[>] "curse me at F.O.": Casement 2, p. 137 (11 June 1903).
[>] "condemnation of civilized mankind": Casement to Fuchs, 15 Sept. 1903, quoted in Casement 5, p. v.
[>] "into the thieves' kitchen": Casement to Lansdowne, no. 34 Africa, 15–16 Sept. 1903, FO 10/805, quoted in Louis 1, p. 107.
[>] letters to the governor general: Lagergren, pp. 323–329.
[>] diary entries, 5 June—9 Sept.: Casement 2, pp. 135, 153, 155, 157, 159, 163, 165.
[>] "'you have killed men'": Casement 3, p. 114.
[>] "acts of refined cruelty": Phipps to Lansdowne, 27 Feb. 1904, quoted in Louis 1, pp. 112–113.
[>] "awkward position at court": Phipps to Barrington, 5 Feb. 1904, quoted in Louis 1, p. 111 fn.
[>] "I am N.N.... his name was A.B.": Casement 3, p. 112.
[>] "as a simple surgical operation": Special Congo Supplement to the West African Mail, June 1904.
[>] "gang of stupidities": Casement 2, p. 183 (1 Dec. 1903).
[>] "an abject piffler": Casement 2, p. 185 (16 Dec. 1903).
[>] "incompetent noodles": Casement to Nightingale, 8 Sept. 1904, quoted in Reid, p. 65.
[>] "M. sleeping in study": Casement 2, p. 183 (10 Dec. 1903).
[>] "sought his bedroom above": Morel 5, pp. 160–162.
[>] "wife a good woman": Casement 2, p. 189 (5 Jan. 1904).
[>] "drew up a rough plan of campaign": Morel 5, pp. 163–164.
[>] "in that great heart of hers?": Morel 5, pp. 164–165.
[>] "he wrote out a cheque for £100": Morel 5, p. 165.
[>] "one overwhelming Nay!": Inglis, p. 92.
[>] "as near to being a saint as a man can be": Morel to Holt, 12 July 1910, quoted in Porter, p. 267.
[>] "to end that den of devils": Casement to Morel, 4 July 1906, quoted in Louis 1, p. 119.
[>] "he will do nothing": Morel to Guthrie, 25 Feb. 1910, quoted in Morel 5, p. 195 fn.
[>] "that I have been able to do it all": Morel to Brabner, 14 Sept. 1908, quoted in Morel 5, p. 211.
[>] "the Morel of Congo reform": Holt to Morel, quoted in Adams, p. 179.
[>] "'God-speed' on his journey": West African Mail, 23 Sept. 1904, p. 601.
[>] "And they have the right to live": Morel to Mark Twain, quoted in Hawkins 1, p. 167.
[>] the hands of one's dead enemies: Vansina 2, pp. 144, 343; Vellut, p. 701.
[>] "in the hollow of my hand": Morel to Holt, 1910, quoted in Morel 5, p. 217.
[>] "a burden upon the State": Furley, pp. 141–142.
[>] "chemistry of evangelical imperialism": James Morris, Heaven's Command: An Imperial Progress (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), p. 39.
[>] "accepted his leadership": Taylor, p. 133.
[>] "the reptile Congophile Press of Brussels and Antwerp": Morel 1, p. 261.
[>] "terrible wrongs upon the native races": Morel 1, p. x.
[>] "inland slave-trade on the Congo": Morel 1, p. xvii.
[>] "goodgovernment of the Congo territories": Cookey, p. 149.
[>] "and flood his deeds with day": William Watson, "Leopold of Belgium," in the Congo Reform Association's slide show. The poem also appeared in the West African Mail, 21 Sept. 1906, p. 608, and, in a slightly different version identified as being from Watson's New Poems (Lane), in the African Mail, 26 Nov. 1909, p. 80.
[>] "the downfall": note to himself, 14 June 1907, quoted by Cline, p. 58.
[>] 4,194 clippings: The sum of various subtotals given in Inventaire des microfilms des Papiers Morel, series A, B, E, F, G, H, I, se rapportant à l'histoire du Congo et conservés à la British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics (Brussels: Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1961).
[>] Samba: A Story of the Rubber Slaves of the Congo, by Herbert Strang (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1906), p. vi.
[>] "literature, information, etc": Morel to Cadbury, Oct. 1906, quoted in Cline, p. 54.
[>] for the benefit of the movement: West African Mail, 24 Aug. 1906, p. 520.
[>] "more than 5 years": John Harris, unpublished autobiographical ms., quoted in Louis 6, p. 833.
[>] "with the greatest discretion": Wahis to Charles Smets, 26 Jan. 1906, De Ryck Collection.
[>] "send me of inaccuracies": Weber to Naur, 16 Aug. 1906, De Ryck Collection.
[>] Hezekiah Andrew Shanu: Unless otherwise noted, all information on Shanu comes from Marchal 3, pp. 142, 167–168, 191, 231, 296–302, 330–332, plus a few details from Lemaire 1, pp. 42–44, and Biographie Coloniale Belge, vol. 4, cols. 838–839.
[>] "with the greatest correctness": Le Mouvement Géographique, 30 Sept. 1894, p. 85.
[>] "of the negro race": La Chronique Coloniale et Financière, 11 Dec. 1904, p. 1.
[>] "loyalty to the State": Memorandum by Albrecht Gohr, director of justice, 27 July 1900, quoted in Marchal 3, p. 297.
[>] "from time to time": Morel to Shanu, 4 Sept. 1903, quoted in Morel 5, p. 157.
[>] "means of persuasion than terror": Marchal 3, p. 231.
[>] "ever received by the Congo State": Morel 1, p. 135.
[>] the Caudron case: Morel 1, pp. 135–153.
[>] "unblemished reputation and of great courage": Morel 5, p. 156.
[>] "to withhold his name": De Vaughan, p. 48.
[>] "to the mute personage": De Vaughan, p. 51.
[>] footnote: Stinglhamber and Dresse, p. 306.
[>] left an hour later: De Vaughan, p. 123.
[>] "telling him that they had colds!": De Vaughan, p. 67.
[>] "be soiled with blood or mud": Leopold to Liebrechts, 31 Jan. 1899, quoted in Marchal 2, p. 96.
[>] "the one thing I need in the Congo!": Stinglhamber and Dresse, p. 136.
[>] not dare take precedence over His Majesty: Ascherson, p. 142.
15. A RECKONING
[>] without being challenged by the Congo state: Marchal 1, p. 339.
[>] even higher totals for the number of hands: Marchal 1, p. 339.
[>] hands cut off living people: Lagergren, p. 297.
[>] "with the butt of their guns": this statement was quoted in Casement's report, repeated by Morel, and is quoted in Lagergren, p. 288, and Marchal 3, pp. 197–198.
[>] 40,355 rounds of ammunition: West African Mail, 17 Feb. 1905, p. 111.
[>] "'they were thrown into the river'": Speech by Sjöblom in London, 12 May 1897, quoted in Morel 3, p. 43.
[>] rubber regime in 1894–1895: Lagergren, p. 121.
[>] simply open fire: Vangroenweghe, p. 59.
[>] "13 women and children taken prisoner": Lemaire 2, pp. 18, 20, 23, 30, 36, 48.
[>] "We burned the village": Leclercq, pp. 244–445.
[>] footnote: Marchal 1, p. 362.
[>] "exterminate them to the last man": West African Mail, 16 Mar. 1906, p. 1219.
[>] "Exterminate all the brutes!": Conrad, p. 51.
[>] "better place for our noon rest": P. Möller, Tre Ar i Kongo (Stockholm: P A. Norstedt, 1887), pp. 234-235, quoted in Kivilu, p. 338.
[>] French territory by 1900: Morel 3, p. 63.
[>] "roots, and ants and other insects": Canisius, p. 170.
[>] "sleeping in the forests without shelter": William Morrison, letter from Luebo, 15 Oct. 1899, in The Missionary, Feb. 1900, p. 67.
[>] "depopulated and devastated.... what tales of horror they told!": From Cape to Cairo: the First Traverse of Africa from South to North (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900), quoted in Morel 3, p. 58.
[>] five pigs or fifty chickens: Nelson, p. 100.
[>] three to ten a day: Harms 3, p. 134.
[>] too heavy to fly: McLynn 3, p. 245.
[>] in 1901 alone: McLynn 3, p. 238.
[>] blame sleeping sickness: For a modern example of this, see Jean Stengers in Morel 5, p. 255.
[>] "above all there's no food": Marchal 4, p. 49.
[>] noticed this pattern: Vangroenweghe, p. 233.
[>] "hide from the soldiers": Casem
ent 3, p. 140.
[>] show the same pattern: Vangroenweghe, pp. 233, 237.
[>] "been reduced by half": L. Guebels, Relation complète des travaux de la Commission Permanente pour la Protection des Indigènes (Elisabethville: 1954), pp. 196–197.
[>] "and much more": interview, Sept. 1995.
[>] "by at least a half": Jan Vansina, introduction to Vangroenweghe, p. 10.
[>] reckoned at ten million: La Question sociale au Congo: Rapport au comité du congrès colonial national (Brussels: Goemaere, 1924), p. 7.
[>] "confronted with a kind of desert": La Question sociale au Congo: Rapport au comité du congrès colonial national (Brussels: Goemaere, 1924), p. 101.
[>] killed in the nearest village: Vangroenweghe, p. 60.
[>] cooked to death: Marchal 4, p. 26.
[>] then set on fire: Vangroenweghe, p. 115.
[>] "are we doing here?": Michael Herr, Dispatches (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), p. 29.
16. "JOURNALISTS WON'T GIVE YOU RECEIPTS"
[>] "for his country and for Africa": McLynn 2, p. 405.
[>] "So that is time! Strange!": Stanley 5, p. 515.
[>] wrote one witness: Daniel Bersot in the foreword to Sous la Chicotte (Geneva:A. Jullien, 1909).
[>] on the arm: Liane Ranieri, Les Relations entre l'État Indépendant du Congo et l'Italie (Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, 1959), p. 195.
[>] those Casement had found in the Congo: Marchal 4, p. 12.
[>] "Opium in British India": in La Vérité sur le Congo, Jan. 1905, p. 8.
[>] "It is astounding ... humanely-governed": Mountmorres, pp. 99–100, 159.
[>] "on any one day": Mountmorres, pp. 105–106.
[>] "because she was coming": John Weeks to Morel, 7 Nov. 1904, in the West African Mail, 10 Mar. 1905, p. 1186.
[>] worst cases of disease he could find: Marchal 3, p. 304.
[>] "than I have ever seen in the Congo": Times, 3 Feb. 1905, quoted in Bontinck, p. 456.
[>] for which Leopold paid the bill: Marchal 3, p. 316.
[>] "extraordinarily impudent": Morel to Fox, 18 Oct. 1905, quoted in Cookey, p. 143.
[>] "in memory of their visit to Laeken": Stinglhamber and Dresse, pp. 334–335.
[>] operated in many countries: Willequet, pp. 109–113.
[>] footnote: Demetrius C. Boulger, The Congo State is NOT a Slave State: A Reply to Mr. E. D. Morel's Pamphlet Entitled "The Congo Slave State" (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1903), p. 3.
[>] "cheerful and satisfied": interview with Harrison in the Journal of Commerce, 23 June 1904.
[>] at least one legislator: Marchal 4, pp. 12–21.
[>] launched an investigation instead: Official Organ, #1, 1909, p. 64.
[>] "Satan and Mammon in one person": Willequet, letter reproduced following p. 36.
[>] "the unscrupulous businessman who lives in the palace in Brussels": National-Zeitung, 22 May 1903, quoted in Wllequet, p. 150.
[>] "the British rubber merchants": National-Zeitung, 4 Mar. 1905, quoted in Willequet, pp. 150–151.
[>] "old wives' tales ... hateful peddlar's stories": National-Zeitung, 30 May 1905, quoted in Willequet, p. 152.
[>] "the following commentary": Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung, 1 Mar. 1906, quoted in Willequet, pp. 159 160.
[>] "due mainly to my activity": Von Steub to Davignon, 21 May 1909, quoted in Willequet, p. 114 fn.
[>] "have my expenses covered": Von Steub to Davignon, 21 May 1909, quoted in Willequet, p. 128.
[>] "to organs of the press": Von Steub to Davignon, 14 Sept. 1909, quoted in Willequet, p. 130.
[>] "'don't ask for any'": Von Steub to Denyn, 8 Oct. 1909, quoted in Willequet, p. 130.
[>] Mark Twain and Congo reform: see Hawkins 1.
[>] "no small enemy to overcome": Kowalsky to Leopold, undated, in New York American, 11 Dec. 1906.
[>] Booker T. Washington and Congo reform: Harlan 1, pp. 270–271; Harlan 2, pp. 75–77.
[>] "talking on the subject": Booker T. Washington in "Tributes to Mark Twain," North American Review 191, no. 655 (June 1910), p. 829, quoted in Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Was Huck Black?: Mark Twain and African-American Voices (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 106.
[>] "needs an organization like U.S. Steel": Twain to Morel, c. 12 Jan. 1906, reprinted in Wuliger, p. 236.
[>] royalties that the author donated: Maxwell Geismar, Mark Twain: An American Prophet (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), p. 222.
[>] "these leaks keep occurring": Twain, p. 1.
[>] "that I couldn't bribe": Twain, p. 66.
[>] "meddlesome missionary spying": Twain, p. 36.
[>] he told Morel: Morgan to Morel, 6 Oct. 1904, quoted in Baylen, p. 129.
[>] in forty-nine cities: Congo News Letter, April 1906 and April 1907.
[>] would accept only one dollar: Official Organ, April 1906, p. 10.
[>] "will take some action": Harris to Morel, 14 Feb. 1906, quoted in Cookey, p. 174.
[>] "demanding action": Philip C. Jessup, Elihu Root, 1905–1937, vol. 2 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1938), pp. 61-62, quoted in Shaloff, p. 90.
[>] "everybody & about everybody": Lodge to Roosevelt, 6 July 1905, quoted in Sternstein, p. 192.
[>] "seen lots of presidents": The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1931), p. 506, quoted in Sternstein, p. 193.
[>] "the English agitators and the Belgian Socialists futile": Wack to Leopold, n.d., quoted in the New York American, 13 Dec. 1906.
[>] footnote: Cardinal Gotti to Gibbons, 24 Nov. 1904, quoted in Slade 1, p. 31 on.
[>] "hearsay evidence of natives": Gibbons to Morel, 21 Oct. 1904, quoted in Morel 5, p. 183.
[>] footnote: Starr, p. 91.
[>] "an impartial publicist": New York American, 12 Dec. 1906.
[>] "in a team of acrobats": San Francisco Call, 15 Jan. 1911.
[>] "a box at a theater": San Francisco Examiner, 29 Nov. 1914.
[>] "draws up a firm one": San Francisco Call, 15 Jan. 1911.
[>] "just when you're going to kill him!": San Francisco Bulletin, 18 Nov. 1914.
[>] "too large a subject": Mayor E. E. Schmits, Speeches Made, p. 10.
[>] "so choice a morsel": A. Reuf, Speeches Made, p. 26.
[>] "humanity and civilization": Speeches Made, p. 40.
[>] "mission in Africa or China?": de Cuvelier to Moncheur, 4 Feb. 1905, quoted in Marchal 4, p. 270.
[>] "wouldn't come back": Nerincx to de Cuvelier, 11 Feb. 1905, quoted in Marchal 4, p. 270.
[>] "a scandal in the press": Moncheur to de Cuvelier, 19 Feb. 1905, quoted in Marchal 4, p. 271.
[>] "taking the Belgian Minister's advice": New York American, 10 Dec. 1906.
[>] "a characterless ... lamented father": Kowalsky to Leopold, n.d., reprinted in NewYork American, 11 Dec. 1906.
[>] a hefty 125,000 francs: Marchal 4, p. 272.
[>] INFAMOUS CRUELTIES ... WOMEN AND CHILDREN: New York American, 10 Dec. 1906.
[>] "crimes of Congo": New York American, 11 Dec. 1906.
[>] "the end of the next session": New York American, 10 Dec. 1906.
[>] "the President's personal friend ... Your Majesty's interest instead": Kowalsky to Leopold, n.d., in New York American, 11 Dec. 1906.
[>] "did I breathe safely": Kowalsky to Leopold, n.d., in New York American, 11 Dec. 1906.
[>] Commission of Inquiry: see Congo Reform Association; Vangroenweghe; Marchal 4, pp. 111–122; Cookey, pp. 132-151.
[>] broken down and wept: Conan Doyle, p. 75; Morel in Penny Pictorial, Oct. 1907, article 4 in series.
[>] "complete and authentic résumé of the report": Daily Chronicle, 7 Nov. 1905.
[>] "We have ourselves ... should be utilized": Daily Chronicle, 7 Nov. 1905.
[>] West African Missionary Association: Daily Chronicle, 7, 11, 14, and 15 Nov. 1905; Daily News, 15 Nov. 1905.
17. NO MAN IS A STRANGER
[>]
"till we fainted": Regions Beyond, Jan.-Feb. 1906, p. 46; also Official Organ, Jan. 1906, p. 5.
[>] "gave one cry and was dead": Procès-Verbaux, 2 Nov. 1904.
[>] "had their hands cut off": Procès-Verbaux, 21 Nov. 1904.
[>] "but he had been healthy": Procès-Verbaux, 5 Jan. 1905.
[>] "throw you in the river": Procès-Verbaux, 2 Jan. 1905.
[>] "if it had secret staircases": De Vaughan, pp. 99–100.
[>] "with attractive uniform façades": Leopold to Goffinet, 23 Jan. 1906, quoted in Ranieri, p. 247.
[>] "and the Heysel road": Carton de Wiart, p. 177.
[>] "led up the garden path": Ascherson, p. 219.
[>] "cost a province": Stinglhamber and Dresse, p. 59.
[>] "toasts to his health": Conrad and Hueffer, p. 120.
[>] "Give Him his cane!": Bauer, p. 163, de Lichtervelde, p. 323.
[>] "international, not national": Williams 3, p. 279.
[>] said much like this again: Even as late as 1919, when the Second Pan-African Congress of black American, Caribbean, and African leaders met in Paris under the leadership of W.E.B. Du Bois, it did not advocate full independence for African colonies. Pan-Africanism, eds. Robert Chrisman and Nathan Hare (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), p. 302.
[>] turning point: Stengers 7, p. 176.
[>] press for Belgian annexation: Cookey, p. 210.
[>] "to ask for its accounts": Baron Léon Van der Elst, "Souvenirs sur Léopold II," in Revue Générale, 1923, quoted in Emerson, p. 259.
[>] to take away his Congo: Carton de Wiart, p. 188.
[>] "any salary as Congo executive": interview with Publishers' Press, in the New York American, 11 Dec. 1906.
[>] "made for the Congo": Marchal 4, p. 349.
[>] "almost every American reformer, black or white": Normandy, p. 300.
[>] William Morrison: see Marchal 3, pp. 75–91; Shaloff, pp. 84–94; and Vinson. Dozens of Morrison's letters are reprinted in Benedetto.
[>] left the country: Slade i, p. 317.
[>] home leaves: Phipps, pp. 95–96.
[>] some 180 of them were killed: Marchal 4, p. 225.
[>] "concerning their soul's salvation": from "From the Bakuba Country," by W H. Sheppard, The Kassai Herald, 1 Jan. 1908, pp. 12–13. Sheppard Papers.
[>] "asked any questions Sheppard suggested": Kocher to the State Prosecutor, 31 July 1908, quoted in Martens, p. 398.
[>] eighty thousand francs in damages: American Consul General Handley to the Assistant Secretary of State, 2 Sept. 1909. Sheppard Papers.