Moslems, exodus, 220
music, 776
national unification, 92
navigators, 194
papal tribute, 337–338
population (1450), 198, (1515), 493
printing press, 159
Protestantism, 216, 639–643
religious unity, 208, 209, 219, 220, 228
royal absolutism, 255
trade barriers, 198
universities, 237, 788
Spalatin, Georg (1484–1545), 347, 349, 352, 359, 364
Sparta, 177
speech from the throne, 27
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 251
Sociology, Principles of, 694
Spengler, Lazarus (1526), 350, 356, 439
Spenser, Edmund (1552?–99), 815
Speyer, Germany, 144, 297
Diet (1526), 442, (1529), 397
Recess, 442, 444
Speyer trial (1520), 325
Sphere, Treatise on the (Nuñes), 743
Spice Islands, 195
spice trade, 632
spies, 764
spinet, 773
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 375, 462, 742, 745, 939
spiritual exercises, 907, 909
Spiritual Madrigals (Palestrina), 782
Spirituals, Anabaptist sect, 396
Sprenger, Jacob (1474), 233, 328
Spurs, Battle of the (1513), 95, 525
Squarcione, Francesco (1394–1474), 312
Stabat Mater (Palestrina), 782
Stafford, Thomas (d.1557), 599
Stafileo, Bishop, 895
stained glass, 99, 118, 309, 829
Stans, Diet of (1481), 403
Stapleton, William, 566
Star Chamber, Court of, 108
Starkey, Thomas (c. 1495–1538), 573
quoted, 759–760
starvation, 70, 203
state bank, 198
state law, 254, 377
state loans to private industry, 475
state monopolies, 676
States-General, 60, 66, 67, 68, 87, 92
Staupitz, Johann von (d. 1524), 343, 344, 345
stealing, 112
steam baths, 768
steel, 241
Stephen, Bishop of Brandenburg, quoted, 731
Stephen Báthory (1533–86), 656
Stephen Dushan, King of Serbia (1335–46), 178–179
Stephen Lazarevitch, King, f Serbia (1389–1427), 180, 679
Stephen of Palecz (1414), 165
Stephen Urosh III, 178–179
Sterne, Laurence (1713–68), 807
Stifel, Michael (1487–1567), 855
Stockholm, Sweden, 622
Stoicism, 465
stone sculpture, 308
Storch, Nicholas, 366
Stoss, Veit (1447–1533), 173, 301, 306–307
Strabo (63 B.C.?-?24 A.D.), 259, 482
Stralsund, Germany, 439
Marienkirche (1382), 154
Strasbourg, Germany, 69, 143, 147, 156, 158, 159, 297, 305, 397, 412, 439, 443, 454, 457, 470–471, 730
cathedral (1439), 154, 242, 306
gymnasium, 787
stratigraphy, 864
Straw, Jack (1381), 45
strikes, 38, 59, 65, 756
Stroganov, Semën (1581), 659
strolling players, 817
Stuart, Robert (1371–90), 604
Stübner, Marcus, 366
students, college, 788–789
Studies, On the Transmission of (Vives), 790
Stühlingen, Germany, 384
Stuhlweissenburg, Hungary, 706
Sture, Sten, the Younger (1512–20), 621, 622
Sturm, Johannes (1507–89), 787
Stuttgart, Germany, palace of Duke Christopher, 835
Styria, 294, 706
Sublime Forte, 710
Succession, Act of (1534), 548, 557, 561
Sudan, 695
Sudbury, Simon, Archbishop (d. 1381), 32, 35, 40, 42, 43, 45
Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of (d. 1554), 586, 589, 592, 593
suffrage, 254, 383
suicide, 758, 765, 851
mass, 731
Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (1520–66), 187, 440–441, 442, 444, 453, 494, 507, 510, 515, 695’719 737, 818, 921, 923
Suleiman, son of Orkhan (fl. 1353–61), 179, 679
Sultaniya, Persia, 685
Summa theologica (Aquinas), 929
sumptuary laws, 412, 759, 767
Sunnites, 698, 699
supernatural, belief in, 3, 81
supernatural revelations, 154
superstition, 65, 73, 230, 233, 234, 420, 648
Suprema, Inquisition, 209
Supremacy, Statute of (1534), 548, 549, 563
surgeons, 243–244
Surgeons, Royal College of, 244
surgery, 873–875
Surgery, The Great (Paracelsus), 880
Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of (1517?-47), 811–812
quoted, 812
survival, technique of, 737–741
Suso, Heinrich (1295–1365), 154
Sutton Place, Surrey, 839
Suzanne of Bourbon, 508
Suzdal, principality, 647, 651, 652
Swabia, Germany, 299, 439
Swabian League (1488), 300, 388, 392, 731
sweating sickness, 874
Sweden, 143, 144, 145, 146, 159, 515, 621–626, 629
Swift, Jonathan, Dean (1667–1745), 558, 807
Switzerland: Anabaptists, 396
cantons, 146–147, 153, 403
Confederation (1291), 135, 146, 403, 410
Holy Roman Empire, 148
humanism, 432
peasant freedom, 384
printing press, 159
serfdom, 144
war with Burgundy, 91
Sylvester, advisor to Ivan IV, 654, 656
House-hold Book, 660
syphilis, 94, 245–246, 265, 303, 492, 761, 873, 880
Syria, 663, 678, 681, 703, 710
Szabacs, Hungary, 441, 703
Szigetvar, Hungary, 718
Tabard Inn, London, 50
Table, A Cloth for the (Isserles), 739
Table in Order (Karo), 739
table manners, 113, 304, 713
Tabor, Bohemia, 169, 170
Taborites, 169–170, 365, 395, 725
Tabourot, Jean, quoted, 770
Tabriz, Persia, 664, 665, 672, 681, 684, 687, 698, 699, 700, 706, 713
Blue Mosque, 686
Rashidi Foundation, 665
Talavera, Hernando de (1492), 219–220, 260
Talbot, John (1388?-1453), 83, 84, 88
talismans, 850
Talmud, 726, 739, 746, 924
Tamasp I (1524–76), 699, 700, 702, 717
Tamerlane (Timur: 1336?-1405), 181, 240, 663, 671–676, 680, 685, 690
Memoirs, 671*, 672
Tannenberg, Germany, 173
tapestries, 99, 113, 155, 829
Taranto, Italy, 697
Tarascón, France, 76
tariffs, industry, 573
Tarragona, Spain, 197, 221
Tata, Hungary, 189
Tatars, 161, 647, 650, 651, 652, 655, 663, 671
Tauler, Johannes (c. 1290–1361). 154, 343
Tausen, Hans (1494–1561), 628
taverns, 713
closing hours, 604
taxation: “Amicable Grant,” 535
arms, 40
Church property, 17–18
crusade, financing, 347
death taxes, 293, 545
ecclesiastical, 529, 531
English Church, 30
exemptions, 92, 621, 629
France, national, 88, 494
luxuries, 287
poll tax, 41, 93, 737
predatory, 659
Roman Curia, 330
teachers, 235–238, 714
Templars, confiscations from, 61
Ten Commandments, 820
tenants
: Church property, 30
oppression, 572, 582
Teresa, Saint (1515–82), 900–905
quoted, 902
Interior Castle, The, 905
Vida, 903
Way of Perfection, The, 905
Tertullian (160?-?230), 375
Teruel, Aragon, 214
Testament, Le Grand (Villon: 1461), quoted, 102–104
Testament, Le Petit (Villon: c. 1456), 101
Testwood, Robert, 576
Tetrapolitana, Confession, 443
Tetzel, Johann (1465?-1519), 325, 338, 348
One Hundred and Six Anti-Theses, 345
Teutonic knights, 161, 172, 173, 329
Teutonic Order, Grand Masters of, 155
Tewkesbury, England, 107
Texas, discovery, 865
Texier, Jean le (1510), 96
textile industry, 38, 59, 296, 309, 384, 573, 674, 775
textiles, 715, 753
Persia, 688, 701
Spain, 222
theater, first English (1348), 46
Theatines, 896, 910
theocracy, 459, 472, 485, 489, 611, 635
socialist, 399
Theologia Germanica (Luther), 345
theology, 249, 619, 659, 693, 881
Luther’s, 371–377
Theophanes the Greek, 649
Theophrastus, (d. c. 287 B.C.), 868
therapy, 873, 877
theses: Carlstadt’s, 349
Eck’s, 349–350
Luther’s, 340, 428, 627, 629
public announcement, 341
Tetzel’s, 345
Zwingli’s, 407
Thessaly, 179
thieving, 757
Thirty Years’ War, 172, 392, 398, 489, 812
Thomas of Stitny (1390), 163
Thorgau, Switzerland, 410
Thorn, Peace of (1466), 173
Thrace, 179, 181
Throckmorton, Sir George, 537
Thuringia, Germany, 147
Thurzo family, 295
Thyard, Pontus de (1521–1605), 808
tiles: colored, 222, 715
glazed, 685
Tiilet, Louis de, 460
Tilley, William (d. 1494), 123
Timbuktu, 192
time measurement, 241
Timur the Lame, see Tamerlane
Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester (1427?-70), 123
Tirol, Austria, 389, 392, 397, 410
tithes, 7, 293, 383, 406, 529, 621, 628, 629, 631, 708, 738, 751, 936
Titian (1477–1576), 298, 314, 516, 847, 921;
Magdalen, 823
Paul 111, Pope (Naples), 921
Tlemcen, Morocco, 695
tobacco, 262
Toledo, Castile, 197, 200, 208, 213, 214, 221;
Cathedral, 222, 847
toleration, 456, 485, 486, 937
tombs, 80, 98, 174, 192, 222, 226, 301, 307, 308, 642, 670, 830, 838–839
Torcello, Bishop of, quoted, 19
Tordesillas, Spain, 638, 639
Treaty of (1494), 264
Torgau, Germany, 356
Toro, Castile, 205
Torquemada, Tomás de (1420?-98), 201, 213–214, 217, 732
Torrigiano, Pietro (1472–1522), 838–839, 845, 846
Tortosa, Spain, 224
torture, 115, 190, 210–211, 302, 304, 474, 503, 549, 759, 851
Toscanelli, Paolo (1397–1482), 259
Tottel, Riçhard (1525?-94), 811
Toul, Germany, 455, 521
Toulon, France, 516, 697
Toulouse, France, 60, 224, 506, 729, 785
Tour-Landry, Geoffrey de la, 71
Tournai, Belgium, 58, 126, 635
tournaments, 202, 769
Tournon, François de, Cardinal, 482, 494, 505
Tours, 80, 496
cathedral, 96
Towton, England, 107
Tractatus de civili dominio (Wyclif), 31, 32
Trade and Usury (Luther), 379
trade routes, 240, 258, 754
tragedies, 46, 815
Trajan, Roman Emperor (98–117), 845
Transoxiana, 663, 671, 672, 673, 676, 699, 700
transportation, 753, 754
transubstantiation, 35, 37, 116, 272, 354, 487, 580, 895, 920, 930
Transylvania, 144, 185
travel, 114, 305, 754
treason, 28, 579
treaties, Christian powers with Eastern states, 706
Treatise on Faith (Pecock), 117
Trebizond, Turkey, 187
Trémouille, Louis de la (1459–1525), 93
Trent, Italy, 721
Council of, 285, 437, 521, 635, 641, 780, 781, 849, 924, 927–933
Tres belles heures de Nôtre Dame, Les, 131
trial by combat, 513*
Triana, Rodrigo de (1492), 261
tribute, Granada to Castile, 202
Tridentine Index (1564), 924
Trie, Guillaume, 482
Trier, Germany, 147, 297, 380, 400, 440, 467
trigonometry, 238, 239, 744, 855
Trinidad, 265
Trinità de’ Pellegrini, 896
Trinitarianism, 480, 488, 630, 726
Trinitatis erroribus, De (Servetus), 479–480, 481
Trinity, 272, 328
Trionfo, Agostino (1243–1328), 7, 233
Tripartite Code (1514), 190
Tripoli, 696, 698
Tristâo, Nuno (1441), 193
Trithemius, Johannes (1462–1516), 321, 322, 852
quoted, 20, 257, 853
Trnovo, Bulgaria, 180
Trolle, Gustav, Archbishop (d. 1535), 621, 622, 623, 624
troops, Swiss, 406
troubadours, 224
Troubadours, Last of the, 76
Troyes, France: cathedral, 96
Treaty of, 70
Trtko, Stephen (1353–91), 179, 180
Truchsess, Georg von, 388, 391
Tschudi, Valentin (d. 1555), 414
Tubingeri, Germany, University, 488
Tucher, Anton, 307
tulips, 769
Tunis, 514, 696, 697, 713
Tunisia, 663, 696, 697
Tunstall, Cuthbert (1474–1559), 533
Tuqatmish, Tatar Khan (c. 1390), 672, 673
Turim, Arabaah (Asher), 739
Turkey, 152, 184, 721
westward campaign, 510–516
Turkestan, 678
Trer, principality, 647, 652
Twelve Articles, German peasants’, 389
quoted, 385
Tyler, Wat (d. 1381), 40, 41–45
Tyndale, William (1492?-1536), 532, 533, 534, 571
typhus fever, 874
typography, 158, 159, 784
tyrannicide, 614
Tyrol, 144
Udall, Nicholas (1505–56), Ralph Roister Doister, 811
Ukraine, 173, 653
ulema, association of scholars, 708, 709
Uljaitu, Khan (1305–16), 66ç, 666, 685
Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (1498–1550), 380, 439, 445
Ulug-Beg (1394–1449), 676
Umiliati, religious order, 896
Ulm, Germany, 156, 159, 297, 300, 381, 412, 439, 454
Cathedral (1377), 154î public baths, 244
Umbria, Papal State, 8
uncleanliness, 873
Uniformity, Act of (1552), 585
Unitarianism, 484, 487, 580, 630
Universe, Introduction to the (Ibn-Khaldun), 690–694
universities, 236, 786–788
Unterwalden, Switzerland, 146, 410
Uppsala, Sweden, 623
Cathedral (1287), 154, 626
University, 621
Urals, 652
Urban V, Pope (1362–70), 8, 178, 179, 182
Urban VI, Pope (1378–89), 8, 9, 37
Uri, Switzerland, 146, 410
Urquhart, Sir Thomas (1611–60), 807
Ursinus, Zacharias (1534–83), 488
Ursulines, 900
Uruguay, 865
usury, 10, 15, 293, 382, 728, 756
Usque, Samuel (1550), Consolation for the Sorrows of Israel, 742
Utopia (More), 396, 552–555, 556
Utraquists, 168, 171, 364, 629, 631
Utrecht, Netherlands, 126, 158
Uzbeg Mongols, 676
Uzbeks, 699
Vác, Hungary, 189
Vaga, Perino del (1501–47), 829
vagabondage, 572
vagrancy laws, 756
Valdés, Alfonso de (c. 1500–32), 892–893
Dialogo de Lactancio, 892
Valdés, Juan de (c. 1500–41), 641, 892–893
Dialogo de Mercurio y Carón, 893
Valencia, Aragon, 197, 214, 218, 638
Hall of Audience (1500), 221
Valenciennes, France, 58, 136, 635
Valentinois, France, 58
Valla, Lorenzo (1406–56), 16, 272, 327, 369
Valladolid, Castile, 197, 200, 208, 214, 245, 640
Cathedral, 221
Church of San Benito el Real, 847
Valois, France, 58
Varamin, Persia, 685
Varna, 182, 186, 680
Vasa, Gustavus (1523–60), see Gustavus I
Vasari, Giorgio (1511–74), 823, 825
Vasili I, Grand Duke (1389–1425), 651
Vasili II, Grand Duke (1425–62), 651
Vasili III, Grand Duke (1505–33), 653–654
Vast, Jean, 822
Vatable, François (d. 1547), 503, 794
Vatican: 281, 921
frescoes, 132
Library, 14, 225, 540
Vaucelles, Truce of (1556), 522
Vaucouleurs, France, 82
Vaud, Switzerland, 135
Vaudois, 505
Vecinho, Joseph (1490), 743
Vedrosha, Russia, 653
Vega, Lope de (1562–1635), 216, 905
vegetarians, 321*
vehicles, 114, 754
Velásquez (1599–1660), 216, 223
venery, 760
Venus, cult of, 72, 199
Venezuela, 268, 269
Venice, Italy, 13, 15, 159, 182, 184, 187, 195, 312, 540, 681, 697, 706, 734
Fondaco Tedesco, 298
Palace of the Doges, 221
Verdun, Bishop of, 90
Verdun, France, 60, 455, 521
Vere, Lord of, 272
Vergerio, Pierpaolo (1535), 920
Vergil, Polydore (1470?-1555), 528
Vermigli, Pietro Martire, see Peter Martyr
Vermigli Verona, Italy, 161, 896
Verrazano, Giovanni da (1485?-?1528), 865
Verrocchio, Andrea del (1432–88), 188
Versailles, 97
Vesteres, Diet of (1527), 625–626
Verwere, Johannes, 774
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–64), 480, 849, 869–873
quoted, 870
On the Structure of the Human Body, 871, 872
Venesection Letter, 870
Vespasiano da Bisticci (c. 1421–98), 137
Vespucci, Amerigo (1451–1512), 194, 225, 265, 268–269
Viatka, Russia, 647, 651
Viborg, Denmark, 628
Vicente, Gil (1465–1536?), 195, 815, 817, 848
Vicenza, Italy, 681
Victoria, Tomaso Luis de (1540?-1611), 776