52. Sombart, 172.
53. Ibid., 65; Roth, C., Jewish Contributions to Civilization, 238–9.
54. Finkelstein, I, 258; Roth, Jewish Contributions, 229.
55. Baron, II, 127.
56. Dubnow, I, 133.
57. Graetz, V, 52.
58. The following account merely summarizes Graetz, V, 119–66.
59. Ibid., 139.
60. Dubnow, I, 205.
61. Proverbs II, 19.
62. Dubnow, 133–34.
63. Wolfson, H., Philosophy of Spinoza, II, 323.
64. Jewish Encyclopedia, I, 168a.
65. Ibid.
66. Graetz, V, 64.
67. Ibid., 63.
68. Zangwill, I, Dreamers of the Ghetto, 112.
69. Graetz, V, 64.
70. The life of Acosta was made into a play by Karl Gutzkow (1846), and into a fictionalized story by Israel Zangwill in Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898).
CHAPTER XVII
1. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 271.
2. Brewster, Sir David, Memoirs of . . . Sir Isaac Newton, II, 375.
3. Hazard, Critical Years, 177.
4. lbid.
5. Bain, Christina, 144.
6. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 45.
7. Ibid., 43.
8. Smith, P., History of Modem Culture, I, 457.
9. Lang, Andrew, History of Scotland, III, 205.
10. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 44.
11. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 355.
12. Putnam, G. H., Censorship of the Church of Rome, II, 264–65.
13. Smith, P., Culture, I, 491.
14. In Lecky, Rationalism, II, 28.
15. Enc. Brit., XVI, 335d.
16. Parton, Voltaire, I, 71.
17. Camb. History of English Literature, IX, 454.
18. Smith, P., Culture, I, 344.
19. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XIV, 304.
20. Macaulay, History, I, 304.
21. Swift, “Of the Education of Girls,” in Hardy, Conjured Spirit, 47.
22. Woods, etc., Literature of England, I, 787.
23. The following summary is based also on Locke’s Conduct of the Understanding, published posthumously in 1706.
24. The quotations are from Monroe, Paul, Text-Book in the History of Education, 514–19, and Aaron, R. J., John Locke, 290–95.
25. Montalembert, Monks of the West, I, 141.
26. Camb. History of English Literature, IX, 373.
27. Ibid., 374.
28. Pope, The Dunciad, IV, ll. 211–12.
29. Ussher, James, Annals of the Old and New Testament (1650–54), in Smith, P., I, 290.
30. Ibid., 286–87; Martin, Histoire de France, XIV, 294; Hazard, Critical Years, 182–204.
31. Leibniz, Sämtliche Schriften, I, 148, in Smith, P. I, 286.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Hallam, Literature of Europe, IV, 319.
2. Smith, P., I, 170.
3. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 379.
4. Buckle, Ib, 500–504.
5. Smith, P., I, 166.
6. Wingfield-Stratford, 592.
7. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, Book III, Ch. v.
8. Smith, P., I, 169.
9. Spinoza, Correspondence, 35.
10. Ibid., 80.
11. In Smith, P., I, 149.
12. Ibid., 156.
13. Hazard, 306.
14. Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, 56.
15. Clark, Seventeenth Century, 251.
16. Wolf, History of Science . . . in the 16th and 17th Centuries, 594.
17. Ibid., 609.
18. Ibid., 595.
19. Aubrey, 238.
20. Smith, P., I, 251.
21. Wolf, 82.
22. Newman, J. R., The World of Mathematics, II, 792.
23. Martin, H., Histoire, XIII, 173.
24. Brewster, Memoirs . . . of Newton, I, 312.
25. Newton, I., Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Book III, Prop. 41, (p. 521).
26. Smith, D. E., History of Mathematics, I, 405.
27. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 378.
28. Aubrey, 164.
29. Wolf, 358.
30. Mayer, Joseph, Seven Seals of Science, 109.
31. Newman, J. R., World of Mathematics, II, 794.
32. Tavernier, J. B., Six Voyages, Preface.
33. In Hazard, Critical Years, 12.
34. La Bruyère, Characters, xvii, 4.
35. Hazard, 13.
36. Ibid., 25.
37. Smith, P., I, 79.
38. History Today, May 1957, p. 324.
39. Bacon, Francis, Novum Organum, II, 21.
40. Hooke, Micrographia, in Wolf, 278.
41. Pratt, W. S., History of Music, 325.
42. Wolf, 258.
43. Enc. Brit., III, 994c.
44. Fox-Bourne, John Locke, II, 223–25.
45. Boyle, Robert, Sceptical Chymist, 1.
46. Ibid., 2.
47. Ibid., 17.
48. Butterfield, Origins of Modern Science, 105.
49. Wolf, 349.
50. Ibid., 545.
51. Kirby, R. S., Engineering in History, 154.
52. Wolf, 550.
53. Beard, Miriam, 465.
54. Wolf, 551.
55. Ibid., 552.
56. Wolf, A., History of Science . . . in the 18th Century, 611.
57. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 7, 1651.
58. Wolf, 18th Century, 406.
59. Hamlet, II, ii.
60. Locy, W. A., Growth of Biology, 212.
61. Ibid., 214–16.
62. Ibid., 236.
63. Castiglioni, History of Medicine, 537–538.
64. Brett, G. S., History of Psychology, 337.
65. Ibid., 339; Sigerist, The Great Doctors, 184.
66. Garrison, History of Medicine, 313.
67. Dick in Aubrey,
68. Lewis, Splendid Century, 181.
69. Harding, T. S., Fads, Frauds, and Physicians, 151.
70. Macaulay, History, III, 78.
71. Sévigné, Letters, I, 106 (April 8, 1671).
72. Michelet, Histoire, V, 29.
73. Motteville, Memoirs, I, 186.
74. Castiglioni, 560.
75. Ibid., 562; Garrison, 304.
76. Dick in Aubrey, xix.
77. Garrison, 252.
78. Ibid., 253,
79. Dick in Aubrey, xix.
80. Hallam, Literature of Europe, IV, 341.
81. Wolf, 16th Century, 438.
82. Ibid.
83. Garrison, 295.
84. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 374.
85. Pepys, Nov. 14, 1666.
86. MacLaurin, C., Post Mortem, 170f.
87. Dick in Aubrey, xx.
88. Castiglioni, 566.
89. Whitehead, Alfred North, Science in the Modern World, 58.
90. Sprat, History of the Royal Society (1667), 113, in Clark, G. N., Seventeenth Century, 336.
91. Newman, World of Mathematics, I, 286.
92. Wolf, 16th Century, 668–70.
93. Enc. Brit., V, 994c.
94. In Smith, P., I, 150.
95. In Hazard, Critical Years, 316; Mousnier, Histoire générale, IV, 331.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Brewster, Newton, I, 4.
2. Ibid., 92.
3. Newton’s secretary, in Brewster, II, 96.
4. Keynes, J. M., in Newman, J. R., World of Mathematics, I, 282.
5. Smith, D. E., Isaac Newton, 207.
6. Keynes in Newman, loc. cit.
7. Brewster, II, 96–97.
8. Ibid., 93.
9. Ibid., 413.
10. Andrade, E. N., Sir Isaac Newton, 77.
11. Newton, Principia, 546.
12. Ibid., xvii, preface to first edition.
13. Newton, Opticks, Appendix “De Quadratura Curvarum,” in Wolf, 16th Century, 211.
14. Brewster, II, 24n.
15. Wolf, 217.
16. Princi
pia, scholium to Prop. 7 of Book II.
17. Cf. ibid., 656.
18. Wolf, 266.
19. Enc. Brit., XVI, 361b.
20. Brewster, I, 96.
21. Enc. Brit., XVI, 361b.
22. In Parton, Voltaire, I, 213.
23. Ibid.
24. Brewster, I, 26.
25. Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science, IV, 158.
26. Gilbert, W., De Mundo Nostro Sublunari Philosophia, in Whewell, Inductive Sciences, I, 394.
27. Brewster, I, 282.
28. Whewell, I, 393.
29. Brewster, I, 287.
30. Aubrey, 166.
31. Butterfield, 118.
32. Brewster, I, 293.
33. Principia, 546.
34. Brewster, I, 337,
35. Leibniz, Letter to Hartsoeker, Feb. 10, 1711.
36. Principia, 546, General Scholium.
37. Ibid., 634.
38. Cajori in Principia, 677.
39. Vartanian, A., Diderot and Descartes, 96.
40. General Scholium.
41. Principia, 547.
42. Brewster, II, 97.
43. Ibid., 84.
44. Andrade, in Newman, I, 274.
45. Robertson, Freethought, II, 112–13.
46. Clark, G. N., Seventeenth Century, 249.
47. Keynes, address at tercentennial celebration of Newton’s birth by the Royal Society, July 1946, in Newman, I, 283.
48. In Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, 113.
49. Brewster, II, 132–35.
50. Keynes, loc. cit.
51. Andrade, in Newman, I, 274.
52. Keynes, loc. cit.
53. Parton, Voltaire, I, 213.
54. Andrade, Newton, 121.
55. Keynes in Newman, I, 278; Locke in Brewster, II, 163.
56. Parton, I, 213.
57. Smith, D. E., History of Mathematics, I, 404.
58. Hume, History of England, V, 433.
59. Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 66.
60. Smith, D. E., Newton, 15; Brewster, I, 343.
61. S. Brodetsky in Smith, D. E., Newton, 8.
62. Andrade in Newman, I, 275.
63. Principia, First Scholium.
64. Andrade, Newton, 131.
CHAPTER XX
1. Aubrey, 157.
2. Ibid., 150.
3. Ibid., 151.
4. Hobbes, Leviathan, Ch. iv, p. 16.
5. Hobbes, De Corpore, i, 2, in The Metaphysical System of Thomas Hobbes, ed. Mary W. Calkins, p. 6.
6. Leviathan, vii, p. 31.
7. Ibid., i, p. 3.
8. Ibid.
9. Elementorum Philosophiae, in Metaphysical System, p. 119.
10. Leviathan, ii, pp. 4–5.
11. Ibid., iii, p. 8.
12. Hobbes, Elements of Law, i, 3.
13. Leviathan, ii, p. 6.
14. Ibid., vi, p. 28.
15. Elements of Law, i, 12.
16. Leviathan, xxi, P. 111.
17. Ibid., vi, p. 23.
18. Elements of Law, i, 11.
19. Leviathan, xi, p. 50.
20. Ibid., 49.
21. vi, p. 27.
22. Pp. 23–26.
23. viii, p. 35.
24. xi, p. 49.
25. Elements of Law, i, 12.
26. Leviathan, xiii, p. 65.
27. Ibid.
28. P. 64.
29. Ibid.
30. P. 65.
31. xvii, p. 89.
32. P. 90.
33. xxi, pp. 114–16.
34. xxix, p. 173.
35. P. 176.
36. xix, pp. 99, 101.
37. Elements of Law, ii, 2.
38. Leviathan, xviii, p. 93; xxix, p. 174.
39. P. 172.
40. vi, p. 26; xi, p. 54.
41. xii, pp. 54–55.
42. Ibid.
43. xii, p. 56.
44. Hobbes, De Homine, Ch. i.
45. Leviathan, xi, p. 53.
46. xxxi, p. 194.
47. xxxiv, p. 211.
48. Stephen, Hobbes, 151–52.
49. Leviathan, xii, p. 59.
50. xxix, p. 175.
51. Hobbes, De Cive, in Stephen, Hobbes, 222.
52. Leviathan, xxxi, p. 196.
53. xxxii, p. 199.
54. Bayle, Selections, article “Hobbes.”
55. Burnet, History of His Own Time, 45.
56. Aubrey, 152.
57. Bowie, Hobbes and His Critics, 152.
58. Ibid., 34.
59. Enc. Brit., XI, 613b.
60. Aubrey, 156.
61. Ibid., 153.
62. Enc. Brit., XI, 613d.
63. Aubrey, 153–55.
64. Brewster, Newton, II, 149n; Stephen, Hobbes, 68.
65. Bayle, article “Hobbes,”loc. cit.
66. Aubrey, 124.
67. Harrington, Oceana, 186.
68. Ibid., 186.
69. 187.
70. 197.
71. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 796.
72. Aubrey, 125.
73. Stephen, L., History of English Thought in the 18th Century, II, 80.
74. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, II, 87; Psalms XIV, L, LIII, L.
75. Robertson, II, 90.
76. Ibid., 91.
77. Ibid., 95; Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 482.
78. Toland, John, Christianity Not Mysterious, 6, 37.
79. Lange, F. E., History of Materialism, I, 328–29.
80. Ibid., 325; Wolf, History of Science . . . in the 18th Century, 792.
81. Ibid.; Enc. Brit., XXII, 270b.
82. Lange, I, 325.
83. Hazard, Critical Years, 264.
84. Ibid., 152.
85. In Robertson, Freethought, II, 55.
86. Collins, Anthony, Discourse of Freethinking, 5.
87. Ibid., 88–89.
88. Ibid., 105.
89. Robertson, II, 153.
90. Willey, Seventeenth-Century Background, 87.
91. Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, p. xi.
92. In Stephen, Eighteenth-Century Thought, II, 210.
93. Camb. Mod. History, V, 750.
94. More, Henry, Philosophical Poems, in Willey, Seventeenth Century, 140.
95. In Willey, 161.
96. Disraeli, I., Curiosities of Literature, I, 210.
97. Camb. Mod. History, V, 751.
98. Cassirer, Platonic Renaissance in England, 62–64.
99. In Willey, 175.
100. Ibid., 179.
101. Ibid., 182, 193.
102. Glanvill, Vanity of Dogmatizing, in Mumford, Technics and Civilization, 58.
103. Glanvill, Sadducismus Triumphatus, in Willey, 195.
104. Fox-Bourne, Locke, I, 13.
105. Aaron, Locke, 6.
106. Ibid.
107. Fox-Bourne, I, 198.
108. Locke, Two Treatises on Government, Introd. xxxiii.
109. Macaulay, History, I, 417.
110. Aaron, 23.
111. Enc. Brit., XIV, 271d.
112. Aaron, 24.
113. Locke, Two Treatises, 3.
114. Filmer. Patriarcha, in Locke, Two Treatises, 255f.
115. Filmer, Observations upon Aristotle’s Politics, in Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Augustan Age, 37.
116. Ibid., 39.
117. Filmer, Patriarcha, loc. cit., 278.
118. Locke, Two Treatises, 3.
119. Second Treatise, No. 119.
120. No. 85.
121. No. 94.
122. No. 40.
123. No. 36.
124. No. 138
125. Pollock, Introd. to the History of the Science of Politics, 65.
126. Locke, Second Treatise, Nos. 228–29.
127. Locke, Essay concerning Human Understanding, Epistle to the Reader, p. xx
128. Lamprecht, S.P., in Dewey, Studies in the History of Ideas, III, 217.
129. Locke, Essay, II, xii, 17.
130. Ibid., Epistle to th
e Reader, p. xx.
131. Essay, III, x, 5–14.
132. Ibid., II, xiii, 27.
133. II, xxi, 6.
134. III, vi, 12, 37.
135. I, II, 7.
136. II, xxxiii, 6.
137. I, iv, 8–9.
138. I, iii, 27.
139. II, i, 2.
140. II, ix, 1.
141. II, xxiii, 1–4.
142. Ibid., 5.
143. 14–15.
144. II, xxi, 47–48, 52–53.
145. IV, iii, 6.
146. II, xxvii, 26.
147. Sterne, L., Tristram Shandy, 62.
148. Voltaire, Letters on the English, in Works, XIXb, 36.
149. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 379.
150. Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 99.
151. Locke, Essay, IV, xviii, 2.
152. Ibid., 10.
153. 5.
154. 6.
155. 10.
156. IV, xix, 1.
157. Ibid., 14.
158. Locke, Reasonableness of Christianity, in Willey, 285.
159. Essay, IV, x, 12.
160. Aaron, Locke, 298.
161. Ibid., 21.
162. Spengler, O., Decline of the West, II, 308.
163. Shaftesbury, Characteristics, I, xxii.
164. Ibid., I, p. xii.
165. P. 237.
166. 263.
167. 267–70.
168. 45.
169. 239–46.
170. I, p. xxvii.
171. II, 150.
172. I, 79.
173. 75.
174. Sidgwick, History of Ethics, 186–87.
175. Shaftesbury, I, 260.
176. Ibid., I, 86.
177. Cassirer, Platonic Renaissance in England, 199.
178. Berkeley, George, Principles of Human Knowledge, No. 92, in New Theory of Vision, p. 159.
179. Locke, Essay, II, ix, 8.
180. Berkeley, New Theory of Vision, No. 41.
181. Wolf, Science . . . in the 18th Century, 672.
182. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge, No. 47.
183. Ibid., Nos. 15–19.
184. 45–46.
185. 34–35; Dialogues, in New Theory of Vision, 274.
186. Principles of Human Knowledge, No. 90.
187. Ibid., No. 57.
188. Chesterfield, Letter of Sept. 27, 1748.
189. Boswell, Johnson, 285.
190. Hume, D., Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, note to No. 122.
191. Berkeley, Dialogues, pp. 268–69.
192. Ibid., p. 270.
193. Hume, Enquiries, No. 122, p. 155n.
194. Camb. History of English Literature, IX, 314.
195. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge, No. 6.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Hazard, Critical Years, 330.
2. Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 25.
3. Mousnier, Histoire générale, IV, 309.
4. Récit de Marguerite Périer (Pascal’s niece), in Robertson, Freethought, II, 121n.