And, in order that this your grave and pernicious error and transgression may not remain altogether unpunished and that you may be more cautious in the future and an example to others that they may abstain from similar delinquencies, we ordain that the book of the 'Dialogue of Galileo Galilei' be prohibited by public edict.
We condemn you to the formal prison of this Holy Office during our pleasure, and by way of salutary penance we enjoin that for three years to come you repeat once a week the seven penitential Psalms. Reserving to ourselves liberty to moderate, commute, or take off, in whole or in part, the aforesaid penalties and penance.
And so we say, pronounce, sentence, declare, ordain, and reserve in this and in any other better way and form which we can and may rightfully employ." (Ibid., pp. 306-10.)
43
"I, Galileo, son of the late Vincenzo Galilei, Florentine, aged seventy years, arraigned personally before this tribunal and kneeling before you, Most Eminent and Reverend Lord Cardinals Inquisitors-General against heretical pravity throughout the entire Christian commonwealth, having before my eyes and touching with my hands the Holy Gospels, swear that I have always believed, do believe, and by God's help will in the future believe all that is held, preached, and taught by the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. But, whereas – after an injunction had been judicially intimated to me by this Holy Office to the effect that I must altogether abandon the false opinion that the Sun is the center of the world and immovable and that the Earth is not the center of the world and moves and that I must not hold, defend, or teach in any way whatsoever, verbally or in writing, the said false doctrine, and after it had been notified to me that the said doctrine was contrary to Holy Scripture – I wrote and printed a book in which I discuss this new doctrine already condemned and adduce arguments of great cogency in its favour without presenting any solution of these, I have been pronounced by the Holy Office to be vehemently suspected of heresy, that is to say, of having held and believed that the Sun is the center of the world and immovable and that the Earth is not the center and moves:
Therefore, desiring to remove from the minds of your Eminences, and of all faithful Christians, this vehement suspicion justly conceived against me, with sincere heart and unfeigned faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies and generally every other error, heresy, and sect whatsoever contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in future I will never again say or assert, verbally or in writing, anything that might furnish occasion for a similar suspicion regarding me; but, should I know any heretic or person suspected of heresy, I will denounce him to this Holy Office or to the Inquisitor or Ordinary of the place where I may be. Further, I swear and promise to fulfil and observe in their integrity all penances that have been, or that shall be, imposed upon me by this Holy Office. And, in the event of my contravening (which God forbid!) any of these my promises and oaths, I submit myself to all the pains and penalties imposed and promulgated in the sacred canons and other constitutions, general and particular, against such delinquents. So help me God and these His Holy Gospels, which I touch with my hands." (Ibid., p. 312.)
44
Ibid., p. 315.
45
During his Padua days, Galileo had lived with a Venetian woman, Marina Gamba, who bore him two daughters and a son. He parted from her when he moved to the Court of the Medicis in Florence.
46
Opere, XVII, p. 247.
Part V Chapter III. THE NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS
1
There is, however, no direct evidence that Descartes derived his vortices from Kepler.
2
William Gilbert, On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies, transl. Mottelay, New York, 1893, quoted by Burtt, op. cit., p. 157 f.
2a
This illustration is from D. Bohm Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, London, 1957, p. 43 f.
3
Third Letter to Bentley, Opere, IV.
4
The formula for the centrifugal force had been found by Huygens, in his Horologium Oscillatorium ( 1673),
EPILOGUE
1
See Insight and Outlook, London and New York, 1949.
2
Cf. i.a. Ernest Jones, "The Nature of Genius", British Medical Journal, 4. 8. 1956.
3
H. Butterfield, op. cit., p. 105.
4
To Herwart, 9-10. 4. 1599.
5
Ca., p. 105 f.
6
Tertius Interveniens.
7
Ca., p. 314.
8
Ibid., p. 320.
9
Quoted by Pachter, op. cit., p. 225.
10
Il Saggiatore, Opere, VI, p. 232.
11
First Letter to Bentley, Opere, IV.
12
Third Letter to Bentley, ibid.
13
Quoted by Bunt, p. 289.
14
Op. cit., pp. 233-8.
15
Quoted by Butterfield, p. 90.
15a
The Bohr theory to which this refers, was the last which, in spite of its paradoxa, provided a kind of imaginable model of the atom. It has now been abandoned in favour of a purely mathematical treatment, which banishes from atomic physics the very idea of a "model", with the sternness of the Second Commandment ("Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image").
16
An Outline of Philosophy, pp. 163 and 165.
17
J. W. N. Sullivan, The Limitations of Science, New York, 1949, p. 68.
18
Quoted by Sullivan, p. 146.
19
The Mysterious Universe, Cambridge, 1937, p. 122 f.
20
Ibid., p. 137.
21
Ibid., p. 100.
22
Op. cit., p. 164.
23
Sullivan, op. cit., p. 147.
24
Eddington, The Domain of Physical Science, quoted by Sullivan, p. 141.
25
An Outline of Philosophy, p. 163.
26
L. L. Whyte, Accent on Form, London, 1955, p. 33.
27
Space and Spirit, London, 1946, p. 103.
28
Burtt, op. cit., p. 256 f.
29
The Trail of the Dinosaur, London and New York, 1955, p. 245 seq. I have borrowed several other passages from that essay, without quotation marks.
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INDEX
ACCELERATION, Law of, 508
Achilles, Prince of Wuerttemberg, 385
Adelard of Bath, 105
Adolphus, Gustavus, 471
Against the Motion of the Earth, 431
Albert, Duke of Prussia, 134, 163, 164
Albert the Great, 106, 107
Almagest, 69, 105, 112, 191, 206
Alfonsine Tables, 213, 287
Alphonso X (the Wise), 69
Anakreon, 26
Anaxagoras, 25
Anaximander, 22, 31, 33 Pythagoras a pupil of, 26
Aphrodisius, Alexander, 152
Apollonius of Perga, 66, 77
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 96, 102, 106, 110, 186
Arabs, science in the keeping of, 105
Archimedes, 49, 51
Areopagite, Dionysius, 95
Aristarchus of Samos, 48, 49, 50, 72, 73
calculates distance from Sun, 49
Aristotelians
Copernicus the last of, 197 -201
Galileo antagonizes, 428
power at Italian universities, 427
Aristotle, 14, 27, 33, 52, 53, 54, 55, 62, 104, 196, 197
circular motion theory, 58 -60 Galileo and, 475 -9
compared with Plato, 53 -7
physics, 108 -11
Plato's hostility to, 52
politics, 54
rediscovery of, 106 -13
resurrected, 52
"spheres within spheres", 64 -5
Assayer, The, 468, 529
Astrology
Kepler and, 242 -6
medieval, 111 -2
Tycho and, 287
Astronomia Nova, 170, 259. See alsoNew Astronomy and Physics of the Skies
Astronomical and Philosophical Balance, The, 468
Astronomy
accuracy of Babylonian observations, 20 -21
importance of continuous observa- tion, 286
Kepler founder of modern, 33
objects of Ptolemaic, 74
Plato's attitude to, 52
Ptolemaic system, 66 -77
Augustine, 86 -8, 89, 90, 435, 436
BABYLONIAN universe, 19 -21
Bacon, Francis, 529
Bacon, Roger, 107
Baer, Reymens (Ursus the Bear), 296, 297, 298, 302
Brberini, Cardinal Antonio, 483
Baarberini, Cardinal Francesco, 485, 492
Barberini, Cardinal Maffeo, 431, 445, 453, 454, 457, 471, 483
character, 471 -3
See also Urban VIII, Pope
Basil the Great, 90
Bede, 92
Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert, 426, 443, 444, 445, 446, 449, 450, 451, 453, 454, 459, 460, 462, 484
death, 471
statement on Copernicus, 447 -8 on injunction against Galileo, 463
Bernegger, Matthias, 412, 421, 494
Bessarion, Cardinal, 149, 208