Reichstag, Germany, 147, 148, 155
Reims, France, 68, 84, 506
Reinhold, Erasmus (1511–53), 862
Reisebuch (Schnittberger), 240
relics, 24, 168, 234, 339, 531, 567
religion, 693
“Religion Articles of,” 585
Religion, History of Reformation of, in Scotland (Knox), 607
Religione, De vera et falsa (Zwingli), 408
religious drama, 76
religious toleration, 395, 589
religious unity, 229, 596, 632
religious worship, 473, 768
Renard, Simon, 589, 593, 597
René, Duke of Anjou (1409–80), 76, 80, 92, 98
Renée of France and Ferrara (1510–75), 467, 537, 538, 539, 794, 891
Rense, Germany, 150, 151
rents, 573
Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy (Pecock), 117
reredos, 189
Resolutiones (Luther), 346, 350
Resurrection of Lazarus, The (Froment), 98
retables, 222
Reubeni, David (c. 1490–c. 1536), 740–741
Reuchlin, Johannes (1455–1522), 288, 290, 301, 322, 323–325, 426
Augenspiegel, 324
Reval, Russia, 439
Revolutions, Book of (Copernicus), 849
revolts: peasants, 40, 67, 69, no, 145, 295,
workers, 69, 144
Rhenanus, Beatus (1485–1547), 282, 411, 425, 432
Rhenish Literary Society, 322
Rheticus, Georg (1514–76), 855, 858–859, 862
Rhetoric, Chambers of, 130
Rhineland, 127, 145
Rhodes, island, 187, 703, 709, 718
Ribeaumont, Eustace de (1347), 63–64
Ribeiro, Bernardim (1482–1552), 815
Ribeiro, Diogo (1527), 866
Ricci, Paolo, 892
Richard II, King of England (1377–99), 29, 36, 40, 42, 43–45, 48, 55–57, 106, 116, 163, 235
Richard III, King of England (1483–5), 108, 112
Richard III, History of (More), 552
Richard, Duke of York (1411–60), 107
Richard, Duke of York (1472–83), 108
Richard of Bury St. Edmunds (1287–1345), 157
Richelieu, Cardinal (1585–1642), 76, 220
Richemont, Constable, 87
Richmond and Somerset, Duke of (1519–36), 537, 561
Ridley, Nicholas (1500?-55), 532, 580, 585, 589, 596, 597
Riemenschneider, Tilman (c. 1460–1531), 306
Riese, Adam (c. 1489–1559), 855
Riga, Poland, 439, 629
Rigot, Claude (1553), 483
Riksdag, Swedish, 146
Rio Plata, 194
Ripa, Alberto da (d. 1551), 773
Ripon, England, 21
roads, improvement, 627
robber barons, 299
Robbia, Girolamo della (1488–1566), 824
Robert, King of Naples, 723
Robert III, King of Scotland (1390–1406), 604
Robert of Geneva, see Clement VII
Robert of Ormsby, 119
Rochelle, French acquisition, 92
Rochester, England, 41
Rochford, Lady, 576
Rochford, Lord, 559, 560
Rodriguez, Simon (1534), 910
Rogues, Guild of (Murner), 812
Rohrbach, Jäcklein (1528), 387, 388, 391
Rojas, Fernando de (1499), 225
Rokycana, Jan (1451), 171
Rolle, Richard (1290?-1349), 39
rolling mill, 144
Romagna, Papal State, 8
Romagnano, Italy, 508
Roman Catholic Church: international court, 6
nadir, 6–11
New World, 269
Roman law, 254, 296, 300, 439, 759
Romano, Giulio (1499–1546), 823, 825, 829
Romanovna, Anastasia (1547), 654, 657
Romaunt de la rose (Guillaume de Lorris), 49
Rome: capture by Imperial troops (1527), 535
clerical life (1509), 275–276
concubinage, 21
control by Louis of Bavaria, 149–150
corruption, 18, 344
Council of (1302), 376
French possessions, 58
Jews, 721–722
jubilee (1500), 331, 332
printing press, 159
restoration, 14
sacking (1527), 436, 438
(1526), 512, 574, 659, 704, 892, 895, 919, 923
St. Peters, 13, 14, 199, 221*, 281, 337, 338
University of, 14
Ronsard, Pierre de (1524–85), 501, 508–811, 826, 873
quoted, 809–810
Amours 809; Odes, 809
rope-climbing myth, 234
Roper, William (1496–1578), 557
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (1828–82), 49
Rosso, Giovanni Battista de (1494–1540), 823, 825, 826, 829, 848
Rostock, Germany, 439
university, 786
Rostov, Russia, 652
rotary motion, 241
Rothenburg, Germany, 387, 392
Rottman, Bernard, 399
Rouen, France, 69, 70–88
Cathedral, 96, 79
Church of St. Germain l’Auxerrois, 830
Church of St. Maclou, 79, 830
Church of St. Quen, 79
Palais de Justice, 96
Rouergue, France, 68
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), 806
Êmile, 474
Roussel, Gérard (d. 1550), 460, 503, 504, 505
Roussillon, France, 92, 94, 102, 227
Rovere, Giuliano della, see Julius II
Rovezzano, Benedetto da (1474–1550), 839
royal hand, curative, 231
Rubliov, Andrei (c. 1370-r. 1430), 649
Rueda, Lope de (1510?-65), 817
rugs: Persian, 701–702
Turkish, 715
Ruiz de Acaraz, Pedro, 639
Rupert III (1400), 152
Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 99
Russell, Bertrand, Earl (1872-), 251
Russia, 161, 173, 183, 629, 700
Russian Church, 21, 648, 649
Rustem Pasha (1550), 717
Rut, John (1527), 865
Ruysbroeck, Jan van (1293–1381), 73, 127, 129
quoted, 128
Ryazan, principality, 647, 653
Sabzawar, Persia, 672
Sachs, Hans (1494–1576), 298, 765, 812–814
quoted, 814
Sachsenhausen, Germany, 148
sacraments, 24, 35, 213, 376
Sacrobosco, Johannes de (1230), Sphaera, 859
Sa de Miranda, Francisco de (1485?-1558), 815
Sa’di, Persian poet (1184?-1291), 667
Sadoleto, Jacopo (1477–1547), 470, 471, 735, 892, 895, 897
Epistle to the Genevese, 470
Safed, Upper Galilee, 737
Safi-al-Din, 699
Sagres, Portugal, 192, 193
St. Alban’s, England, Abbey, 119, 242
St. Andrews, Scotland, 606
university, 236, 603
St. Bartholomew, Massacre, 574, 661, 886
St. Denis, church 80, 98
Saint-Gall, Switzerland, 5, 396
Abbey of St. Gall, 410
St. Galmier, church, 98
St. George and the Dragon (Colombe), 98
Saint-Omer, France, 96
St. Paul’s School, England, 524
Saint-Quentin, France, 91, 96, 522, 923
St. Thomas Islands, 219
St. Vitus’s dance, 231, 305, 874
Saintonge, France, 68
saints, adoration of, 376
Salamanca, Castile, 197, 221
cathedral, 846
university, 788
Salic law, 61*
Salisbury, Countess of, 28
Salm, Count Nicholas von (1529), 704
Salmerón, Alonso (1515–85), 910, 928
salon, 762
Salonika, 175, 178, 180, 182, 736
salvation by faith, 343–344, 345, 356, 373, 374–376, 408, 465, 929
Salzburg, Germany, 147, 156, 397
Samarkand, Persia, 663, 671, 672, 673, 674, 676, 685
Mausoleum of the Emir, 675
Samnan, Persia, 698
Samson, Bernhardin, 405
Samuel ibn-Wakar, 200
San Ildefonso, College of (1499), 225
San Roman, Francisco de (1542), 640
San Salvador, 262
sanbenito, 211
Sánchez Coello, Alonso (1531?-88), 223
sanctuary, laws of, 759
Sand, George (Amandine Dudevant; 1803–76), 99
Sanitary Act (1388), 245
Sannazaro, Iacopo (1458–1530), 816
Sanseverino, Cardinal, 897
Santa Fé, Granada, 203
Santa Maria, flagship of Columbus, 261, 263
Santander, Luis de, 261, 261*
Santarem, Joao da (1471), 194
Santillana, Marquis of (1398–1458), 224
Santo Domingo (Ciudad Trujillo), 265, 266, 268
Saragossa, Aragon, 197, 214, 221
church of
Nuestra Señora del Pilar, 846
Sarai, Russia, 647, 652, 673
Sardinia, 197, 205, 216
Sarpi, Paolo (1552–1623), 924
Sarto, Andrea del (1487–1531), 823
Satan: Congregation of, 615
preoccupation with, 372–373
satire, 326, 427, 817
Saumur, France, 96
Sauvage, Jean le, 289
Savonarola (1452–98), 18, 25, 124
Savoy, duchy, 514, 515, 522
Sawtrey, William (1401), 116
Saxony, 144, 145, 147, 423
Albertine (Ducal), 339*
Ernestine (Electoral), 339*, 340, 454
Saye, Lord (1450), iii Sayyids, 673
Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558), 791
Scanderbeg (George Castriota: 1403?-68), 186–187, 709
Scandinavia, 143, 144, 145, 152, 216, 445, 621–623
Schaffhausen, Switzerland, 384, 403, 410
Schinner, Matthaus (1508), 405
Schleswig-Holstein, 300, 440
Schmalkaldic League, 444, 445
Schnittberger, Johann (1396–1426), 240
Schöffer, Peter (1425?-1502), 158
scholars, 90, 183, 790–792
scholarships, 237, 320, 885
scholasticism, 237, 246, 251, 332, 342, 370, 664, 747, 787, 789, 883, 886
Schonberg, Nicholas, Cardinal, 860
Schöner, Dr. Johannes, 837
Schongauer, Martin (1445?-1491), 309, 310, 312
Christ Carrying the Cross (New York), 309
schools, 130, 157, 287, 320, 524, 786–790
curriculum, 235
Jesuit, 128, 915
painting, 156
Schools of Letters, On Rightly Opening (Sturm), 787
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 248
Schulplan (Melanchthon), 787
Schwarz silver mines, 295
Schwarzert, Philipp, see Melanchthon Schwyz, Switzerland, 146, 410, 411
science, 4, 246, 248, 742, 848, 886
Sciences, On the Uncertainty and Vanity of the (Agrippa), 854
scientists, 238–243, 689
Scone, Stone of, 604
Scorel, Jan Van (1495–1562), Magdalen (Amsterdam), 831
Scotland: French alliance, 62, 515, 604, 606, 617, 618
French intrusion, 615
Perpetual Peace (1423), 604
population (1500), 602
self-government, 602
universities, 236
wars with England, 27, 62, 577, 581, 604, 606
Scotland, Appellation to the Nobility and Estates of (Knox), 613
Scott, Walter (1771–1832), 49
Scottish Covenant, First (1557), 615
scrofula, curing, 231
sculpture: England, 119
France, 830–831
Germany, 155, 306, 308, 836
Gothic, 98, 820
Hungarian, 189
Spain, 221–222, 846–847
Scutari, 187
sea travel, 114–115
Sebastiano del Piombo (1485?-1547), 899
Secular Authority (Luther), 377
secularism, 79
secularization, 377
sedition, 421, 679
seduction, 10
Segovia, Spain, 208
Cathedral, 221, 846
segregation, 727, 737
Selby, England, Cathedral (c. 1340), 118
Seleucus of Babylonia (2nd Century B.C.), 856
Selim I, Sultan (1512–20), 677, 681, 696, 699, 736
Selim II, Sultan (1566–74), 702, 717
Seljuq clan, 678
semantics, 247
Semendria, Hungary, 185
seminaries, establishment, 932
Sempach, Switzerland, 147
Seneca, Marcus Annaeus (54 B.C.?-A.D. 39), 272, 285, 289, 465, 845
quoted, 259
Senegal, Africa, 192
Senegal River, 192, 194
Senfl, Ludwig (c. 1492-c. 1555), 779
Senior, Abraham (c. 1410–1?. 94), 207, 217, 261
Senlis, France, cathedral, 96
sensations, 247, 251
seraglio, 712
Serbia, 178–179, 180, 182, 184, 186, 187
serfdom, 40, 45, 67, 90, 109, 144, 171, 175, 572, 621, 627, 659
serfs, education, 235
Seripando, Girolamo (1493–1563), 899, 925, 929
Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 823, 826;
Architettura, Opere di, 826
sermons, 370, 406, 408, 608
Servetus, Michael (1511–53), 413, 424, 460, 478, 479–484, 599, 614, 630, 796, 871, 872
quoted, 481, 767
Christianity, The Restitution of, 481
Trinitatis erroribus, De, 479–480, 481
monument, 484*
Servo arbitrio, De (Luther), 375, 434, 435
Sève, Maurice (1510–64), 808
Sévigné, Marquise de (1626–96), 807
Sevenoaks, England, III
Seville, Castile, 197, 213, 216, 218
Alcazar, 221
Casa de Pilatus, 221
Cathedral, 221, 222
Town Hall, 846
sewers, 873–874
sexual perversions, 639, 760–761
sexual relations, 39, 72, 232, 762
Seymour, Jane, wife of Henry VIII (d. 1537), 559–560, 575
Sforza, Bona (1493–1550), 629
Sforza, Maximilian, Duke of Milan (1512–15), 506, 507
Shah-Ali (1557), 656
Shah Muzaffar, 682
Shah Rukh (1405–47), 676, 685, 687
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 54, 57, 58, 111*, 224, 552, 792, 796, 811, 815, 873
Shaxton, Bishop, 572
Shayki Na’i, 682
sheep, grazing, 109, 572
Sheppey, England, III
Shi’a sect, 685, 686, 698–699
shipbuilding, 109, 753
shipping, 753
shipwrecks, 627
Shiraz, Persia, 667, 672, 700
Shoe, Bond of the, 293, 294
Shore, Jane (1445?-?1527), 112
Should Heretics be Persecuted”?, 486
Shrewsbury, England, 106
shrines, curative, 231
Shuiski, Andrei, 654
Shyp of Folys, The (Barclay), 812*
Siam, 195
Siberia, 240, 651, 659
Sicily, 197, 205, 216, 224, 663
Sickingen, Franz von (1481–1523), 299, 350, 352, 380
Sidney, Philip (1554–86), 815, 816
Siger de Brabant (1235?-?1281), 246
Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (1488), 295
Sigismund, King of Hungary (1387–1437)
Holy Roman Emperor (1411–37), 22, 152, 162,
165, 166, 168, 170–171, 180, 185, 360
Sigismund I, King of Poland (1506–48), 174, 291, 629, 630, 725, 857
Sigismund II, King of Poland (1548–72), 629, 630, 725, 77}
Sigüenza, Spain, 221, 638
Silesia, 144, 145, 172, 188, 440
silk weaving, 177
Siloé, Diego de (d. 1563), 846
Siloé, Gil de (fl. 1475?-?1505), 222
silver plate, 294
silversmiths, 298, 848
Simeon (Ivanovitch) the Proud (1341–53), 651
Simonetta, Cardinal, 898
simony, 12, 19, 34, 164, 168, 899
Sinan, architect (1489?-1587)
sinecures, 19
Sistine Madonna, 132
Sithium, Miguel (1492), 223
Si vas, Asia Minor, 673
Six Articles, Act of the (1539), 572, 575
Sixtus IV, Pope (1471–84), 13, 15, 23, 204, 207, 209, 213, 214, 215, 239, 721
skeptics, 881–883
Skoplje, Serbia, 179
slave trade, African, 193–194
Slave Will, On the (Luther), 434, 435
slavery, 449, 514, 516, 817, 867
Spanish Jews, 219
Slavs, 161, 175, 178
Sluis, Flanders, 62
Sluter, Claus (d. 1406), 130, 774
Well of Moses, 131
Smeton, Mark, 559, 560
Smolensk, Russia, 173, 653
Smyrna. Turkey, 674
Smyth, Hugh, 121
social hygiene, 244
social morality, 763–764
siocial orders, 18, 65, 472
social revolution, Britain (1381), 116
social unit, Anabaptists, 398
socialism, 365
state, 475
Society of Jesus (1540), 912
Socinus, Faustus (1539–1604), 630
Socinus, Laelius (1525–62), 478, 630
sociology, 694
Sociology, Principles of (Spencer), 694
Socrates (470?-399 B.C.), 289, 854, 883
Sodalitas Litteraria Danubia, 189
sodomy, 72, 206
Sofia, Bulgaria, 180
Solario, Pietro (1485), 650
Solesmes, France, priory church, 98
Solothurn, Switzerland, 403
Solway Moss, battle (1542), 605
Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of (1506?-52, 579–583, 585, 588
Sophia, Queen of Bohemia, 163, 168
Sorano, Bishop, 892
Soranus (early 2nd century), 243
sorcery, 232, 233, 647
Sorel, Agnès (?409?-50), 81, 87, 88, 519
soties, follies, 100
Soto, Hernando de (1499–1542), 865
Sourdeau, Jacques (c. 1470–c. 1530), 824
South America, 265, 268, 269
Spagna, Lo (Giovanni di Pietro; fl. 1500–1530), 223
Spain: absolute monarchy, 207
Americas, 195
civil war, 204
Comuneros, revolt (1520–22), 637–639
economic competition, 200
Inquisition, 208–216
involvement in foreign wars, 228, 510–515
Jews, exodus, 216–219, 228
line of demarcation, 264
mines, control of, 358