50 maneuver accidents: TP, May 5, 1940, p. 1; May 13, 1940, p. 29; May 15, 1940, p. 27; May 18, 1940, p. 7.
50 By week’s end: TP, May 19, 1940, p. 15.
50 army bombers crashed: NYT, June 18, 1940, p. 3.
50 lack of equipment was cited: TP, May 25, 1940, p. 3; NYT, May 26, 1940, p. 2.
50 Germans’ form of attack: Senator Lodge in CR, 76th Cong., 3rd sess., May 27, 1940, p. 6876.
50 “the greatest . . .”: TP, May 23, 1940, p. 3.
51 General Short admitted: NYT, May 26, 1940, p. 2.
51 “Too frequently . . .”: Army and Navy Journal, June 1, 1940, p. 962.
51 “It is a mistake . . .”: Cavalry Journal, Jan.-Feb. 1940, p. 35.
51 “one finger of the fan-like . . .”: CR, May 27, 1940, p. 6877.
51 As townspeople watched: TP, May 16, 1940, p. 18.
51 “They were hit . . .”: CR, May 15, 1940, p. 6135.
51 “road-bound”: NYT, May 26, 1940, p. 2.
52 “the noise of ten robots . . .”: NYT, Sept. 8, 1940, sect. VII, p. 26.
52 “The gravity of this situation . . .”: CR, p. 6877.
52 a secret meeting took place: Christopher R. Gabel, “1940 Maneuvers: Prelude to Mobilization,” Ohio State University, given to author by Dr. Gabel.
52 “Overnight, the pleasant doings . . .”: Time, May 27, 1940, p. 19.
52 “The fact remains . . .”: ibid.
53 “What smoldered beneath . . .”: ibid., p. 21.
53 “There were evidently . . .”: George Martin, Madame Secretary (1976), p. 435.
53 “that man . . .”; Howland Spencer: William Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (1963), p. 176.
53 ill-will crystallized: ibid., p. 147.
54 “of organized . . .”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1940 (1941), pp. 568–69.
54 “as certain as night follows day . . .”: Journal of Economic History, Winter 1953, p. 69.
54 “It was a political necessity . . .”: I. F. Stone, Business as Usual (1941), p. 126.
54 NDAC: WP, May 29, 1940, pp. 1, 2: NYT, May 29, 1940, pp. 1, 15.
54 William Knudsen: CB, 1940, pp. 464–65.
55 “To many a citizen . . .”: Time, Dec. 23, 1940, p. 14.
55 “I am most happy . . .”: Norman Beasley, Knudsen (1947), p. 246.
55 Edward Stettinius: CB, 1940, pp. 761–62.
55 “now the captains . . .”: Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington (1963), p. 467.
55 “In the field of national defense . . .”: Journal of Economic History, Winter 1953, p. 74.
55 “a little something . . .”: NR, June 24, 1940, p. 264.
55 Sidney Hillman: CB, 1940, pp. 386–88.
55 Leon Henderson: ibid., pp. 377–79.
56 “If you are going . . .”: Stimson Diary, Aug. 26, 1940, Yale University.
56 suppose that: Bruce Catton, The War Lords of Washington (1969), p. 121.
56 “The conflict was enduring . . .”: John Kenneth Galbraith, A Life in Our Times (1981), pp. 108–9.
56 “At times . . .”: interview with John K. Galbraith.
56 “In private life . . .”: quoted in Army and Navy Journal, Nov. 2, 1940, p. 226.
56 “the cry . . .”: “let democratic processes . . .”: NR, Sept. 30, 1940, p. 446.
57 “Who is my boss? . . .”: Smith conference notes, May 30, 1940, Harold Smith Papers, FDRL.
57 “So long as . . .”: Stone, Business as Usual, p. 129.
57 “I think people . . .”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Public Papers and Addresses, 1940, pp. 241–50.
57 “an uneasy one . . .”: Catton, War Lords, p. 25.
57 fireside chats: Russell D. Buhite and David W. Levy, eds., FDR’s Fireside Chats (1992), p. xv.
57 “a few people . . .”: Betty Houchin Winfield, FDR and the News Media (1990), p. 104.
58 “You felt he was talking . . .”: ibid.
58 “he looked for words . . .”: Rosenman and Rosenman, Presidential Style, p. 92.
58 a dozen drafts: ibid., p. 11.
58 “there was a last minute dash . . .”: Grace Tully, F.D.R., My Boss (1949), p. 100.
58 “There was no levity . . .”: Rosenman and Rosenman, Presidential Style, p. 196.
58 “The President was worried . . .”: ibid.
58 “He was conscious . . .”: Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (1946), p. 72.
58 “My friends . . .”: NYT, May 27, 1940, p. 12.
59 “cost plus fixed fee”: R. Elberton Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization (1959), pp. 280–302; see also Gerald White, Billions for Defense (1980).
60 “One can’t be sure . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend’s Memoir (1964), p. 67.
60 “glad [the president] . . .”: Lash Diary, May 27, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
CHAPTER THREE: “Back to the Hudson”
61 rearmament versus aid to Allies: Mark S. Watson, Chief of Staff (1950), ch. 10 generally.
61 “the War Department . . .”: ibid., p. 303.
61 “if we had to fight . . .”: Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. II (1948), p. 766.
61 “If Great Britain goes down . . .”: Maurice Matloff and Edwin Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942 (1953), p. 13.
62 “And if I should . . .”: Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diaries of Harold L. Ickes, vol. III, The Lowering Clouds, 1939–1941 (1954), p. 200.
62 “one airplane sent . . .”: CR, 76th Cong., 3rd sess., p. 3588.
62 “At this moment . . .”: William C. Bullitt, For the President, Personal and Secret (1972) p. 416.
62 “The Paris police . . .”: ibid., p. 434.
62 “This may be the last . . .”: ibid., pp. 440–41.
62 “the whole root and core . . .”: Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide (1957), p. 5.
62 May 24, St. Eloi Church: Norman Gelb, Dunkirk (1989), p. 128.
62 Hitler’s first great mistake: Martin Gilbert, The Second World War (1989), p. 73.
62 “miracle of Dunkirk”: Robert Leckie, Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II (1987), p. 171.
62 From Harwich and Margate: Hanson W. Baldwin, The Crucial Years, 1939–1941 (1976), pp. 39–41.
63 nearly 340,000 men escaped: Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. II, Their Finest Hour (1949), p. 115.
63 “We shall go on . . .”: Winston S. Churchill, Great War Speeches (1957), p. 25.
63 “So hypnotic . . .”: AM, Sept. 1949, p. 41.
63 opinion poll: Richard M. Ketchum, The Borrowed Years, 1938–1941 (1989), p. 354.
63 “must not blind us . . .”: Churchill, Speeches, p. 23.
63 chaos of the retreat: General Sir William Edmund Ironside, Time Unguarded (1962), p. 354; Gilbert, Second World War, p. 86.
63 Left in ruins: Gelb, Dunkirk, p. 233.
64 “Over a distance . . .”: NYHT, June 7, 1940, p. 3.
64 Britain’s best troops: Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Lend-Lease (1944), p. 24.
64 “all the first fruits . . .”: Churchill, Finest Hour, p. 125.
64 only 600,000 rifles: Gilbert, Second World War, p. 261.
64 “Never has a nation . . .”: Churchill, Finest Hour, p. 128.
64 “most secret” letter, FDR’s response: letter of May 15, 1940, Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence (1984), vol. I, p. 37.
64 FDR directed his military chiefs: John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries (1965), vol. II, pp. 149–50.
64 violently disagreed: Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning, pp. 14–15.
65 “I regret to tell you . . .”: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, vol. II, p. 151.
65 “We have a school . . .”: Watson, Chief of Staff, p. 307.
65 “ . . . seriously prejudicial . . .”: Marshall to Woody, June 18, 1940, George Catlett Marshall, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. II (1981), p. 247.
65 ?
??It would take two years . . .”: Watson, Chief of Staff, p. 311.
65 “ . . . found to be short . . .”: Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning, p. 17.
65 “to absolutely disapprove . . .”: Watson, Chief of Staff, p. 304.
65 “ . . . dangerous adventurism”: NYT, June 21, 1940, p. 6.
65 “in a towering rage . . .”: Charles Edison to FDR, June 14, 1940, PSF 189, FDRL.
65 “I say it is too risky . . .”: CR, 76th Cong., 3rd sess., June 21, 1940, pp. 8783–84.
66 “All of Mr. Roosevelt’s . . .”: NR, July 1, 1940, p. 11.
66 Marshall reluctantly agreed: Watson, Chief of Staff, pp. 309–10.
66 “It was the only time . . .”: Marshall, Papers, p. 262.
66 “I am delighted . . .”: Philip Goodhart, Fifty Good Ships That Saved the World (1965) p. 60.
66 Since the equipment was scattered: ibid., p. 61.
66 Working night and day: Stettinius, Lend-Lease, p. 27.
66 “Go ahead and load”: Goodhart, Fifty Good Ships, p. 62.
66 All through that night; worth over $300 million: H. Duncan Hall, North American Supply (1955), p. 138; Goodhart, Fifty Good Ships, p. 60.
67 “For weeks . . .”: Stettinius, Lend-Lease, pp. 28–29.
67 FDR, Jr., was graduating: BEA, June 10, 1940, p. 12.
67 news reached the White House: Time, June 17, 1940, p. 13.
68 “If your conscience . . .”: Stimson Diary, Dec. 29, 1940, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Hereafter cited Stimson Diary, Yale University.
68 “grave and pale . . .”: Time, June 17, 1940, p. 13.
68 “a deep growl . . .”: Churchill, Finest Hour, p. 116.
68 “We will extend . . .”: NYHT, June 10, 1940, p. 13.
68 “We all listened to you . . .”: June 11, 1940, cable, Churchill & Roosevelt Correspondence, vol. I, p. 43.
68 “determined faith . . .”: Stetson Conn and Byron Fairchild, The Western Hemisphere (1960), p. 36.
69 While he appreciated: Richard Leighton and Robert Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940–1943 (1955), p. 30.
69 “full of the elan”: Adolf A. Berle, Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971 (1973), p. 322.
69 “Though I mildly suggested . . .”: MD, June 12, 1940.
69 “It was a fighting speech . . .”: Time, June 17, 1940, p. 13.
69 “rose to the occasion . . .”: quoted in Ketchum, Borrowed Years, p. 358.
69 German troops entered Paris: Gilbert, Second World War, p. 94.
69 Parisians awakened: Noel Barber, The Week France Fell (1976), pp. 157–66.
70 A week later: Time, July 1, 1940, pp. 20–25; Robert Payne, The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler (1973), p. 390.
70 Marshall and Stark were convinced: Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics, pp. 19–21.
70 “one of his most decisive . . .”: Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief (1987), p. 47.
70 “to keep that Japanese dog . . .”: Churchill & Roosevelt Correspondence, vol. I, p. 38.
71 fired Secretary Woodring: NYT, June 21, 1940, p. 1.
71 “When the President did decide . . .”: John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect (1950), p. 42.
71 president would make good: Bernard M. Baruch, Baruch: The Public Years (1960), p. 277; Time, Oct. 19, 1939, p. 16.
71 coalition Cabinet: Geoffrey Perrett, Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph (1973), p. 42.
71 Henry Stimson: CB, 1940, pp. 766–67.
71 “Even if I had had . . .”: Ickes, Secret Diaries, vol. III, p. 214.
71 Frank Knox: CB, 1940, pp. 461–62.
71 “a truce between the New Deal . . .”: Bruce Catton, The War Lords of Washington (1969), pp. 23–24.
71 both men had expressed; “double cross”: NYT, June 12, 1940, pp. 1, 4; NR, July 1, 1940, p. 4.
72 “Abroad, these nominations . . .”: WP quoted in Army and Navy Journal, June 29, 1940, p. 1058.
72 For six hours before: Charles Hurd, When the New Deal Was Young and Gay (1965), pp. 255–63.
72 Hitler’s visit to Paris: Payne, Life and Death of Hitler, pp. 390–91; Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (1970), pp. 171–72.
72 “There, you see . . .”: Speer, Third Reich, p. 171.
73 “ . . . the dream of my life . . .”: ibid., p. 172.
73 “In the past . . .”: ibid.
73 “delightfully cool and brilliant”: NYHT, June 24, 1940, p. 4.
73 Springwood: American Heritage, April 1987; Clara and Hardy Steeholm, The House at Hyde Park (1950), pp. 123–24.
73 Description of SDR: LHJ, April 1934, p. 13; NYT, Sept. 8, 1941, p. 1; Kleeman notes, Kleeman Papers, FDRL; Literary Digest, Feb. 24, 1934, p. 13.
73 “The weather was . . .”: NYHT, June 24, 1940, p. 4.
73 “Of course not . . .”: interview with Margaret Suckley.
74 a tray of cocktails: TIR, p. 195.
74 “Shrieks of laughter . . .”: Martha Gellhorn, OH, FDRL.
74 “My mother . . .”: TIR, p. 196.
74 “Perhaps I have lived . . .”: James Roosevelt, My Parents: A Differing View (1976), p. 31.
74 “and realize a little . . .”: SDR to FDR, May 21, 1940, box 10, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
74 “Nothing ever seemed . . .”: Eleanor Roosevelt, On My Own (1958), p. 23.
74 On FDR activities during June 21 weekend: Poughkeepsie Eagle News, June 21, 1940, p. 11; June 22, 1940, p. 18; NYHT, June 22, 1940, pp. 7, 16; June 23, 1940, p. 18; June 24, 1940, p. 4; NYT, June 24, 1940, p. 12.
74 “All that is in me . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (1971), p. 116.
75 On Sara Delano and Algonac: Geoffrey C. Ward, Before the Trumpet (1985), ch. 2; Rita Halle Kleeman, Gracious Lady (1935).
75 “all traces of sadness . . .”: Ward, Trumpet, p. 85.
75 “pain-killing can itself . . .”: John R. Boettiger, Jr., A Love in Shadow (1978), p. 29.
75 “If there remained in Franklin . . .”: ibid.
75 On James Roosevelt: Ward, Trumpet, ch. 1.
76 “No moment of Franklin’s day . . .”: ibid., pp. 125–26.
76 “ . . . with a curious little . . .”: Sara Delano Roosevelt, My Boy Franklin (1933), pp. 4–5.
76 “of his own accord . . .”: ibid.
76 FDR and his father: Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928 (1971), pp. 70–71.
76 “nice child . . .”: Ward, Trumpet, p. 145.
76 relationships with children: ibid., pp. 139–42.
77 “It never occurred to me . . .”: Sara Delano Roosevelt, My Boy, pp. 17–18.
77 “We never were strict . . .”: ibid., p. 33.
77 one consequence: Alice Miller, The Drama of the Gifted Child (1981), p. 15.
77 Accompanying Mr. James: Ward, Trumpet, p. 122.
77 story of steel rod: Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament (1989), p. 607.
78 “By the warmth . . .”: Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (1952), p. 24.
78 “Perhaps in the long run . . .”: SEP, Sept. 16, 1939, p. 95.
78 “We dusted his birds . . .”: SDR’s diary quoted in Ward, Trumpet, p. 177.
78 “They knew things . . .”: Bess Furman, Washington By-Line (1949), p. 272.
78 “They didn’t like him . . .”: Ward, Trumpet, p. 203.
78 “Almost overnight . . .”: Sara Delano Roosevelt, My Boy, p. 35.
78 FDR at Harvard: Ward, Temperament, pp. 258–62.
79 “She was an indulgent mother . . .”: Ward, Trumpet, p. 245.
79 “The effort to become . . .”: Ward, Temperament, flap copy.
79 “I know what pain . . .”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, FDR: His Personal Letters, vol. I (1947), p. 518.
79 “The journey is over . . .”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, pp. 128–29.
80 “Don’t let her feel . . .”: ibid., p. 130.
80 “I have more respect . . .”: ibid.
, p. 136.
80 “You are mighty lucky . . .”: ibid., p. 137.
80 “Reasonable it is to assume . . .”: LHJ, April 1934, p. 12.
80 “I think probably the thing . . .”: ER interview, Graff Papers, FDRL.
CHAPTER FOUR: “Living Here Is Very Oppressive”
81 “The President was enormously . . .”: Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (1946), pp. 69–70.
81 “All that she . . .”: interview with Curtis Roosevelt.
82 “Living here is . . .”: ER to AB, June 4, 1940, Bernard Asbell, Mother and Daughter (1988), p. 118.
82 ER had worked for the Red Cross: TIMS, pp. 254–55.
82 “I loved it . . .”: Joseph P. Lash, Love, Eleanor (1982), p. 67.
82 “ . . . I knew no one . . .”: TIMS, p. 262.
82 Potomac offered escape: John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect (1950), pp. 89–90.
83 “cries of terror”: Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (1971), p. 29; see also TIMS, p. 7.
83 Norman Davis: CB, 1940, pp. 227–29.
83 ER’s proposal for Davis: Lash Diary, May 27, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
83 Red Cross in spring of 1940: Foster Rhea Dulles, The American Red Cross (1950), p. 346.
83 “the imminence . . .”: Lash Diary, May 27, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
84 “You don’t want to go . . .”: NYT, May 27, 1940, p. 1.
84 “been asleep”; “I think occasionally . . .”: NYHT, May 27, 1940, p. 8.
84 “war hysteria”: ibid.
84 “take us right into . . .”; “defend the American dollar . . .”: NYT, May 27, 1940, p. 13.
84 “Poor Mrs. Roosevelt . . .”: NYT, May 28, 1940, p. 22.
84 “was to demonstrate . . .”: Lash Diary, May 27, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
84 “I really think . . .”: Tommy to AB, June 17, 1940, box 75, Halsted Papers, FDRL.
85 “anything that makes . . .”: MD, May 21, 1940.
85 Arthurdale: SEP, Aug. 4, 1934, pp. 5–7, 61–65; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, ch. 37, pp. 393–417.
85 “Deeply disillusioned . . .”: Lash Diary, May 27, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
86 City College: Lash Diary, May 10, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
86 “God Bless You”: Lash Diary, June 1, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
86 “the anxiety which hangs . . .”: MD, May 20, 1940.
86 At dinner with FDR and HH: Lash Diary, June 3, 1940, Lash Papers, FDRL.
86 “terribly guilty”: ibid.