.
Tobias, P. V. 1970. Brain-size, grey matter, and race—fact or fiction? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32: 3–26.
Todd, T. W., and Lyon, D. W., Jr. 1924. Endocranial suture closure. Its progress and age relationship. Part 1. Adult males of white stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7: 325–384.
——. 1925a. Cranial suture closure. II. Ectocranial closure in adult males of white stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8: 23–40.
——. 1925b. Cranial suture closure. III. Endocranial closure in adult males of Negro stock. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8: 47–71.
Topinard, P. 1878. Anthropology. London: Chapman and Hall, 548pp.
——. 1887. L’anthropologie criminelle. Revue d’Anthropologie, 3rd series, vol. 2: 658–691.
——. 1888. Le poids de l’encéphale d’après les registres de Paul Broca. Mémoires Société d’Anthropologie Paris, 2nd series, vol. 3, 1–41.
Toulmin, S. 1977. Back to nature. New York Review of Books, 9 June, pp. 3–6.
Tuddenham, R. D. 1962. The nature and measurement of intelligence. In Psychology in the making, ed. L. Postman, pp. 469–525. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Vogt, Carl. 1864. Lectures on man. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 475pp.
Voisin, F. 1843. De l’idiotie chez les enfants. Paris: J.-B. Ballière.
Washington, B. T. 1904. Working with the hands. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 246pp.
Went, F. W. 1968. The size of man. American Scientist 56: 400–413.
Wenston, R. F. 1972. Racism in U.S. imperialism: the influence of racial assumptions on American foreign policy 1893–1946. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 291 pp.
Wilson, E. O. 1975. Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
——. 1978. On human nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, L. G. 1970. Sir Charles Lyell’s scientific journals on the species question. New Haven: Yale University Press, 572pp.
Wolfle, Dael. 1940. Factor analysis to 1940. Psychometric Monographs No. 3, Psychometric Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 69pp.
Yerkes, R. M. 1917a. The Binet version versus the point scale method of measuring intelligence. Journal of Applied Psychology 1: 111–122.
——. 1917b. How may we discover the children who need special care. Mental Hygiene 1: 252–259.
Yerkes, R. M. (ed.) 1921. Psychological examining in the United States army. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 15, 890pp.
Yerkes, R. M. 1941. Man power and military effectiveness: the case for human engineering. Journal of Consulting Psychology 5: 205–209.
Zimmern, H. 1898. Criminal anthroplogy in Italy. Popular Science Monthly 52: 743–760.
Index
abolitionism, 408, 422–23
Account of the Regular Gradation in Man (White), 73
Acton, Lord, 412
Agassiz, Louis, 23, 52, 74–83, 102, 142, 144, 398
doctrine of human unity of, 76, 77–78
miscegenation and, 76, 80–81
Morton and, 82–83, 84
as taxonomic splitter, 76
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 53, 55
Anglo-Saxons, brain size of, 99, 101
animals, criminality and, 159–60
Année psychologique, L’(Binet), 176
Annotated Dracula (Wolf), 152n Army Apha, 207, 224, 226, 229–30, 232–34, 256
Army Beta, 224, 226, 229–30, 232–34, 256
army mental tests, 26, 46, 60, 222–63
Brigham and, 229, 232–33, 254–60, 262–63
content of, 229–30
critique of, 229–52
dubious procedures in, 234–44
environmental correlations bypassed in, 247–52
environmental influence and, 228
immigration policy and, 227, 233–34, 254–63
implications for democracy in, 252–54
inadequate conditions of, 231–34
major impact of, 225
official reactions to, 224–25
political impact of data from, 252–63
results of, 225–29
Spearman’s g and, 300–301
summary statistics finagled in, 244–52
three types of, 224
as Yerkes’s “big idea,” 223–24
atavism, criminality and, 151–73
Atlantic Monthly, 30, 35, 368
Australian aborigines, African blacks compared to, 118–19
autism, 32
Bachman, John, 102
Backward Child, The (Burt), 309–11
Bean, Robert Bennett, 59, 109–14, 122, 129
corpus callosum and, 109
Negro traits as seen by, 111–12
beavers, supposed self-castration of, 393
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray), 30, 31–32, 33, 34, 36, 43, 48–49, 50, 367–90, 397
argument in, 37–38, 367–70, 371–76
content of, 370–71, 374–76
custodial state recommended in, 377
disingenuousness of, 37–38, 370–78, 382
factor analysis and, 372–76
historical roots of, 379–90
omissions and confusions in, 371, 372–74
premises of, 368, 384–85
program of, 367, 370–71, 376–78
publicity given to, 31, 370
reviewers of, 371, 372, 373
social Darwinism in, 367–70
Spearman’s g and, 295, 302n, 325n 347–350
bell curves, 33
bimodal distribution, 242–44
Binet, Alfred, 23, 29, 40, 44, 49, 176–88, 225, 261, 267, 269, 279, 308n, 368, 385–89
Broca and, 176, 177
caveats on testing asserted by, 185, 209
criterion of IQ established by, 178–84
empirical focus of, 179, 180
Goddard and, 189, 202, 205
motives of, 180–84
scale of, 178–80, 189
Spearman and, 293–94
Terman and, 206, 209
unconscious bias studied by, 177–78
biogeography, 75–82