Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Roman naturalist and encyclopedist (23–79), 55, 143, 205, 223, 316, 317, 323, 492, 498, 528, 592, 619, 621, 622
Plotinus (plō-tī’-nŭs), Egyptian philosopher (205?-27o?), 136, 657
plumbing, 22, 52
Plutarch , historian (46?-120?), 26, 68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 104, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118–119, 129, 130, 142, 237, 240, 242*, 248, 249, 251, 252, 291*, 300, 305, 312, 370*, 419, 434, 435, 442, 444, 455, 474, 478, 483–484, 488, 492, 500, 538, 539, 541, 548, 549, 553, 629, 632, 633, 634, 645, 660, 661
Pluto , 96, 178, 179, 189, 312
Plutus , see Pluto
Flutus (Aristophanes), 283
Pnyx , 255
Po River, 159
Poems and Ballads (Swinburne), 154*
Poetics (Aristotle), 526*
poetry, of Alcaeus, 151–152
of Anacreon 149
of Apollonius of Rhodes, 608–609
of Archilochus, 132
of Callimachus, 608
contests, 216
in early Greece, 139–140
of Hesiod, 98–103
of Homer, 44, 52, 207–211
of Jews, 603
in Megara, 92–95
of Mimnermus, 148
and music, 226
origin of, 193
of Pindar, 375–377
of Sappho, 153–156
of Simonides, 130–131
in Sparta, 74–77
of Stesichorus, 171
of Theocritus, 609–612
police, 466
Polis , 580
politics, Pythagorean, 166
of Plato, 519–521
of Aristotle, 534–537
Politics (Aristotle), 526*, 533*
Polity of the Athenians, The (Old Oligarch), 279
Pollias, potter, (6th century B.C.), 220
Pollux (pŏl’-ŭks) (mythology), 105*
Pollux, Julius, grammarian (2nd century A.D.), 212
Polyaegos , 158
Polybius , historian (ca. 202–120 B.C.), 79, 157, 172, 564, 568, 572, 593, 598, 600, 613–615, 632, 643–644, 659, 663, 665, 666
Polycleitus , sculptor (fl. 430 B.C.), 72, 217, 322–323, 498
Polycleitus the Younger, sculptor (4th century B.C.), 96
Polycrates , tyrant of Samos (r. 535–515 B.C), 141–143, 149, 161, 206
Polydorus , 40
Polydorus, mythological King of Thebes, 406
Polydorus, sculptor (1st century B.C.), 622
polygamy, in Troy, 36; in Sparta, 81–82; in Athens, 304–305.
Polygnotus of Thasos, painter (fl. 465 B.C.), 316, 324, 331, 491, 669
Polymedes , sculptor (archaic period), 68*
Polymnestor , 406
Polymnestus, poet and musician (7th century B.C.), 75
Polymnia , 186
Polynices , 41, 394, 496
Polyphemus , 60
polytheism, 175–177
Polyxena , 36, 406
Pompeii, 18, 178, 618, 620, 669
Pompey the Great (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), Roman general (106-48 B.C), 67, 106
Pontica, 156
Pontus (pōn’-tŭs), 275, 578
Pope, Alexander, English poet (1688–1744), 106*
Popilius, see Laenas, Caius Popilius
population, of Crete, 11
of Carthage, 67
of Sparta, 73
of Corinth, 91
of Aegina, 95
of Chios, 150
of Sybaris, 160
of Syracuse, 172
of Athens, 254–255, 561
of Alexandria, 592–593
Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., The (Gomme, A. W.), 255†
porcelain, see ceramics
pornai, 299, 300
pornography, 428–429
Portland, Duke of, see Bentinck, William Henry
Portland Vase, 616
Porus (pôr’-ŭs) King of India (ca. 325 B.C.), 546
Poseidippus , dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 567
Poseidippus, epigrammatist (ca. 270 B.C.), 577
Poseidon (pō-sī’-dōn), 22, 43, 58, 109, 113, 168, 175, 181, 185, 186, 216, 329, 331, 334, 403, 510
Poseidonia , 160, 168, 175, 300, 327. 333
Poseidon, Thetis, Achilles, and Nereids (Sco-pas), 498
postal service, 273, 589–590
Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 526*
Potidaea , 158, 365, 441, 444, 470, 477
pottery, see ceramics
poverty, in Athens, 110–112, 465; in 4th and 3rd centuries, 563
Pozzuoli, 169, see also Puteoli
Praesus (prē’-sŭs), 11
Prasiae , 108
Pratinas , tragic poet (fl. 500 B.C.), 377
Praxagora , 283, 427
Praxagoras, physician (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 638
Praxinoa , 609
Praxiteles , sculptor (fl. 340 B.C.), 132, 184, 185, 217, 300, 302, 323, 324, 397, 467, 491, 492, 495–497, 498, 501, 621, 625, 671
prayer, 14, 193, 195
Praying Youth (Boëthus), 625
premarital relations, in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 299–301
Priam (prī’-ăm), 25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 43, 45, 48, 56, 58–59, 406, 407
Priapus (prī-ă’-pŭs), 178, 299
Priene (prī-ē’-nē), 141, 151, 327, 564, 618
priests, 11, 13–14, 176, 192–195, 198, 595
printing, 15
Prior Analytics (Aristotle), 526*
probouleuma, 256
Proconnesus (prō’-kōn-nē’-sŭs), 156
Procrustes (prō-krŭs’-tēz), 40
Prodicus of Ceos, humanist (5th century B.C.), 358, 361, 363, 367, 401, 506
Proetus (prō-ē’-tŭs), 27–28
professionalism, in sports, 12–13, 468, 567
“Prognostic” (Hippocrates), 343
Promachus , Macedonian general (4th century B.C), 551
Prometheus (prō-mē’-thŭs), 42, 100, 101, 194, 317, 384–385
Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus), 376, 384–386, 390
Prometheus the Fire Bringer (Aeschylus), 384
Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus), 384
Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), 386
property, community, in Homeric society, 46; in Athens, in; in Egypt, 588
Prophetic books, 595
Propontis, 4*, 128, 135, 156, 157, 276, 437
Propylaea , 325, 327, 329, 331
prose, 139–140, 430–436, 486–491, 612–615
prostitution, in Sparta, 83
in Corinth, 91
in Athens, 116, 299–301, 467–468
in 3rd century, 567
in Alexandria, 593
Protagoras (prō-tăg’-ō-răs), philosopher (481-411 B.C.), 136, 358–360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 368, 370, 373, 417, 437, 514, 642, 643, 657
Protagoras (Plato), 364, 368, 513*
Protestantism, 658
Protogenes (prō-tōj’-ě-nēz), painter (fl. 330–300 B.C.), 493, 619
proverbs, 141, 607
Proverbs, 603
Provençal madrigals, 171
prytaneum, 175, 197
prytanies, 125, 257
Psalms, Book of, 603
Psamtik I, King of Egypt, Prince of Saïs (663-609 B.C.), 173
Pseira , 11, 22
Psyche (sī’-kē) (Rohde), 532*
psychology, 145–147, 531–532, 647
Psychro (sī’-krō), 6
Ptolemies, 544, 575, 579, 582, 588, 589, 590, 592, 596, 597, 601, 602, 608, 609, 618, 623, 627, 638
Ptolemy I Soter, King of Egypt (367-285 B.C.), 550, 558, 572, 579, 585, 586, 593, 595, 601, 607, 6l2, 624§
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, King of Egypt (309-247 B.C.), 585–587, 589, 590*, 591, 593, 594–595, 596, 601, 609, 624§, 657*
Ptolemy III Euergetes I, King of Egypt (reigned 246–221 B.C.), 570, 571, 587, 601, 618, 636
Ptolemy IV Philopator, King of Egypt (reigned 221–204 B.C
), 573
Ptolemy V Epiphanes, King of Egypt (reigned 204–181 B.C), 581, 597
Ptolemy VI Philometor, King of Egypt (181-145 B.C.), 594, 597, 600
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), Greco-Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and geometer at Alexandria (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 635, 669
public baths, 90
public works, in Corinth, 90
in Athens, 121, 250, 251
in Samos, 142
in Egypt, 588–589 Punic Wars, 661
punishment, in Sparta, 83–84
in Athens, 112, 116–117, 261
in religion, 290–291
purdah, 306
purification rites, 194, 196, 201
Puritan Reformation, 191
Puritans, 196, 390, 523, 581, 656
Puteoli, 169
Pyanepsia , 199
Pyanepsion , 199
Pydna , 70, 470, 477, 558, 665
Pygmalion , 133
Pylades , 388–389, 410
Pylus (pī’-lŭs) in Elis, 58, 60
Pylus in Messena, 442
Pyramids, 143*
Pyrrha , 39, 153
Pyrrho , philosopher (365-275 B.C), 351, 503, 640, 642–643, 644, 657
Pyrrhus , King of Epirus (318-272 B.C), 160, 568, 598, 612, 660–661
Pythagoras , philosopher (6th century B.C), 68, 69, 131, 136, 142, 144, 161–166, 167, 191, 202, 204, 303, 338, 355, 357, 500, 511*, 523, 628*, 669
Pythagoras of Rhegium, sculptor (5th century B.C), 322
Pythagorean society, 166
Pytheas of Massalia, navigator and geographer (4th century B.C.), 637
Pythian games, 104*, 105, 179, 200, 216, 317, 477, 525
Pythian oracle, 124, 161, 198, see also Delphic oracle
Pythias, wife of Aristotle (4th century B.C), 524–525
Pythocleides , musician and poet (5th century B.C.), 248
Q
Quadrature of the Parabola, The (Archimedes), 629–630
quarrying, 133, 271, 464
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), Roman rhetorician and critic (35?-100?), 326, 526
R
Rabelais, Francois, French physician and writer (1490?-1553), 420, 428
race origins, of Cretes, 20
of Mycenaeans, 29–30
of Trojans, 35
of Achaeans, 39–40
of Macedonians, 69–70
of Argives, 72
of Athenians, 107–108
common to all Greeks, 203
Raging Maenad, 498
rainfall on Mediterranean coasts, 3; in Attica, 107, 268
Rameses (răm’-ē-sēz) III, King of Egypt (reigned 1204-1172 B.C), 55, 432
Ransom of Hector, The (Dionysius), 473
Rape of the Leucippidae (Polygnotus), 316
Raphael Sanzio, Italian painter (1483–1520), 400
Raphia , 573, 580, 587
Ras-et-Tin, 590*
rationalism, 70, 414
red-figure ware, 220, 315
Red Sea, 576, 589
redistribution of land, under Lycurgus, 79
under Peisistratus, 121
in Athens, 466
in Sparta, 569
Reggio, 167, see Rhegium
“Regimen in Acute Diseases” (Hippocrates), 343, 345
religion, in Crete, 13–14
in Mycenae, 32
in Cyprus, 33–34
in Homeric society, 54
in Sparta, 79
in Athens, 124, 467
and philosophy, 135–136
in social structure, 175–202
in art, 217–218
in law, 258
as protection, 262
in 4th and 3rd centuries, 565–566;
in Judea, 580
in Egypt, 595
in Epicureanism, 646
in Stoicism, 653–654
return to, 657–658
Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606–1669), 333
Renaissance, 203, 296, 349, 558, 576, 622, 667, 670
Renan, Ernest, French Orientalist, author, and critic (1823–1892), 604
Reproduction of Animals (Aristotle), 526*, 527*
reproduction worship, 13, 177, 178, 179
Republic (Plato), 206, 490, 509, 513*, 514
Republic (Zeno), 563, 651
Revelation, Book of, 604*
revenge, in Homeric society, 54
in Athens, 112
revenue, 265–266, 439, 466
revolution, in Sicyon, 89
of Solon, 112–119
of Aristogeiton, 124
in Samos, 284
in Leontini, 284
in Corcyra, 285–286
in Sparta, 568–570
in Egypt, 597
Rhacotis , 592
Rhadamanthus , 14
Rhamnus, 108
rhapsodes, 207, 229
Rhea , 20, 32, 99; see also Cybele
Rhegion, 167, see Rhegium
Rhegium, 160, 169, 322, 472
rhetoric, 356, 430, 485–486
Rhetoric (Aristotle), 526*
rhetors, 260–261, 469
Rhodae (rō’-dī), 169
Rhodes (rōdz), 33, 62, 70, 128, 133, 134, 177, 219, 374, 437, 470, 493, 558, 562, 564, 566, 567, 570–571, 575, 580, 585, 609, 6l9, 621, 623, 627, 663, 665
Rhoecus (rē’-kŭs), architect and sculptor (fl. 640 B.C.), 68, 143, 221
Rhone River, 169
rhyme, 207
Ridgeway, William, Sir, English archeologist, 37
Rita, 258
rituals, 13–14, 175, 177, 187, 188–189, 190–191, 192–195, 199–200, 201
roads, in Arcadia, 88
in Athens, 121, 272
in Seleucid Empire, 575
Rome, 11, 14, 33, 35†, 44, 68, 70, 80, 86, 106, 109, 155, 169, 170, 197, 198, 205, 255, 266, 274, 280, 298, 314, 323, 470, 472, 499, 526, 557, 558, 561, 5&l, 566, 570, 571, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 584, 587, 589, 591, 592, 593, 594, 598, 599, 601, 613, 614, 618, 626, 632, 637, 643, 649, 656, 658, 659–666, 667, 668
Room of the Virgins, 335
Rosas, 169, see Rhodae
Rosetta Stone, 597
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, French philosopher (1712–1778), 18, 280, 308, 372, 509, 670
Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great (d. 310 B.C.), 547
Rubens, Peter Paul, Flemish painter (1577–1640), 620
Runner (Parrhasius), 317–318
Ruskin, John, English author and art critic (1819–1900), 626
Russell, Bertrand, English philosopher and writer, 351*
Russia, 25, 26, 75, 157, 219, 590
S
Sabazius , 186
Sacae (sā’-sē), 238
Sack of Troy (Polygnotus), 316
Sacred Band, 462, 480, 541
“Sacred Disease, The” (Hippocrates), 344
Sacred Wars, 104, 477
Sacred Way (Athens to Eleusis), 188, 272
Sacred Way (of temple of Apollo), 105
sacrifice, in Crete, 13–14
in Homeric society, 54
at Delphi, 105
in religious structure, 193–195
Saffron Picker, 18
St. Elias, Mt., 96, 181†
Saute (sā’-īt) Age (Egypt), 68
Sakkara , 68
Salaminia , 447
Salamis , 34, 56, 95, 109, 113, 173, 194, 233, 237, 239–241, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 271, 319, 383, 392, 401, 431, 448, 455, 560
Salerno, 168
Salonika, 575, see also Thessalonica
Samaria , 579, 580
Samarkand (săm’-ēr-kănd’), 550
Samos (sā’-mōs), 68, 85, 90, 91, 133, 140, 141–143, 149, 151, 161, 169, 175, 219, 226, 231, 235, 253, 284, 327, 342, 439, 449, 470, 585, 644
Samothrace (săm’-ō-thrās), 156, 222, 498, 508, 505
Sand-Reckoner, The (Archimedes), 630, 634
Sanskrit, 204
sapphic meter, 154
“Sapphics” (Swinb
urne), 154*
Sappho (săf’-ō), poet (7th century B.C.), 36, 75, 76*, 149, 151–156, 159, *86, 193, 302, 603
Saracens, 170, 622*
sarcophagi, 6, 16, 18, 623
Sarcophagus of Alexander, 623
Sardinia , 67, 661
Sardis , 69, 76, 118, 234, 235, 447, 461, 587
Saros (sä’-rŏs), Gulf of, 89
Sarton, George Alfred Leon, historian of science, 638
Sassanid Dynasty, 576
Satan, 581, 605
Saturnalia , 199
Satyr (Praxiteles), 495
satyr plays, 231, 384, 420
satyrs, 178, 180
Savignoni, Italian archeologist, 6
Scamander River, 35
Scandile , 158
Scepsis , 601
Schlegel, August Wilhelm, critic (1767–1849), 386
Schliemann, Heinrich, German archeologist (1822–1890), 5, 6, 22*, 24–29, 32, 34, 35, 159
Scholastics, 523, 667, 670
schools, 288–289, 567, 604
Schopenhauer, Arthur, German philosopher (1788–1860), 357, 657, 670
science, in Crete, 15
origins of, 135–136
in 7th and 6th centuries, 136–139
of Pythagoras, 164
in Periclean age, 337–348
in 4th century, 500–503
of Aristotle, 526–531
in Hellenistic age, 627–639
scientific method, 527
Scillus in Elis, 489, 504
Scione (sī-ō’-nē), 158
Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (185-129 B.C.), 602, 613, 614, 643, 666
Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, Roman general (237-183 B.C.), 663, 664
Scipio family, 575
Scodra, 661
Scopas (skō’-păs), sculptor (4th century B.C), 492, 494, 497–498, 623
Scotland, 637
scribes, in Crete, 8, 11
in Homeric society, 52
in Egypt, 588, 591
Scriptures, 604, see Bible
sculpture, in Crete, 17
in Mycenae, 28, 31
in Troy, 34
Egyptian and early Greek, 68
in 7th and 6th centuries, 221–223
in Peri-clean age, 318–327
in 4th century, 492, 494–499
in Hellenistic age, 621–625
Scutari, 156, see Chrysopolis
Scylax (skī’-lăks) of Caria, historian (6th-5th centuries B.C.), 341
Scylla , 61, 167
Scyllis, Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C), 23, 221, 322
Scyros (skē’-iōs), 40, 158, 461
Scythia , 157, 234, 238, 276
Scythopolis, 580
Seager, Richard B., American archeologist, 6
secret ballot, 256
secret police, in Sparta, 74, 80–81
Segesta , 171, 327, 446
Seisachtheia (sī-zäk’-thī-ä’) (Solon), 113–114