as transition from capitalism, 240
turn away from, 197
and workers, 113, 130, 197, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258, 287
See also Dual Power; insurrection
Pravda (newspaper), 87, 97, 154–5, 161, 171, 184, 277
‘The Armed People’, 100
blank page published during violent protests, 175
Bolsheviks debate over, 170
Kronstadt edition, 176
Lenin in, 98–9
Lenin ridicules Kamenev’s work for, 108
Lenin’s April Theses published along with disagreements, 113
map of editorial offices, ix
and Mezhraiontsy, 130
and military demonstration, 148, 150
ransacked by loyalists, 184–5
takeover of, 97–8
Price, Morgan Philips, 93
prisons, 7, 25, 49, 138, 157, 159, 196, 303
Bolsheviks in, 191
can’t hold prisoners, 244
jailbreak, 52–3, 61, 157, 286
political prisoners, 79, 191, 263
private property, 11
abolition of, 23, 306
soldatki raid, 115
See also land
Prizyv (newspaper), 33
Prokopovich, Sergei, 297, 318
proletariat:
arming of, 87
and power, 113, 189
revolutionary, 104, 232, 264
protests, 16, 142–59
against Kerensky’s Directory, 241
and Bolsheviks, 155–6, 173–5, 184, 186–7
head for Winter Palace (1905), 19
inevitability of, 168
and Kronstadt, 201
for overthrow of Provisional Government, 118–9
in Petrograd, 42, 142–59, 171–84
against coalition, 173–4
against Provisional Government, 119
counterrevolutionary reaction, 186–7
and Petrograd Soviet, 181
and power, 180
for revolution, 91
slogans, 155–6
of soldiers, 169
and soldiers, 155, 172, 175, 180–1, 184
soldiers angry at Milyukov, 118
soldiers’ wives march, 115
and violence, 172, 175, 180
and workers, 155, 181, 184
See also insurrection; rebellion/revolt/riot/uprising
Protopopov, 62, 93
Provisional Government, 74–80, 83–92, 94–128, 135, 137, 139, 142, 150, 155, 162, 169, 171, 183, 187, 192, 200, 205, 209–10, 213, 221, 223–4, 230, 232, 236, 241, 256, 278, 280–1, 284–5, 287–90, 292–3, 296–7, 302
announcement of, at Tauride Palace, 77
and appropriation of buildings (February–March), 110
arrest of, 284, 287–90, 302
attempted oversight of, by Soviet, 85–6
Bolsheviks dismiss, 124, 223, 236–7
business as usual at, 95
coalition government, 127–41, 147
protests against, 173–4
decline of, 209–10
distrust in, 278–80
divided after July Days, 192–3
electricity taken over, 283
‘in so far as’, 84–5
and Kerensky, 256
on land seizure, 92
Lenin on, 111–2, 114, 288, 290
on Lenin’s return, 101
Moscow State Conference, 205–9
new cabinet of (March), 76–8
opposition to, 86–7, 170–1
calls to overthrow, 118–20, 159, 169, 176
denounced by Soviets as bourgeois, 79–80
Lenin against, 111–2, 114
Soviet rejects collaboration, 124
and Petrograd Soviet, 106, 139
and coalition, 123–9, 173–4
dispute over war aims, 102, 117–8
government overthrown, 292
Soviet rejects collaboration, 124
and power of revolution, 104
power transferred to (March), 66–70, 74
powerless without Soviet approval, 89
powerlessness of (August), 200
reforms of, 85, 92
Second Coalition Government, 196, 220
and socialism, 124–5, 130, 181
telephones taken over, 286
war aims of, 102, 117–8
western powers’ recognition of, 89
Purishkevich, Vladimir, 21, 36–7, 107, 307
Pylaeva, Liza, 186–7
Rabochaya gazeta (newspaper), 85, 100, 135
Rabochy i soldat (newspaper), 193
Rabochy put (newspaper), 220, 232–3, 240, 252–4, 268, 275
Rabotnitsa (journal), 273
Radek, Karl, 103
radicals:
and counterrevolution, 222
Kerensky smothers agitation by, 239
more combative than ‘power to soviets’, 171
as radical as reality, 231
spread of, 178
and violence, 9
Rahja, Eino, 202, 282
Rahmanqulova, Zulaykha, 121
railway. See trains
Ransome, Arthur, Swallows and Amazons, 167
Raskolnikov, Fyodor, 108, 133, 176, 180, 186, 272
snubs Spiridonova, 177
Rasputin, Grigori, 35–8
rebellion/revolt/riot/uprising, 16
and Bolsheviks, 259–60
Buryat revolts, 121
historic, 7
inevitability of, 168
military suppression of, 39
and peasantry, 8, 18, 310
spread of (1905), 20
spread of (1917), 56, 195
See also insurrection; protests
Rech (newspaper), 191
Red Guards, 100, 170, 226, 244, 266, 278, 282, 291, 295, 302
Petrograd humming with, 229
Red Terror, 311–2
Reed, John, 211, 292, 297, 318
Remizov, Alex, 245
revolt. See rebellion
revolution:
appropriation of buildings, 109–10
armed people to defend, 100
bourgeois vs proletarian, 104
and bourgeoisie, 14, 29–30, 113, 132, 180, 262
celebration of, 317
and compromise, 298–9
Council of People’s Commissars, 284–5
and counterrevolution, 217
criticism of, 208
defence of, 109
demonstrations in favour of, 91
and Duma, 292–3, 296–7
and Europe, 23, 29, 40, 109, 113, 247, 254
and First World War, 30, 33, 105
government as obstacle for, 104
international, 106, 109, 129–30, 262, 309–10
receding prospects of, 314
and Kronstadt, 63–4, 176–8, 180–2
leftward shift of political spectrum (April), 107
Lenin on, 86, 98, 109–10, 113, 151, 247, 255, 290, 304, 309–10
little revolutions everywhere, 93
martyrs of, 96
and military, 100, 194
and Moscow, 61, 308
necessary interrogation of, 315
and news, 60, 288–9
and newspapers, 275–6
and peasantry, 23, 298
permanent revolution, 28–30, 114
and Petrograd, 56, 60, 77, 85, 283–7
Duma takes power, 61–2
rural, 8
and Russia, 113, 215, 247
and soldiers, 288, 290, 296, 298, 303–4
and soviets, 308
and trains, 60, 64, 75, 319–20
Trotsky on, 270–1
unrealized, 306
and violence, 9–10, 60, 132, 178, 195, 302
and women, 93–4
and workers, 98, 104, 284, 290, 298, 303–4, 307
and working class, 23, 29
See also counterrevolution; February insurrection; insurrection; rebellion
br /> Revolution of 1905, 22–5
counterrevolutionary bombardment, 24–5
as possible catalyst for socialist revolution, 23
revolutionary defeatism, 34, 86–7, 96, 164–5, 231
revolutionary ‘defencism’, 102, 104–5, 110–1, 117, 123, 125–6, 131, 152
Lenin denounces, 110–1, 123
See also ‘defencism’
Riazanov, 264, 269, 275
Riga Bolshevik Committee, 91
Riga Soviet, 90
right, 197–8, 200, 206, 208, 210, 213
begins to slip, 227–8, 231
and counterrevolutionary plan, 216
and martial law, 213–4
rise of, 186, 192, 195
See also counter-revolution
rights, 34, 41, 317
See also women
riot. See rebellion
Rodzianko, Michael, 36, 48, 51, 57–8, 66–8, 71–3, 75–6, 80–3, 94, 200, 211, 233, 265
‘Let God take care of Petrograd’, 211
Roshal, 133
Rovio, Kustaa, 203–4, 248
Rozanova, Olga, 28
Russia:
autonomous regions, 121, 134, 154, 242
Bolshevisation of, 241
constructed anew, 6
empire, 28
insurrections of, 1
Julian calendar in, 3
left slide of, 244, 246
Lenin on defence of, 86–7
and military, 152
misery of, 311–2, 314
modernisation, 7–8
New Economic Policy, 312–3
not yet ready for revolution, 316
not yet ready for socialism, 13
occupation of, 310–1
polarisation of, 240
protests everywhere, 155
and revolution, 113, 215, 247
rise of the right, 186, 192
serfdom in, 7, 13
state authority dwindling (1905), 21
Trotsky on, 7
war with Japan, 17–8
and World War I, 32, 86–7, 124, 154, 158–9, 162
Brest-Litovsk treaty ends Russia’s involvement, 309
Russia-ness, 2
Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP), 13–4, 27, 122
Bolsheviks’ official name, 122
collapse of, 27
Second Congress (1903), 16–7
Seventh Congress (1917), 122
See also Bolsheviks
Russkaya volia (newspaper), 145
Ruzskii, General, 71–2, 75–7, 80–2
Ryabushinsky, Pavel, 200
Ryasov, Nikolai, 9
Ryazanov, David, 62
San Francisco Bulletin (newspaper), 295
Savage Division, 204, 212, 228–9, 232
Saveliev, M. A., 174–5
Savic, General, 80
Savinkov, Boris, 193–4, 199, 213–4, 217–8, 220, 229, 232
Schakovsky, Zinaida, 77–8
Schulz, Bruno, 319
‘sealed train’ deal, 88
Second Socialist International, 32–3
self-determination, 85, 102, 121, 127, 134–5, 304, 317
Semashko, A. I., 144, 147, 161, 169
Semenov, Grigory, 311
serfdom, 7–8, 13
Serge, Victor, 25, 315–6
Sergei Mikhailovithc, Grand Duke, 72
Shamil, Imam, 229
Sharia law, 121
Shaumian, Stepan, 91, 241
Shklovsky, Viktor, 163
Shlyapnikov, 53, 55, 79, 309, 313
Shotman, Alexander, 202
Shreider, Grigorii, 292, 297, 301
Shulgin, V. V., 57–8, 73–5, 81–3
Sidorin, Colonel V. I., 220, 231
Sinegub, Lieutenant, 301–2
Skalov, G. B., 166
Skobelev, Matvey, 54–5, 67, 129
denounces Lenin, 111
slogans, 155–6, 184
‘All Power to the Soviets’, 177, 188–9, 197, 224, 230, 237
‘Complete Liquidation of the Dictatorship of the Counterrevolutionary Bourgeoisie’, 198
‘Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers’, 172
Smilga, Ivar, 147, 253, 284
Smolensk Bulletin (newspaper), 257
Smolny Institute, 222, 258, 261, 269, 272, 276, 282–4, 286, 289, 292–3, 295–7, 303–4
crowds and Lenin push into, 282
map of, ix
Petrograd Soviet relocates to, 199
revolutionary planning in, 284
socialism/socialist, 13–4
government, 298, 300
by coalition, 283, 295, 308, 315
‘in one country’ says Stalin, 313–4, 316
Lenin calls for exclusively socialist government, 237
Lenin calls for worldwide socialist revolution, 109
Lenin on, 306
multi-ethnic, 15
not immediate task to introduce, 113–4
and Provisional Government, 124–5, 130, 181
revolution as step towards, 98, 113
revolution, celebration of, 317
Second International, 123
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 22, 24–5, 24–7, 33, 53, 55, 62, 66, 68, 77, 84, 91, 94–5, 100, 103, 116, 125–7, 129, 137–9, 142, 149, 151, 154, 156, 165–6, 170, 174, 181, 183, 188, 191, 201, 205–6, 212, 222, 224, 226, 231–2, 236–45, 248, 294–7, 303, 308
Battle Organisation, 193
on First World War, 31
formation of, 10
Left, 91, 98, 126, 138, 145, 151, 177, 181, 191, 201, 234, 263, 265, 274–5, 277–8, 280, 283, 294–5, 297, 299, 304, 306, 308–9
Lenin on coalition with, 212
not ready for power, 188
Right, 33, 194, 244, 273, 293, 296, 300, 307–8
widening split between left and right, 125
Sokolov, 54, 67, 70, 72, 76
Soldatskaya pravda (newspaper), 146, 148–9, 161, 166
soldiers:
All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 105, 140, 142–3, 170, 271, 276, 287
and anarchism, 157
appropriation of buildings (February–March), 110
await Lenin’s return, 108
await news of revolution by train, 75, 82
Bloody Sunday, 19
and Bolsheviks, 101, 210
concert sponsors anti-war literature for, 168
and counter-revolution, 225, 228, 234
Declaration of the Rights of Soldiers, 99–100
and desertion, 32, 101, 132, 136–7, 162–4, 209, 243, 319
order to kill deserters, 194
and dignity, 70–1
election to power of, 73, 76, 99–100
and First World War, 135–6, 159–60, 162
plunging morale, 136–7, 162, 164, 200, 209, 265
protest against, 169, 259
and hell of war, 153
ill temper escalating, 132, 170
and Kerensky, 135–6, 140
and Kornilov, 245
mobilisation against, 223
letter requesting books, 116
looting houses of rich (March), 78
and machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282
march for nationalism, 158
march on Tauride Palace, 52
and Military Revolutionary Committee, 273–4
‘On the Rights of Soldiers’, 135
and Order Number 1, 70, 73–4, 85, 100, 135, 159, 194
and peasantry, 159
in Petrograd, 43, 45, 217
and Petrograd Soviet, 63, 94
and power, 89, 100, 130, 224, 230, 258
and power struggle over Provisional Government, 67–70
protest Milyukov note, 118
and protests, 155, 172, 175, 180–1, 184
rebellion inevtiable, 168
and revolution, 288, 290, 296, 298, 303–4, 307
self-recrimination, 48
soldatki (soldiers’ wives), 115,
138
and soviets, 263
and workers, 47, 49, 53–4, 277
See also military; Military Revolutionary Committee; Red Guard; World War I
soviets:
All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 105, 110, 145, 147, 149, 152, 159, 161, 253–5
Second Congress, 258, 267, 269, 272, 287, 290, 293–7, 300, 304, 306, 315
criticism of, 208
Lenin calls for, 111–2
Northern Region Congress of Soviets, 263
opposed to Provisional Government, 124
and peasantry, 263
Petrograd Interdistrict Conference of, 215
and power, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 139, 141, 146–7, 155, 166, 168, 170, 177–8, 182, 184, 188, 201, 224, 230, 234, 237, 239, 246, 258–9, 270, 274, 296, 303
as transition from capitalism, 240
turn away from, 197–8
and revolution, 308
and soldiers, 263
spread of, 24, 90, 105, 115, 121
Union of Muslim Soviets, 228–9
and workers, 263
See also Kronstadt Soviet; Moscow Soviet; Petrograd Soviet; Riga Soviet
Speransky, Countess, 198
Spiridonova, Maria, 25, 138, 176–7, 181, 294, 309
Raskolnikov snubs, 177
St Petersburg:
becomes Petrograd, 31
building of, 5–6
strikes in, 30
urban growth, 11
Stahl, Ludmila, 98, 112, 114, 118
Stalin, Joseph, 96–7, 104, 110, 122, 174, 188, 261, 269, 284
consolidates his control, 314
Lenin suspicious of, 313
as result of revolution, 315
‘socialism in one country’, 313–4, 316
Stalinism, 97, 315
Stark, Leonid, 281
Steklov, Yuri Mikhailovich, 53, 72, 106, 180, 201
Stites, Richard, 93
Stolypin, Pyotr, 25, 27
strikes, 16, 22, 30, 158, 160, 244
and Cossacks, 44–5
in Europe, 310
and First World War, 34
and monks, 93
in Moscow, 30, 34, 40, 50, 61, 205
in Petrograd (1905), 19
in Petrograd (1917), 40–1, 45–6, 48, 169
banning of, 217
and Revolution of 1905, 22, 24
spread of (1905), 20
Struve, Peter, 14
Stürmer, Boris, 36
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 69, 72–3, 76, 97, 109–10, 143, 156, 181–2, 212, 226, 260–1, 272, 293, 315
Sverdlov, Yakov, 148, 177, 271, 276
switchmen, 318
Sytin publishing house, 22
Tarasova, E., 186
Tauride Palace:
crowds at, 50, 52
Lenin’s interventions at (April), 110–1
map of, ix
as military camp, 57
protest at, 170, 173, 178, 181
Provisional Government announced at (March), 77
soldiers march on, 52
Soviet debates problem of power at, 66
Soviet asked to leave, 195