condemnation of, 127, 134
created from Adam’s rib, 16, 60–61, 75, 113, 128, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 216, 253, 333
creation of, 16, 66, 125, 148, 179, 184, 194, 306
death of, 72, 308
descendants of, 125, 133, 136, 151
free will of, 223–25
height of, 276
images in artworks, 137–38, 147–53, 161, 207, 212, 216; see also art
innocence of, 143, 223, 293
and knowledge, 66, 135
leaving the garden, 148–49, 256
legacy of, 91, 136
and love, 224–25
and Mary, 127–30
and misogyny, 129–31, 220
myths and legends about, 254–55
and Pandora, 122, 239
penitence of, 69
punishments of, 122–23, 125, 227–28, 243, 254, 294–95, 308
and salvation, 134
and the serpent, 2, 67, 70, 75, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135–36, 137, 153, 208, 224, 226, 254, 305, 307
and shame, 150, 212
as source of temptation, 121, 122, 131, 135, 137–38, 147–48, 254
as transgressor, 113, 125, 126, 127, 129, 133–35, 136, 150, 225, 243, 254, 295, 305, 346
see also Adam and Eve; Adam and Eve story
Everard, John, 191
evil, sources of, 88, 335
Evil One, 131
see also Satan
evolution:
creation of new species, 238–39
Darwin on, see Darwin, Charles
and extinction, 270, 274
first common ancestor, 249
and geology, 275–79
Last Common Ancestor, 14, 249, 287, 298
Lucretius on, 273–75
mutations in, 14, 238, 273, 274
natural selection, 14, 274, 279, 282, 287
Oxford debate on (1860), 296–97
process of, 12–13, 238–39, 278, 297, 299
signs of development and history, 276
survival skills in, 272–74, 282
transvaluation of values in, 298
evolutionary biology, 14, 272, 281
Ezekiel, 329
Ezra, 22, 33, 34
Fairfax, Thomas, 186
Fall of Man, 271, 280, 281
Familists, 196
Figino, Ambrogio, 347
fig leaves, 2, 146, 149, 153, 252, 292–93
fire, mastery of, 272, 273–74
FitzRoy, Robert, 278, 280
Flood, 22, 45, 46–49, 55, 56, 237, 240, 244, 276
folktales, 18, 111
fossils:
collections of, 12–14, 278
discoveries of, 13, 275, 276, 283
interpretation of, 14, 277, 297
Fox, George, 191
Fra Angelico, 128
France, Wars of Religion, 231–32, 253, 360
Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, 258
freedom:
of choice (free will), 105–6, 109, 116, 133, 135, 179, 185, 187, 209, 222–25, 256, 344
in Eden, 189, 193
encumbrances on, 233, 272
individual, 57, 223–24
innocence threatened by, 223
loss of, 114, 344
and revolutionaries, 194
self-control as, 116, 119
from sin, 104, 105–6
universal, 193, 199, 230
French Revolution, 137, 190
fundamentalism, 276
Galápagos Islands, Darwin’s visit to, 279, 283
Galileo Galilei, 168, 238, 257
Galton, Francis, 282
Garden of Eden:
Adam and Eve in, 3, 16, 137, 194, 243, 280
as allegory, 76, 110, 205, 251, 252
and Bagh-e Fin garden, Iran, 18–19
eating forbidden fruit in, 2, 16, 73, 100, 125, 135
evil in, 257
food provided in, 59–60, 148
loss of, 6
marriage in, 182, 184
and Paradise, see Paradise
in Paradise Lost, 211–12
punishments in, 2–3, 73, 251, 272, 294
re-creating, 194
rivers in, 59, 234, 235
tree of knowledge in, 75
United States of America as, 262
in Voltaire’s Philosophical Dictionary, 258–61
Yahweh’s design of, 59
Gassendi, Pierre, 359
Genesis:
Adam and Eve story in, 3, 49, 67, 70, 72, 91, 94, 100, 131, 133, 174, 190, 232, 233, 293
as allegory, 110–11, 205, 252, 261, 276, 295
and alternative origin stories, 239, 241, 242–43
Augustine’s studies of, 110–19
authenticity of, 23, 206, 238, 255
building a city in, 58
creation stories in, 15, 16, 18, 37, 41, 44, 57, 70, 148, 208, 216, 238, 244, 276, 282
Darwinism as inconsistent with, 272–73
as folktale, 87
garden in, see Garden of Eden
and Gilgamesh story, 56–63
human dominion directed in, 14–15
human responsibilities in, 50
imaginative images in, 19, 79
initiation as transgression in, 62, 63
“In the beginning …,” 71, 278, 336
miracle of animation in, 57
moral lessons in, 252, 293
origins of, 22, 44, 240
questions rising from, 72, 73, 232–33, 238, 243, 248, 251, 255–56, 271
serpent’s role in, 223
in Sistine Chapel frescoes, 151, 154, 207
sources of, 36
speculations absent in second chapter of, 15–16, 57
storyteller of, 37–38, 45, 47–49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62–63
truth found in, 191
Vienna Genesis, 348
Genesis Rabbah, 303, 306, 307
genetics, 282, 298
Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, 37
geology, 275–79
Gilgamesh, 51–63, 331–32, 334
ascent of man depicted in, 53, 56, 57–58, 63
in The Buried Book, 331
comparisons to Genesis stories, 56–63
creation scene in, 52, 57, 60
dates of compilation, 51
Enkidu in, 52–55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63
Hebrew response to, 57
human awareness of mortality in, 54–56, 61, 63
mythical figure of, 51
same-sex friendship depicted in, 53–54, 56, 60, 61–62
setting of, 51, 58
Shamhat in, 52–54, 63
story of, 29, 39, 46–47, 51–56
tree of life in, 56
triumph of, 63
Gislebertus (stonemason), 147–48
God:
coming face-to-face with, 1–2
communication with, 112, 214–16, 219, 220, 222, 224
creatures created by, 11–12, 16, 56, 71, 216, 277, 278
freedom conferred by, 230
goodness of, 101–2
grace of, 93
humans made in image of, 8, 57, 70, 110, 157, 218
keeping accounts, 101
limitations of, in Nag Hammadi writings, 66
limitations of, in Voltaire, 260
man as higher than, 66
and marriage, 182, 215
mercy of, 104, 105, 135
Moses guided by, 23, 70
omnipotence of, 38, 49, 101, 102, 208
punishments inflicted by, 243, 255, 294
questions undermining faith in, 255–56, 257, 259–60
as ruler of the universe, 74, 309–10
universe created by, 74, 100, 102, 112, 277
and “vital fire,” 108
Word of, 128
see also Yahweh
Golgotha, 144
Gómara, López de, 235
good and evil, 9, 70, 75, 87, 99–102, 105, 224, 255, 259, 293–95
gorillas, see primates
&
nbsp; Gossaert, Jan, 154
Gosse, Philip, Omphalos, 276–78
Gray, Asa, 283
Great Debate, Valladolid, 233–35
Greece, origin stories from, 314
Greek art:
and Apollo Belvedere, 160–61
nudity permissible in, 141, 148
Renaissance interest in, 156
Greek classics, translations of, 239
Greek philosophy, 77
Greenland, Eskimos in, 242
Gregory of Nyssa, 306
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, 18
Grotius, Hugo, 241–42, 359
guilt, attribution of, 48, 110
Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, 234
Haeckel, Ernst, 282
Hale, Matthew, 237
Hanina, Rabbi, 71
Harrison, William, Historical Description of the Island of Britain, 37
Hawaii, volcanoes in, 21
Hebrews, see Jews; Judaism
Helen of Troy, artistic depiction of, 158
Henrion, Denis, 276
Henry VIII, king of England, 178
heretics:
and Hebrew scripture, 70, 74–75
and Jerome, 124–25
and La Peyrère, 242, 246–48, 250
Marcion, 74, 75
Origen, 77–78
Pelagius, 106
punishment of, 106, 240, 250, 253, 260
in Renaissance, 240, 250
and Voltaire, 260
Herodotus, 240
Herod the Great, 328
Herrera, Antonio de, 235
Hesiod, 79, 121, 239
heterodoxy, persecution of, 65
Higgins, John, Mirror for Magistrates, 37
Hildegard of Bingen, 308
Hildesheim:
doors at, 128, 145–46, 154
St. Albans Psalter in, 148–49
Hobbes, Thomas, 294, 359
Holinshed, Raphael, Chronicles, 37
holotypes, 10–12, 79
Holstein, Lucas, 207
Homer, 51, 191, 203, 208, 210
hominids, 270, 281
hominins, 12, 13–14, 287
Homo sapiens:
evolution of, 12–14, 15, 270–72
genes shared with chimpanzees, 298
and Last Common Ancestor, 14, 249, 287, 298
and Lucy, 12, 13, 281
type specimen of, 10
see also humans
hope, 122, 141
Hugh of St. Victor, 205
humanism, 9, 207–8, 238
humans:
ability to speak, 274
Adam and Eve as progenitors of, 237, 253, 277
before the creation, 232
“be fruitful and multiply,” 14, 47, 60, 107, 110–11, 180, 253, 308–9, 343
changes in origin beliefs of, 281–82
in childhood, 191
common ancestor of, 14, 249, 287, 298
companionship of, 60–61
creation of, 23, 44, 45, 207, 238, 239
cultural hierarchy among, 281
and death, 106, 227–28, 345
decisions made by, 16, 17, 48, 57, 60, 105, 109, 114, 224–25, 284, 299
distinct qualities of, 270
diversity of, 237
dominance over other species, 8, 14–15, 57, 193, 248, 282
evolution of, 12–14, 15, 238–39, 248–49, 270–72, 276, 281, 284, 287, 297
extinct types of, 270, 274
first, alternative theories about, 241–42, 253, 256–57
freedom of, 230
in God’s image, 8, 57, 70, 110, 157, 218
history of, 16
independent thinking of, 225
inherited traits and behaviors of, 272
intelligence of, 15
language abilities of, 15, 270, 274, 298
moral responsibilities of, 48, 49–50, 270, 298, 299
Platonic idea of, 76
polygenesis of, 248–49
punishment of, 99, 101, 229, 272
reality of, 9, 213, 219
reasoning abilities of, 270
redemption of, 71, 104, 229, 245
reproduction of, 48, 62, 107, 115–16, 135
resemblance to apes, 294, 296, 364
and sex, 107–10, 219
shared African origin of, 248–49
sinfulness of, 100, 102, 104, 105, 108–10, 229, 255, 272, 340
sizes of, 276
social skills of, 272, 273–74
storytelling by, 18
suffering of, 100–102, 104
toolmaking skills of, 15, 272
traduction of, 237
as work in progress, 297
see also Homo sapiens
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 296–97
Huynh Sanh Thong, 311
Iberia, Jews expelled from, 231
Iblis, Satan as, 6
innocence:
of Adam and Eve, 119, 143, 144, 153–54, 174, 217, 258, 293, 295–96
final moment of, 153–54, 251
and freedom, 223
and impossibility of understanding evil, 223, 267, 338
of infants, 105, 106, 107, 109, 191
of New World natives, 235–36
in Paradise, 195, 218
recovery of, 6, 120, 236
and virginity, 169
vs. fallenness, 147–48, 263, 284
Inquisition, 131–33, 136, 168, 259, 267
insects, emergence of, 11
Iran, Bagh-e Fin garden in, 18–19
Irenaeus, Saint:
Against Heresies, 75
as bishop of Lyons, 109
Ireton, Henry, 358
Isaac, 35
Isaiah, book of, 33
Isbell, Lynne A., 311
Ishtar Gate, 24, 42
Islam, Adam and Eve story interpreted in Qur’an, 6–7, 121, 346
Israel, history of, 36
Italy, reunification of, 190
Jacobsen, Thorkild, 327
Jefferson, Thomas, 193, 261
Jeremiah, 329
Jerome:
Against Jovinian, 127
ascetic views of, 124–25, 126, 347
Bible translated by, 123
Jerusalem:
destruction of the Temple in, 25, 26, 31, 35, 38
ethnic cleansing in, 34
fall of, 26, 30, 31, 38
Great Temple in, 25
puppet government in, 24
rebuilding the Temple in, 33
return of Jews to, 32–33, 34
siege of, 25
Western Wall, 33
Jesus Christ:
and allegory, 205
born of virgin, 109, 118
crucifixion of, 111, 144, 245
faith in, 73, 74
father of, 74
historical figure of, 87, 205
and marriage/divorce, 179–80, 354
as messiah, 109, 245–46
mystical links of, 74
as New Adam, 6, 74, 75, 100, 128, 298
and New Testament, 74–75, 253
sacrifice of, 6, 26, 38, 71, 104, 122, 144, 245
as savior, 38, 75, 111, 129, 134, 144, 151, 205, 229, 236, 242, 245, 335, 336
unknown sayings of, 66, 78, 109, 179
Word incarnate in, 71
Jews:
Adam as father of, 242
anti-Semitism, 128–29, 246
“By the waters of Babylon,” 30–31, 34, 44
canon of, 68
as chosen people, 245, 258, 260
creation story of, 38, 41, 44, 244–45, 327
cultural memory of, 40–41, 45, 48
dehumanization of, 131
exiled to Babylon, 24–34, 38
expulsion of, 231, 245
history of, 23, 24, 245
house of David, 24
intermarriage of, 34
language of, 32
laws of, 33, 74, 242, 325, 337, 354
Marranos, 231, 235
as People of the Book, 35
&nbs
p; prohibition of graven images, 140–41
questions raised by, 73
return to Jerusalem, 25, 32–33
stories of, 33, 34, 48
and transvaluation of values, 298
Job, 73
Johanson, Donald, 12
John (evangelist), 71
Jonson, Ben, 209
Jovinian, 124, 126, 347
Judah, kingdom of, 24, 25, 32
Judaism:
Adam and Eve story interpreted in, 6, 22, 35, 38, 49
and Elohim, 331
and Greek philosophy, 77
Hebrew Bible, 240
rabbinical writings, 109
and Talmud, 215, 325
and Torah, see Torah
and Yahweh, see Yahweh
Julian, Emperor, Against the Galileans, 75
Julian of Eclanum, 106–9, 116, 341
Julius II, Pope, 160
Jurieu, Pierre, 255
Kant, Immanuel, 338
Kibale Chimpanzee Project, 285–302
Kierkegaard, Søren, 338
Kingsley, Charles, 278
knowledge:
absence of, 218, 293, 294–96
acquisition of, 16, 63, 67, 73, 135, 224, 239, 284
forbidden, 73, 75, 251
of majestic man, 339
transmission of, 17
tree of, see Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
Koerner, Joseph, 156
Kramer, Heinrich, 131–33, 137
Krishna, 87
Kudai (High God), 318
labor:
after the Fall, 3, 8, 63, 111, 151, 189–90, 243, 272
allegorical interpretation of meanings, 6, 76, 111
in Eden, 45, 59–60, 75, 221
gender division of, 221, 272
Lactantius, 244
language:
ability to speak, 274
acquisition of, 9
Coptic codices, 65
as cultural heritage, 32
first writing system, 332
origin of, 311
and Tower of Babel, 27, 59
tracing of, 7
unidentified in Genesis, 11, 75
La Peyrère, Isaac, 231–33, 235
heresies of, 233, 242, 246, 250
Men Before Adam/Prae-Adamitae, 241–42, 245–46, 248
recantation of, 246–48, 250
scripture questioned by, 232, 237–38, 240–48, 251, 252, 361–62
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 235–36
Last Common Ancestor, 14, 287, 298, 364
Lee, Lady Margaret, 355
Le Jeu d’Adam, 210
Leonardo da Vinci, 206
Lewis, R. W. B., 263
Life of Adam and Eve, The, 67–73
Lilith, 218
Linnaeus, Carl, 10
literalism, 3, 8–10, 79–80, 262, 300
Augustine on, 97, 111–19, 137, 163, 205, 206, 228, 244, 250, 276, 342–45
Enlightenment doubts about, 9–10, 137, 261, 268, 284, 338
and fundamentalism, 276
and Milton, 205, 213, 247, 256–57
and Paradise Lost, 163, 209, 213, 228, 247, 261
questions raised by, 9–10, 112, 113, 117–18, 137, 237, 250, 252, 253–56, 260–61
scientific discoveries vs., 275–76, 281, 297