on fighting in line, 283–4
on Webb at Wynendaele, 401
on siege of Tournai, 419
in battle of Malplaquet, 428–9
on Villars’ capture of Arleux, 454
on Marlborough’s peevishness, 455
as governor of Minorca, 458
on Ormonde, 462
New System of Military Discipline, 205
Karolyi, Alexander, 250
Kassel, 265
Keegan, John, 1
Kehl, 90, 240, 249
Kensington Palace, 163
Kent, William, 477
Kerr, Lord Mark, 215
Kessel, river, 280–1, 283
Ketch, Jack, 126
Keynsham, Bristol, 117–18, 120
Killiecrankie, battle of (1689), 172
King, Colonel Richard, 217–18
Kinsale, 169–71
Kirke, Captain George, 21
Kirke, Major General Percy:
as governor of Tangier, 59
opposes Monmouth, 111, 115–16, 125
reputation for brutality, 126
conspires against James II, 136, 150
refuses religious conversion, 138–9
and William’s invasion, 150
arrested and released, 151, 155
serves on commission for army reform, 159
campaign in Ireland, 169
Vaudemont praises, 174
Kitcher, Thomas, 340, 345
Klopp, Onno:
Der Fall des Hauses Stuart, 467
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 12, 473
Koblenz, 249, 256, 258
La Bassée, 417, 420
La Bertoche, General, 385
La Colonie see Colonie
La Folie Farm, 424, 431
La Hougue, 396
battle of (1692), 168, 179, 182
Lalo, Brigadier Sampson de, 207, 428
Lamotte, Charles Motte-Houdancourt, comte de, 372, 399–400, 404–5
land tax:
and financing of war, 37
Landau, 250–1, 253, 260, 330
siege of (1705), 305
Landen, battle of (1693), 182
Langston, Colonel Thomas, 136, 148
Lanier, Major General Sir John, 147–8, 159, 174, 181, 185
Lanière Wood, 423–4, 429–30
Lansdowne, George Granville, Baron, 445
Largillière, Nicholas de, 12
La Salle, Lieutenant de (duellist), 20
Latin America:
trade agreement on, 458
Lauter, river, 305
Lawrence, Thomas Edward (‘Lawrence of Arabia’), 480
Laws (secretary to George Stepney), 218
League of Augsburg, War of the (King William’s War), 173–4, 181–2
Leau, 315, 317, 323
Villeroi besieges, 331–2
Le Blanc, Intendant of Ypres, 421
le Brun, Charles, 66
Lech, river, 280
Lediard, Thomas, 43, 98, 127
Leeds, Bridget, Duchess of (Godolphin’s granddaughter), 29
Leffinghe, 399
Lely, Sir Peter:
portraits, 14, 47, 62 Lens, 417–18
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor:
Duke of Berwick serves, 27
coalition forces against France, 79
and War of Spanish Succession, 193
on status of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, 201
in Nine Years War, 250
offers honours and posts to Marlborough, 280, 302–3, 421
succeeded by Joseph I, 326
Lessines, 377, 378–9
Levellers, 39
Lever, Sir Tresham, 185
Liège, 229–30, 310, 332
Life of James II, 128, 157, 165
Lille:
siege of (1708), 391–9, 401–2, 408
falls to Marlborough, 402–4
garrisons diverted to Hompesch, 455
restored to France, 459
‘Lillibulero’ (song), 143–4
Limburg:
captured, 247, 248, 251
French threaten, 310
Limerick:
siege of (1690), 168–9, 171
Treaty of (1691), 171
Lincoln, Abraham, 230
Lionne, Colonel Charles-Hughes, comte de, 366
Lisle, Alice, 18, 126
Lives of the Two Illustrious Generals, The (anon.), 42
Lloyd, Captain David, 153, 166, 183–5
Lloyd, Captain Thomas, 20
Locke, John:
political philosophy, 15
reforms coinage, 189
London (ship), 68
London:
Whig sympathies, 36
Trained Bands, 49
court life in, 55–6
population and growth, 55–6
and James II’s army, 134–5
General Post Office, 223
London Gazette, 25, 134, 220–1, 316, 324–5, 400, 408, 461
Londonderry, 166
Lords, House of:
composition, 29
abolished under Commonwealth, 39
Marlborough attends, 110
debates peace terms (1711), 460
approves Treaty of Utrecht, 462
see also Parliament
Loseke, Colonel, 385
Lottum, Lieutenant General Count, 386–7, 393, 426
Louis XIV, King of France:
army in Flanders, 4
appearance and stature, 13
and Treaty of Utrecht, 15
expansionist policy, 51, 66, 90, 481
and Treaty of Dover, 51, 65
war against Dutch, 52, 65–9, 146
at siege of Maastricht, 70, 74, 76
continental coalition against, 79
orders destruction of Palatinate, 81
ends Dutch war, 89–90
correspondence with James Duke of York, 95
and Anne’s marriage to Prince George, 106
financial support for James II, 109
revokes Edict of Nantes, 129
invades Rhineland (1688), 146
recognises William as monarch, 188
and Spanish succession, 192–3, 357
recognises Prince James Francis Stuart as James II’s heir, 194
orders to Boufflers, 224
Bavaria allies with, 239
German strategy, 250
strategy in Germany, 250
orders Villeroi to follow Marlborough into Germany, 260
and Tallard at Blenheim, 288
and defeat at Blenheim, 296
sanctions Allègre’s deputation to The Hague, 318–19
instructs Villeroi on Ramillies deployment, 333, 338
and effects of Ramillies defeat, 349
and Mme de Maintenon, 356
and Charles XII of Sweden, 358
and Allied attack on Toulon, 359
and captured officers, 368
and campaign of 1708 in Spanish Netherlands, 369
on importance of Oudenarde, 378
on Allied threat to Lille, 391
told of Oudenarde defeat, 392
court-martials Lamotte for fall of Ghent, 405
rejects Allied peace terms (1709), 409–11, 420
appoints Villars commander in Flanders, 412
and French weakness, 419
gives permission to Villars to offer battle, 421, 423
informed of battle of Malplaquet, 430, 433
resumes peace negotiations after Malplaquet, 435
see also France
Louis XV, King of France, 462
Louis, Prince see Baden, Louis William I
Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart, Princess, 12
Louisbourg, Cape Breton Island, 459
Louvain, 316–17, 349
Louvière gap, 422–3
Louvois, François Michel le Tellier, marquis de, 79, 86, 130, 147
Lovelace, John, 3rd Baron, 147
Low Countries see Flanders; Spanish N
etherlands; United Provinces
Ludgershall (constituency), 31
Lumley, Lieutenant General Henry:
at the Schellenberg, 272, 275
in attack on Lines of Brabant, 312–14
commands cavalry at Ramillies, 338, 339
discusses troop allocation with Marlborough, 369
at battle of Oudenarde, 386–7
Lumley, Henry, Viscount, 431, 477
Lutzingen, 286–7, 289, 297
Luxembourg, chevalier de, 399, 432
Luxembourg, Marshal François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de, 162, 173–4, 182
Lyme Regis, Dorset:
in Monmouth rebellion, 111–13
Lyttelton, Sir Charles, 61
Maas, river, 225, 229–30
Maastricht:
siege of (1673), 70–7
in Marlborough’s strategy, 229
Villeroi threatens, 240, 310
Marlborough reaches, 311
and Flanders campaign (1708), 375
Marlborough visits (1712–13), 464–5
Macartney, Major General George:
sells regiment, 24
Toryism, 36
on Marlborough’s love for Sarah, 88
as Mohun’s second in duel, 120
accused of rape and cashiered, 415
bravery at Malplaquet, 416
reinstated, 416
dismissed, 445
qualities, 477
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron, 5, 48, 147, 183
McBane, Private Donald, 72
Macelligott, Roger, 170
Machado, Antonio, 460
Mackay, Hugh, 172, 174, 181, 185
Madrid, 329–30, 350
Treaty of (1715), 459
Maffei, Annibale, Count, 274, 347
Maggot, Dr, Dean of Winchester, 139
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de, 356, 417
Mainz, Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Elector-Archbishop of, 262
Maitland, Major James, 158
Malplaquet, battle of (1709):
Macartney at, 416
site and landscape, 422
deployment and engagement, 423–32, 479
casualties, 433–4, 441, 480
results and effects, 434–6, 438, 441
Allied guns at, 478
Manchester, Charles Montagu, 4th Earl of, 140
Manley, Mary de la Riviere, 87
The New Atlantis, 83, 436–7
Mar, John Erskine, 6th or 11th Earl of, 153, 471, 474
Marchiennes, 457
Marlborough House, Pall Mall, 408
Marlborough, Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of, 476
Marlborough, George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of, 476
Marlborough, James Ley, 3rd Earl of, 42
MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF:
reputation and achievements, 1–3, 6
character and personality, 2–4, 9–11, 101, 254, 482
nicknamed ‘Corporal John’, 2–3, 478
avarice, 3, 10, 159, 438–81
love for wife, 4, 7–8, 85–6
correspondence and friendship with Godolphin, 6, 101, 175, 208, 224, 253
as Garter Knight, 11
portraits, 12
historical background, 14–16
finds Delamere not guilty, 18
on Master of Sinclair’s duel, 21
and army commissions and careers, 30, 55, 446–8
and political parties, 34, 36, 298–9, 328, 413, 482
birth and background, 39, 42–4
and nature of monarchy, 45
military reading, 46–7
schooling, 46
granted commission as ensign, 48, 55
and sister Arabella’s affair with James II, 48
serves James II (Duke of York), 57–8, 70, 92
early military service, 58–9
relations and child with Barbara Villiers, 58–9, 61, 63–5, 86
in Tangier, 59–60
duel with Herbert, 61
money gift from Barbara Villiers, 64, 88
out of favour with Charles II, 69–70
promoted captain in Lord Admiral’s Regiment, 69–70
at Maastricht, 70–1, 74–5
and siege warfare, 70–1, 74
returns to royal favour after Maastricht, 77
promoted Lieutenant-Colonel of Duke of York’s Regiment, 79
campaigns under Turenne, 80–2
colonelcy, 82
courtship and marriage, 83–8
marriage relations, 85–6, 329, 481–2
as senior liaison officer, 89
and James Duke of York’s exile in Low Countries, 92–3
missions to Louis XIV, 92, 109
and James Duke of York in Scotland, 93–4
children, 96, 102, 159
and James II’s fall, 96
escapes from sinking Gloucester, 97–8
granted Scottish barony as Churchill of Aymouth, 99
commands Second Troop of Life Guards, 100
in Holywell House, 100
commands Dragoons Regiment, 101–2
accompanies Prince George from Denmark to England, 107
correspondence with Sarah, 108, 223, 236, 252, 280–1, 297
religious convictions, 109, 138–9
English barony, 110
as governor of Hudson’s Bay Company, 110, 135
opposes Monmouth rebellion, 110–11, 113–18
promoted Major General, 119
in battle of Segemoor, 124–5, 127–8
rewarded after Sedgemoor, 126
conspires against James II, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144
and birth of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, 137
and William’s invasion of England, 138, 149–50
sits on court martial of army religious dissidents, 140
promoted Lieutenant General, 149
maintains relations with James II, 150
abandons James II, 151–4
maintains links with Jacobites, 153, 165–6, 184, 191, 392, 467–8, 471, 474
and accession of William and Mary, 156–7
earldom, 157
tensions with William, 157
remodels army under William, 158–9
commands forces in Low Countries (1689), 159–61
colonelcy of Royal Fusiliers, 162
in council of nine during William’s absence in Ireland, 168
campaign in Ireland, 169–71
resents lack of reward after Irish campaign, 171–2
resentment at William’s favouring foreign officers, 172, 174–5
given command in Low Countries (1691), 173
Vaudemont praises, 174
William dismisses from appointments and court, 175–6
imprisoned in Tower for conspiracy, 178–80
released from bail, 181
accused of betraying 1694 Brest attack (‘Camaret Bay letter’), 183–5
reconciled with William, 186
denies complicity in Jacobite plot, 187–8
appointed governor of Duke of Gloucester and restored to rank and Privy Council, 190
and succession to Anne, 192, 327
negotiates 1701 Treaty of Grand Alliance in The Hague, 193
and Anne’s accession, 194
as ambassador to United Provinces, 195–6
appointed to command in Low Countries (1701–2), 195
awarded Garter, 195
wears insignia, 196
responsibilities and powers as coalition commander for Grand Alliance, 200–4, 206–8, 210, 446, 448
views on weapons and arms, 205–6
and campaign in Spain, 209–10, 350, 357
campaign in Low Countries, 210, 225–9
relations with Cadogan, 211–12
order of battle, 213
military strength, 216
letters written by secretaries and clerks, 218–19
Farewell allows to pass, 231
&nb
sp; Anne awards dukedom and pension, 232–3
and death of son John (Blandford), 235–6
marriage breakdown (1704), 237, 256–8
supports Occasional Conformity Bill, 239
commands in 1703 campaign, 240–1
on need for more men by Dutch and British, 240
in attempt on Antwerp and Lines of Brabant (1703), 242–8
battlefield tactics, 242
differences with Slangenburg, 243, 320, 323–6
on Prince Louis William of Baden, 251
on campaign of 1704, 253–4
favours advance to Danube, 255–6
colonelcy of 1st Foot Guards, 256
disapproves of Sarah’s Whiggery, 257, 328
Sarah accuses of adultery, 257
will, 257, 440
march to Danube (1704), 258, 261–2, 264–5
appearance, 266
care for sick and wounded, 266, 306–7
relations with Eugène of Savoy, 266–7, 387
soft-heartedness, 266–7, 480
attacks Donauwörth (the Schellenberg), 272–4, 275–6
in Bavaria with Eugène, 279–80, 283
Leopold offers principality to, 280, 302–3
Blenheim tactics and victory, 283–4, 286–7, 289, 291, 293–7
infantry tactics, 284–5
returns to England after Blenheim, 299
and building of Blenheim Palace, 300–2, 351–2, 412, 472–3
in campaign of 1705, 305, 308–10, 313–14
joins Eugène at Speyerbach, 305
introduces pensions scheme for officers’ widows, 307
headaches (migraine), 308–9, 328, 349, 357, 451, 460, 481
takes and demolishes Lines of Brabant, 313–15, 323
nearly killed, 315
independence in decision-making, 317–18, 323
and French negotiations in The Hague (1705), 318–20
attempts to cross Dyle, 320–1
frustrated by Dutch, 321–2
dispenses favours and interests, 326–7
advisory role in government, 327, 330, 364
requests retirement (1705), 327–8
stomach trouble and gout, 328
arranges loan for Joseph I, 329
in campaign of 1706, 330
attacks Villeroi (1706), 332–3
deployment and victory at Ramillies, 332–3, 335–7, 339, 342–3, 346
escapes death at Ramillies, 342–4
in pursuit after Ramillies, 347
at Oudenarde, 348, 372–3, 377, 386–7, 389
casualties at Ramillies, 348
advance in Brabant, 349
and Anne’s all-party government, 351, 353
and appointment of successor to Peter Mews, 355
visits Charles XII, 357–8
opposes Vendôme, 361–2
urges Anne to dismiss Harley, 363–4
opposes appointment of Somers to Cabinet, 364
responsibility for prisoners of war, 366–7
embarks force against Jacobite expedition to Scotland (1708), 369
prepares for 1708 campaign in Flanders, 370