Page 105 of The Life of Greece

Olbia, 135, 157, 575

  Old Age, see Geras

  Old Comedy, 231, 429

  Old Market Woman, 626*

  “Old Oligarch,” 279–280, 283

  Old Testament, 604

  oligarchy, 109–112, 247, 255, 449

  olive culture, see arboriculture

  Olympia , 38, 39, 40, 48, 88, 89, 105, 180, 181, 211, 213–216, 222, 325, 328, 430, 445, 496, 538

  Olympiads, 217, 613, 615

  Olympians (gods), 177, 180–188, 195, 210–211, 467

  Olympias, Queen of Macedonia (d. 316 B.C), 476, 481, 538, 544, 549

  Olympic games, 5, 41†, 91, 200, 213–216, 317, 349, 472, 668

  Olympieum 574, 617

  Olympus , Mt., 30, 37, 56, 99, 106, 131, 175, 181, 182

  Olympus, musician (8th century B.C..), 227

  Olynthus , 158, 477, 525

  Onatas , sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

  Oneiros , 186

  Onias III, high priest of Jerusalem (2nd century B.C..), 594

  On Conoids and Spheroids (Archimedes), 630

  On Floating Bodies (Archimedes), 630

  “On Marriage” (Theophrastus), 640

  On Nature (Alcmaeon), 342

  On Nature (Anaxagoras), 339, 417*

  On Nature (Empedocles), 356

  On Nature (Epicurus), 645

  On Nature (Gorgias), 360

  On Nature (Heracleitus), 144

  On Nature (Parmenides), 350

  Onomacritus , scholar (520 B.C.), 190

  On Plane Equilibriums (Archimedes), 630

  On Purifications (Empedocles), 356

  On Spirals (Archimedes), 630

  On the Crown (Demosthenes), 484–485

  “On the Heart” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 345

  On the Heavens (Aristotle), 526*

  “On the Improvement of the Intellect” (Pythagoras), 165*

  On the Peace (Isocrates), 487

  “On the Physician” (Corpus Hippocraticum), 346

  On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon (Aristarchus), 634

  On the Soul (Aristotle), 526*

  ontology, in philosophy of Thales, 137

  of Anaximander, 138

  of Heracleitus, 145–146

  of Pythagoras, 165

  of Anaxagoras, 339

  of Parmenides, 350

  of Empedocles, 357

  of Plato, 515–517

  of Epicurus, 646

  of Stoics, 652–653

  “On Wounds in the Head” (Hippocrates), 343

  optics, 638

  oracles, 197–199

  oratory, 53–54, 256, 360, 430, 483–485

  orchestra, 378

  Orchomenos , 29, 35, 42, 88, 103, 543, 665

  Oresteia (Aeschylus), 383, 384, 386–391, 411

  Orestes , 61, 108, 195, 201, 311, 386, 388–389, 404, 409–411, 431

  Orestes (Euripides), 401*

  “Organon” (Aristotle), 526–527

  Orientalization, 577–578

  Oriental style (architecture), 219

  Orontes River, 564, 572, 575

  Oropus , 108

  Orpheus (ôr’-fūs), 43, 69, 180–190, 191, 227, 303, 319

  Orpheus among the Thractons, 315

  Orphism, 68, 165, 190–192, 467, 523, 566, 668

  Orthagoras (ŏr-thăg’-ō-răs), tyrant of Sicyon (fl. 676 B.C.), 89

  Ortygia , 172, 470–471, 474, 475

  Oscophoria, 199

  Osiris , 68, 178, 187*, 432, 595, 668

  Ossa , Mt., 106

  Ostia (ôs’-tyä), 620

  ostracism, 125–126, 237, 246, 247, 266

  Othrys , Mt., 106

  Otricoli , 624

  Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), Latin poet (43 B.C.-A.D. 17), 155, 157

  Oxus (ŏk’-sŭs) River, 575

  Oxyrhynchus , 155

  P

  Paches (pā’-kēz), Athenian general (5th century B.C.), 443

  Pacific Ocean, 3

  pacifism, 406, 415

  Paeonia , 238

  Paeonius of Ephesus, architect (6th century B.C.), 143

  Paeonius, architect, 618

  Paeonius of Mende, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 328

  Paestum (pěs’-tŭm), 168, 226, see also Poseidonia

  Paetus (pě-ē’-tŭs) and Arria , 623

  painting, in Crete, 17–18, 19–20

  in Mycenae, 31

  in 6th century, 223

  in Periclean age, 315–318

  in 4th century, 492–494

  in Hellenistic age, 618–621

  palaces, in Crete, 6–8, 11, 12, 18–20

  in Tiryns and Mycenae, 27–30

  in Homeric society, 53

  Palace of Minos, The (Evans), 6*

  palaestras, 212, 288–289, 567

  Palaikastro (păl’-ī-kăs’-trō), 6, 7, 11, 12, 22

  Palatine Hill, 493

  Palermo, 170, 575, see also Panormus

  Palestine, 21, 70, 234, 557, 572, 573, 579, 585, 594, 605, 667

  Pallas , 182

  Pallas Athene, see Athena

  Pamphilus , painter (4th century B.C.), 492

  Pamphylia , 245*

  Pan (păn), 88, 177, 610, 616, 625

  Panaenus (pă-nē’-nŭs), painter (5th century B.C), 317, 325

  Panaetius of Rhodes, Stoic philosopher (ca. 185–110 B.C.), 652

  Panathenaea , 122, 123, 199, 212–213, 334

  Panathenaicus (Isocrates), 488

  Panboeotia , 103

  Pandora , 101

  panegyreis, 200

  Panegyricus (Isocrates), 486–487, 488

  Panhellenic games, 91, 200, 211, 213, 216, 262

  Panhellenism, 485

  Panionia , 200

  Panionium , 151

  pankration, 214–215

  Panormus (pä-nôr’-mŭs), 156, 170, 241, 575

  pantheism, 414, 565

  Panticapaeum , 157, 575

  paper, 8, 206

  Paphlagonia , 238, 275

  Paphos (pă’-fŏs), 34

  papyrus, 206, 591, 600

  Paradise Lost (Milton), 386

  paradox, in philosophy, 145, 351

  parasites, 294

  parchment, 206, 600

  Paribeni, Italian archeologist, 6

  Paris, son of Priam, 36, 53, 55, 56, 59, 171, 185, 404

  parks, 592, 617

  Parmenides of Elea, philosopher (6th century B.C.), 136, 139, 144, 168, 339, 349, 350–351, 352, 353, 356, 359, 367, 516*

  Parmenides (Plato), 364, 513*, 514

  Parmenio , Macedonian general (400-330 B.C.), 541, 549

  Parnassus (pär-năs’-ŭs), Mt., 38, 39, 98, 104, 105

  Parnes (pär-něs) Mts., 109

  Parni, 578

  Parnon Mts., 72, 107

  Paros (pā’-rŏs), 131–132, 221, 236, 329

  Parrhasian Mts., 88

  Parrhasius , painter (fl. 400 B.C.), 317–318

  Parthenon (pär’-thē-nŏn), 122, 199, 225, 266, 267, 290, 324–325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332–335, 378, 494, 558, 618, 623, 628

  Parthia , 578, 579

  Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 526*

  Parysatis , 547

  Pascal, Blaise, French philosopher and mathematician (1623–1662), 657, 669

  Pasiōn , banker (5th century B.C.), 274, 278, 464

  Pasiphaë , 14, 22

  Pasteur, Louis, French chemist (1822–1895), 165‡

  pastorals, 171, 609–612

  Pataikion (pă-tī-kē-ōn), thief (5th century B.C.), 201

  Pater, Walter, English essayist and critic (1839–1894), 127*, 537

  Patrae (păt’-rē), 89, 560

  Patras, see Patrae

  patrimony, 259, 281

  patriotism, 201, 566

  Patroclus , 46, 48, 58, 193, 208, 212, 220, 551, 620

  Paul, Saint, Apostle to the Gentiles (?-67?), 91, 136, 595, 607, 658

  Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 25*

  Paullus, Ae
milius, Roman general (229-160 B.C.), 326, 665

  Pausanias , traveler and topographer (fl. 2nd century A.D.), 22*, 26, 28, 29, 73, 88, 89, 92, 159, 176, 215, 221, 226, 227, 295, 328, 496, 497, 559, 618

  Pausanius, King of Sparta (fl. 479 B.C), 242, 246

  Pausanias, Macedonian officer (fl. 336 B.C.), 481, 542

  Pausias (pô’-sē-ăs) of Sicyon, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

  Pax Romana, 577

  Paxos (păk’-sōs), 159

  Peace, The (Aristophanes), 423

  Peace of Antalcidas, see King’s Peace

  Peace of Nicias, 443, 445

  Pedasus , 431

  Pegasus , 98

  Peisistratids, 123, 219, see also Hippias and Hipparchus, tyrants of Athens

  Peisistratus , Athenian tyrant (605-527 B.C), 103, 110, 113, 119–123, 124, 188, 189, 200, 207, 208, 212, 223, 226, 233, 249, 265, 269

  Pelasgi (pē-lăz’-jī), 30, 31, 37–38, 40, 64, 88, 108

  Peleus (pē’-lūs), 43

  Pelias , 43, 403

  Pelion Mts., 106, 328

  Pella , 70, 418, 437, 525, 542, 580, 651

  Pellene , 89, 560, 569

  Pelopidas , Theban general (d. 364 B.C.), 194, 462

  Peloponnesian League, 86

  Peloponnesian War, 80, 108, 118, 252, 253, 269, 295, 326, 365, 391, 399, 415, 420, 432, 437, 441–452, 455, 460, 480, 485, 572

  Peloponnesus (pĕl-ō-pŏ-nē’-sŭs), 26, 27, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 62, 63, 70, 72, 73, 86, 89, 92, 108, 128, 221, 231, 266, 320, 323, 432, 441, 446, 447, 462, 477, 553, 560, 568, 569, 621

  Pelops (pē’-lōps), 39, 42, 51, 61, 62, 86, 328, 386

  Penelope (pē-nel’-ō-pē), 46, 48, 53, 59–60, 61, 210, 318

  Peneus (pē-nē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 106

  pentacosiomedimni, 115

  Pentateuch, 595

  pentathlon, 214

  Pentelicus , Mt., 109, 320, 328, 329, 332, 464

  Pentheus (pěn’-thūs), 418, 419

  People of Athens, The (Parrhasius), 318

  Peparethos (pě’-pär-ē’-thōs), 158

  Perdiccas II, King of Macedonia (reigned 454–413 B.C), 343

  perfumes, 291–292

  Pergamene Library, 579, 602

  Pergamum , 557, 559, 575, 578. 579, 600, 601, 602, 618, 623, 627, 639, 663, 664, 665

  periaktoi, 379

  Periander , tyrant of Corinth (625-585 B.C.), 89†-, 90–91, 92, 141

  Periclean age, 50, 53, 109, 142, 172, 177, 188, 207, 226, 242, 248–456, 560, 566

  Pericles , Athenian statesman (495?-429 B.C), 7, 10, 29, 40, 70, no, 119, 150, 157, 182, 188, 203, 207, 236, 245, 246, 247, 248–254, 255, 259, 264, 271, 272, 283, 295, 314, 325, 330, 332, 340, 341, 392, 420, 421, 430, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439, 440, 441–442, 444, 445, 448, 450, 468, 479, 535, 554, 594, 617

  Periegesis (Pausanias), 26*

  Perinthus, 157

  Perioeci , 73–74, 77, 459

  Peripatetic school, 525, 640, 641

  Pernier, L., Italian archeologist, 6

  Persaeus (pēr-sē’-ŭs), philosopher and writer (3rd century B.C.), 651

  persecution, religious, 581, 582–583

  Persephone (pēr-sěf’-ō-nē), 50*, 54*, 68, 69, 72, 73, 178, 182, 185*, 187, 189, 190, 231, 232, 426, 499

  Persepolis , 545–546

  Perseus (pûr’-sūs), 28, 38†, 39

  Perseus, King of Macedonia (reigned 178–168 B.C.), 558, 613, 664–665

  Perseus (in Works and Days), 100

  Perseus, 321

  Persia, 4, 55, 67, 69, 70, 71, 87, 95, 98, 103, 104, 130, 131, 135, 136, 141, 150, 194, 203, 234–236, 238, 245, 246, 294, 437, 439, 448, 459, 461, 468, 472, 477, 479, 486–487, 489, 491, 494, 525 545, 543, 544, 545–545, 547, 548, 572, 574, 575, 576, 578, 591, 592, 593, 606, 637, 660

  Persian Gulf, 572

  Persian War, 80, 88, 95, 149, 151, 168, 173, 216, 226, 238–242, 274, 276, 329, 375, 391, 430, 433

  Persian Women, The (Aeschylus), 382*, 384*

  Petra (pē’-tra), 576

  Phaeacian (fē-ā’-shăn), 48, 49, 52

  Phaedo (fē’-dō) of Elis, philosopher (5th-4th century B.C.), 369, 455

  Phaedo (Plato), 364, 371, 513*, 514

  Phaedra (fē’-dra), 22, 402–403

  Phaedrus (fē’-drŭs), Athenian (5th century B.C.), 370

  Phaedrus (Plato), 302, 513*, 514

  Phaestus (fěs’-tŭs), 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, 21

  Phaëthon (fā’-ē-thŏn), 177*, 501

  Phainomena (Eudoxus), 501, 635

  phalanx, 476–477

  Phalaris , tyrant of Acragas (570-554 B.C.), 171, 172

  Phalerum (fă-lē’-rŭm), 250

  phallic worship, 13, 178, 199, 231

  Phaon (fā’-ŏn), sailor (7th century B.C.), 155

  Pharnabazus (făr’-nă-bä’-zŭs) Persian general (5th-4th century B.C.), 451

  Pharos (fā’-rŏs), 134, 143*, 590*, 592, 595

  Pharsalus (fär-sā’-lŭs), 106

  Phasis , 157

  Pheidias, , sculptor (ca. 490–432 B.C.), 52, 181, 199, 202, 221, 251, 252, 253, 291, 315, 316, 317, 320, 322, 323–327, 331, 332, 334, 397, 491, 496, 497, 498, 671

  Pheidias, astronomer (4th-3rd century B.C.), 628

  Pheidippides , courier (490 B.C.), 215

  Pheidippides (in Clouds), 425–426

  Pheidon (fī’-dŏn), King of Argos (748 B.C.), 72, 114

  Pherae (fē’-rē), 106

  Pherecrates , dramatist (fl. 438 B.C), 420

  Pherecydes (fěr’-ě-sī’-dēz) of Syros, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 131, 140

  Phigalea , 327, 328

  Phliadelpheus, Alexandre, museum curator, 499*

  Philadelphia, 580

  Philae (fī’-lē), 618

  philanthropy, 294, 563

  Philataerus , founder of Pergamene kingdom (3rd century B.C.), 578

  Philebus (fī-lē’-bŭs) (Plato), 513*

  Philemon (fī-lē’-mŏn), dramatist (361-263 B.C.), 412, 419, 429, 606, 607, 608, 667, 668

  Philip, physician (3rd century B.C.), 541

  Philip II, King of Macedonia (382-336 B.C), 54, 70, 103, 104*, 157, 158, 213, 265, 266, 461, 463, 467, 471, 475–478, 479–481, 484, 486, 488, 491, 498, 503, 524, 525, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 548, 550, 554, 558, 641

  Philip V, King of Macedonia (220-179 B.C.), 561, 568, 587, 662–663, 664

  Philippica (Theopompus), 488

  Philistion , physician (4th century B.C.), 501, 502

  Philistius, historian (432-356 B.C.), 473

  Philoctetes (Pythagoras), 322

  Philoctetes (Sophocles), 294, 392, 397, 622

  Philo Judaeus, Jewish philosopher (20 B.C-A.D. 54), 147, 595

  Philolaus (fī-lō-lā’-ŭs) of Thebes, philosopher (b. 480 B.C.), 166, 339, 352

  philologv, 359

  Philomelus , Phocian general (4th century B.C.), 104

  Philon (fī’-lŏn), architect (4th century B.C.), 491, 617

  Philon of Byzantium, mechanician (fl. 146 B.C.), 633

  Philopoemen , general and statesman (252?-183 B.C.), 570, 613

  philosophy, of Anaxagoras, 330–341

  of An-aximander, 138–139

  of Anaximenes, 139

  of Antisthenes, 505–506

  of Aristippus, 503–505

  of Aristotle, 524–537

  of Diogenes, 506–509

  of Empedocles, 355–358

  of Epicureans, 644–649

  of Heracleitus, 144–148

  of Isocrates, 485–488

  of idealists, 349–351

  of materialists, 352–355

  origins of, 135–136

  of Parmenides, 350

  of Plato, 500–524

  of Pythagoras, 164–166

  and return to religion, 657–658

  of scientists, 500–503

  of Skeptics, 640–644

  of Socrates, 364–373

  of Sophists, 358–364

  of Stoics, 650–657


  of Thales, 136–138

  of Xenophanes, 167–168

  of Zeno of Elea, 351

  Philostephanus of Corinth, banker (5th century B.C), 274

  Philotas (fī-lŏ’-tăs), son of Parmenio (330 B.C), 549

  Philoxenus , painter (fl. 4th century B.C.), 620

  Philoxenus, poet (435-380 B.C.), 472

  Phintias , Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*

  Phlius (flī’-ŭs), 569

  Phocaea (fō-sē’-ă), 150, 156, 169

  Phocion , Athenian statesman and general (402-317 B.C.), 264, 479, 558

  Phocis , 27, 104, 198, 441, 477, 542, 543

  Phoebe (fē’-bē), 182

  Phoebidas , Spartan general (4th century B.C.), 295

  Phoebus (fē’-bŭs), 104

  Phoenicia , 4, 5, 55, 68, 135, 161, 203, 275, 544, 557, 572, 573, 576, 578, 585

  Phoenicians, 4, 8, 15, 31 47, 55, 67, 68, 70, 72, 109*, 133, 134, 170, 205, 238, 580

  Phormio, banker (4th century B.C.), 278, 478

  Phradmon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

  phratries, 108, 175

  Phreattys , 259

  Phrixus , 42–43

  Phrygia , 20, 30, 35, 39, 69, 178, 228, 238, 451, 559

  Phrygian mode (music), 69, 228*, 518

  Phryne (frī’-nē), courtesan (4th century B.C.), 300–301, 467, 495, 496, 641–642

  Phrynichus , dramatic poet (fl. 6th-5th century B.C.), 382*

  Phthiotis , 106, 128, 198

  Phyla , 401

  Phylakopi , 33

  physics, 138, 341, 500, 527, 630–631, 633–634

  Physics (Aristotle), 526, 527

  physiology, 138, 345, 502–503, 531, 639

  Pieria , 106

  Pillars of Hercules, 41†, 551

  Pinakotheka , 331, 579

  Pindar , poet (522-448? B.C.), 72, 76*, 91, 103, 107, 196, 201, 216, 361, 374–377, 437.438, 543

  Pindaric odes, 375–377

  piracy, 10, 30–31, 47, 48–49, 54, 171, 262, 275

  Piraeus (pī-rē’-ŭs), 11, 106, 109, 129, 237, 246, 250, 255, 275, 285, 290, 299, 329, 451, 452, 464, 491, 501, 506, 560, 561, 562, 571, 607

  Pirithous , 328

  Pitane , 578

  Pittacus , tyrant of Mytilene (650-570 B.C.), 141, 151, 153

  Plain (political party), 119–120, 124

  Plataea , 79, 98, 103, 171, 203, 234, 235, 239, 240, 242, 312, 383, 455, 462, 543, 545

  Plato (plā’-tō), philosopher (427?-347 B.C.), 3, 68, 86, 87, 107, 118, 136, 152, 162, 166, 167, 168, 176, 191, 197, 202, 205, 206, 211, 226, 228*, 229, 249, 252, 267, 278, 280, 282, 287, 288, 293, 297, 300, 302, 310, 311, 324, 349, 353, 358, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 373, 382, 392, 401, 417*, 426, 453, 454, 455. 465, 467, 468, 469, 472–474 483, 485, 486, 490, 491, 492, 500, 501, 508, 509–524, 526, 533, 554, 562, 601, 628, 629, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 650, 656, 670, 671

  Plautus, Titus Maccius, Roman dramatist (254?-184 B.C.), 606, 668