On the CIA connection, see Steve Coll, “Anatomy of a Victory: CIA’s Covert Afghan War,” Washington Post, July 19, 1992, A1; Steve Coll, “In CIA’s Covert Afghan War, Where to Draw the Line Was Key,” Washington Post, July 20, 1992, A1; Tim Weiner, “Blowback from the Afghan Battlefield,” New York Times Magazine, March 13, 1994, 6: 53; and Ahmed Rashid, “The Making of a Terrorist,” Straits Times (Singapore), September 23, 2001, 26.
Scott Baldauf, “Afghans Try Opium-Free Economy,” Christian Science Monitor, April 3, 2001, 1.
David Kline, “Asia’s ‘Golden Crescent’ Heroin Floods the West,” Christian Science Monitor, November 9, 1982, 1; David Kline, “Heroin’s Trail from Poppy Fields to the West,” Christian Science Monitor, November 10, 1982, 1; and Rahul Bedi, “The Assassins and Drug Dealers Now Helping US Intelligence,” Daily Telegraph (London), September 26, 2001, 10.
Peter Popham, “Taliban Monster That Was Launched by the US,” Independent (London), September 17, 2001, 4.
Suzanne Goldenberg, “Mullah Keeps Taliban on a Narrow Path,” Guardian (London), August 17, 1998, 12.
David K. Willis, “Pakistan Seeks Help from Abroad to Stem Heroin Flow,” Christian Science Monitor, February 28, 1984, 11.
Farhan Bokhari, survey in “Pakistan: Living in Shadow of Debt Mountain,” Financial Times (London), March 6, 2001, 4.
Douglas Frantz, “Sentiment in Pakistani Town Is Ardently Pro-Taliban,” New York Times, September 27, 2001, B1; Rahul Bedi, “The Assassins and Drug Dealers Now Helping US Intelligence,” Daily Telegraph (London), September 26, 2001, 10.
Edward Luce, “Pakistan Nervousness Grows as Action Nears,” Financial Times (London), September 27, 2001, 6.
Angus Donald and Khozem Merchant, “Concern at India’s Support for US,” Financial Times (London), September 21, 2001, 14.
Jeff Greenfield and David Ensor, “America’s New War: Weapons of Terror,” Greenfield at Large, CNN, September 24, 2001.
Jim Drinkard, “Bush Vows to ‘Rid the World of Evildoers,’” USA Today, September 17, 2001, 1A.
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, “Developments concerning Attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center Last Week,” special defense briefing, Federal News Service, September 20, 2001.
Robert Fisk, “This Is Not a War on Terror, It’s a Fight against America’s Enemies,” Independent (London), September 25, 2001, 4.
George Monbiot, “The Need for Dissent,” Guardian (London), September 18, 2001, 17.
Michael Slackman, “Terrorism Case Illustrates Difficulty of Drawing Tangible Ties to Al Qaeda,” Los Angeles Times, September 22, 2001, A1.
Tim Russert, “Secretary of State Colin Powell Discusses America’s Preparedness for the War on Terrorism,” Meet the Press, NBC, September 23, 2001.
T. Christian Miller, “A Growing Global Chorus Calls for Proof,” Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2001, A10; Dan Rather, “President Bush’s Address to Congress and the Nation,” CBS News Special Report, September 20, 2001.
Nityanand Jayaraman and Peter Popham, “Work Halts at Indian Unilever Factory after Poisoning Alert,” Independent (London), March 11, 2001, 19.
Jack Hitt, “Battlefield: Space,” New York Times Magazine, August 5, 2001, 6.
Colin Nickerson and Indira A. R. Lakshmanan, “America Prepares the Global Dimension,” Boston Globe, September 27, 2001, A1; Barbara Crossette, “Taliban’s Ban on Poppy a Success, U.S. Aides Say,” New York Times, May 20, 2001, 1, 7; and Christopher Hitchens, “Against Rationalization,” Nation 273, no. 10 (October 8, 2001): 8.
Bush, “September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks on the United States.”
12. War Is Peace
Alexander Nicoll, “US Warplanes Can Attack at All Times, Says Forces Chief,” Financial Times (London), October 10, 2001, 2.
Noam Chomsky, “US Iraq Policy: Motives and Consequences,” in Iraq under Siege: The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War, ed. Anthony Arnove (Cambridge, MA: South End; London: Pluto, 2000), 54.
Slackman, “Terrorism Case Illustrates Difficulty of Drawing Tangible Ties to Al Qaeda,” A1.
“Bush’s Remarks on U.S. Military Strikes on Afghanistan,” New York Times, October 8, 2001, B6; Ellen Hale, “‘To Safeguard Peace, We Have to Fight,’ Blair Emphasizes to Britons,” USA Today, October 8, 2001, 6A.
“Remarks by President George W. Bush at an Anti-terrorism Event,” Washington, DC, Federal News Service, October 10, 2001.
Tom Pelton, “A Graveyard for Many Armies,” Baltimore Sun, September 18, 2001, 2A.
Dave Newbart, “Nowhere to Go but Up,” Chicago Sun-Times, September 18, 2001, 10.
Edward Epstein, “U.S. Seizes Skies over Afghanistan,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 10, 2001, A1.
Steven Mufson, “For Bush’s Veteran Team, What Lessons to Apply?” Washington Post, September 15, 2001, A5.
Donald H. Rumsfeld, “Defense Department Special Briefing Re: Update on U.S. Military Campaign in Afghanistan,” Arlington, VA, Federal News Service, October 9, 2001.
Epstein, “U.S. Seizes Skies over Afghanistan.”
Human Rights Watch, “Military Assistance to the Afghan Opposition: Human Rights Watch Backgrounder,” October 2001, http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/afghan-bck1005.htm. See also Gregg Zoroya, “Northern Alliance Has Bloody Past, Critics Warn,” USA Today, October 12, 2001, 1A.
David Rohde, “Visit to Town Where 2 Linked to bin Laden Killed Afghan Rebel,” New York Times, September 26, 2001, B4.
Zahid Hussain and Stephen Farrell, “Tribal Chiefs See Chance to Be Rid of Taliban,” Times (London), October 2, 2001.
Alan Cowell, “Afghan King Is Courted and Says, ‘I Am Ready,’” New York Times, September 26, 2001, A4.
Said Mohammad Azam, “Civilian Toll Mounts as Bush Signals Switch to Ground Assault,” Agence France-Presse, October 19, 2001; Indira A. R. Lakshmanan, “UN’s Peaceful Mission Loses 4 to War,” Boston Globe, October 10, 2001, A1; and Steven Lee Myers and Thom Shanker, “Pilots Told to Fire at Will in Some Zones,” New York Times, October 17, 2001, B2.
UN documents and reports summarized in Center for Economic and Social Rights, “Afghanistan Fact Sheet 3: Key Human Vulnerabilities,” http://www.cesr.org/downloads/Afghanistan%20Fact%20Sheet%203.pdf.
David Rising, “U.S. Military Defends Its Food Drops in Afghanistan from Criticism by Aid Organizations,” Associated Press, October 10, 2001; Luke Harding, “Taliban Say Locals Burn Food Parcels,” Guardian (London), October 11, 2001, 9; and Tyler Marshall and Megan Garvey, “Relief Efforts Trumped by Air War,” Los Angeles Times, October 17, 2001, A1.
Martin Merzer and Jonathan S. Landay, Knight Ridder News Service, “Second Phase of Strikes Begins,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, October 10, 2001, 1A.
Jennifer Steinhauer, “Citing Comments on Attack, Giuliani Rejects Saudi’s Gift,” New York Times, October 12, 2001, B13.
Robert Pear, “Arming Afghan Guerrillas: A Huge Effort Led by U.S.,” New York Times, April 18, 1988, A1. See also Coll, “Anatomy of a Victory,” A1; Coll, “In CIA’s Covert Afghan War, Where to Draw the Line Was Key,” A1; Weiner, “Blowback from the Afghan Battlefield”; and Rashid, “Making of a Terrorist,” 26.
“Voices of Dissent and Police Action,” Hindu, October 13, 2001.
“Vajpayee Gets Tough, Says No Compromise with Terrorism,” Economic Times of India, October 15, 2001.
Howard Fineman, “A President Finds His True Voice,” Newsweek, September 24, 2001, 50.
Aaron Pressman, “Former FCC Head Follows the Money,” IndustryStandard
.com, May 2, 2001.
Alice Cherbonnier, “Republican-Controlled Carlyle Group Poses Serious Ethical Questions for Bush Presidents, but Baltimore Sun Ignores It,” Baltimore Chronicle and Sentinel,
n.d. See also Leslie Wayne, “Elder Bush in Big G.O.P. Cast Toiling for Top Equity Firm,” New York Times, March 5, 2001, A1.
“America, Oil and Afghanistan,” editorial, Hindu, October 13, 2001.
Tyler Marshall, “The New Oil Rush: High Stakes in the Caspian,” Los Angeles Times, February 23, 1998, A1.
Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale Nota Bene / Yale University Press, 2001), 143–82.
13. War Talk: Summer Games with Nuclear Bombs
Prophecy, directed by Susumu Hani (1982; Nagasaki, Japan: Nagasaki Publishing Committee), 16mm.
See Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey, “Words and Deeds,” India Together, June 2002, and “Stand-Off at Maan River: Dispossession Continues to Stalk the Narmada Valley,” India Together, May 2002, www.indiatogether.org/campaigns/narmada/. See also “Maan Dam,” Friends of River Narmada, www.narmada.org/nvdp.dams/maan/.
“Nobel laureate Amartya Sen may think that health and education are the reasons why India has lagged behind in development in the past 50 years, but I think it is because of defence,” said Home Minister L.K. Advani. See “Quote of the Week, Other Voices,” India Today, June 17, 2002, 13.
See Human Rights Watch, “Behind the Kashmir Conflict: Abuses by Indian Security Forces and Militant Groups Continue,” 1999, www.hrw.org/reports/1999
/kashmir/summary.htm.
See Pilger, “Pakistan and India on Brink,” 4; Neil Mackay, “Cash
from Chaos: How Britain Arms Both Sides,” Sunday Herald (Scotland), June 2, 2002, 12.
See Richard Norton-Taylor, “UK Is Selling Arms to India,” Guardian (London), June 20, 2002, 1; Tom Baldwin, Philip Webster, and Michael Evans, “Arms Export Row Damages Peace Mission,” Times (London), May 28, 2002; and Agence France-Presse, “Blair Peace Shuttle Moves from India to Pakistan,” January 7, 2002.
Pilger, “Pakistan and India on Brink.”
14. Come September
See John Berger, G. (New York: Vintage International, 1991), 123.
See Damon Johnston, “U.S. Hits Back Inspirations,” Advertiser, September 22, 2001, 7.
See John Pomfret, “Chinese Working Overtime to Sew U.S. Flags,” Washington Post, September 20, 2001, A14.
See “Democracy: Who Is She When She’s at Home?” above.
See David E. Sanger, “Bin Laden Is Wanted in Attacks, ‘Dead or Alive,’ President Says,” New York Times, September 18, 2001, A1; John F. Burns, “10-Month Afghan Mystery: Is bin Laden Dead or Alive?” New York Times, September 30, 2002, A1.
See the Associated Press list, available on the website of the Toledo Blade, of those confirmed dead, reported dead, or reported missing in the September 11 terrorist attacks, www.toledoblade.com/Nation/2011/09/11/list-of-2977-victims-of-Sept-11-2001-terror-attacks.html.
Quoted in Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 265.
See Pilar Aguilera and Ricardo Fredes, eds., Chile: The Other September 11 (New York: Ocean, 2002); Amnesty International, “The Case of Augusto Pinochet.”
Clifford Krauss, “Britain Arrests Pinochet to Face Charges by Spain,” New York Times, October 18, 1998, 1; National Security Archive, “Chile: 16,000 Secret U.S. Documents Declassified,” press release, November 13, 2000, nsarchive.gwu
.edu/news/20001113/; and selected documents on the National Security Archive website, nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20001113/#docs.
Kissinger told this to Pinochet at a meeting of the Organization of American States in Santiago, Chile, on June 8, 1976. See Lucy Kosimar, “Kissinger Covered Up Chile Torture,” Observer, February 28, 1999, 3.
Among other histories, see Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent, 2nd ed., trans. Cedric Belfrage (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998); Noam Chomsky, Turning the Tide: U.S. Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace, 2nd ed. (Boston: South End, 1985); Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End, 1983); and Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
In a public relations move, the SOA renamed itself the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) on January 17, 2001. See Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, School of Assassins: Guns, Greed, and Globalization, 2nd ed. (New York: Orbis Books, 2001); Michael Gormley, “Army School Faces Critics Who Call It Training Ground for Assassins,” Associated Press, May 2, 1998; and School of the Americas Watch, www.soaw.org.
On these interventions, see, among other sources, Noam Chomsky, American Power and the New Mandarins, 2nd ed. (New York: New Press, 2002); Noam Chomsky, At War with Asia (New York: Vintage Books, 1970); and Howard Zinn, Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2002).
See Samih K. Farsoun and Christina E. Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997), 10.
The Balfour Declaration is included in ibid., appendix 2, 320.
Quoted in Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2000), 90.
Quoted in “Scurrying towards Bethlehem,” editorial, New Left Review 10 (July/August 2001), 9n5.
Quoted in Farsoun and Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians, 10, 243.
Ibid., 111, 123.
Ibid., 116.
See Chomsky, Fateful Triangle, 103–07, 118–32, 156–60.
From 1987 to 2002 alone, more than two thousand Palestinians were killed. See statistics from B’Tselem (Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories) at www.btselem.org/statistics.
See Naseer H. Aruri, Dishonest Broker: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Cambridge MA: South End, 2003); Noam Chomsky, World Orders Old and New, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
In addition to more than $3 billion annually in official Foreign Military Financing, the US government supplies Israel with economic assistance, loans, technology transfers, and arms sales. See Nick Anderson, “House Panel Increases Aid for Israel, Palestinians,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2002, A1; Aruri, Dishonest Broker; and Anthony Arnove and Ahmed Shawki, foreword to The Struggle for Palestine, ed. Lance Selfa (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2002), xxv.
Article 27 of the Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), quoted in Farsoun and Zacharia, Palestine and the Palestinians, appendix 13, 339.
George H. W. Bush, “Text of Bush’s Speech: ‘It Is Iraq against the World,’” Los Angeles Times, September 12, 1990, A7.
See Glenn Frankel, “Iraq Long Avoided Censure on Rights,” Washington Post, September 22, 1990, A1.
See Christopher Dickey and Evan Thomas, “How Saddam Happened,” Newsweek, September 23, 2002, 35–37.
See Anthony Arnove, introduction to Iraq under Siege, 20.
Arnove, Iraq under Siege, 221–22.
Ibid., 17, 205.
See Thomas J. Nagy, “The Secret behind the Sanctions: How the U.S. Intentionally Destroyed Iraq’s Water Supply,” Progressive 65, no. 9 (September 2001).
See Arnove, Iraq under Siege, 121, 185–203. See also Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Stones of Baghdad,” New York Times, October 4, 2002, A27.
Leslie Stahl, “Punishing Saddam,” produced by Catherine Olian, 60 Minutes, CBS, May 12, 1996.
Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Aides Set Strategy to Sell Policy on Iraq,” New York Times, September 7, 2002, A1.
Richard Perle, “Why the West Must Strike First against Saddam Hussein,” Daily Telegraph (London), August 9, 2002, 22.
See Alan Simpson and Glen Rangwala, “The Dishonest Case for a War on Iraq,” September 27, 2002, www.grassrootspeace.org/counter-dossier.html; Glen Rangwala
, “Notes Further to the Counter-Dossier,” September 29, 2002, grassrootspeace.org/archivecounter-dossierII.html.
George Bush, “Bush’s Remarks on U.S. Military Strikes in Afghanistan,” New York Times, October 8, 2001, B6.
See Paul Watson, “Afghanistan Aims to Revive Pipeline Plans,” Los Angeles Times, May 30, 2002, A1; Ilene R. Prusher, Scott Baldauf, and Edward Girardet, “Afghan Power Brokers,” Christian Science Monitor, June 10, 2002, 1.
See Lisa Fingeret et al., “Markets Worry That Conflict Could Spread in Area That Holds Two-Thirds of World Reserves,” Financial Times (London), April 2, 2002, 1.
Thomas L. Friedman, “Craziness Pays,” New York Times, February 24, 1998, A21.
———, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 1999), 373.
Statistics from Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), 5; Noam Chomsky, Rogue States: The Rule of Law in World Affairs (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2000), 214; and Noreena Hertz, “Why Consumer Power Is Not Enough,” New Statesman, April 30, 2001.
Among the many treaties and international agreements the United States has not signed, ignores, violates, or has broken are the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966); the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC); the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); agreements setting the jurisdiction for the International Criminal Court (ICC); the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Russia; the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT); and the Kyoto Protocol regulating greenhouse gas emissions.
See David Cole and James X. Dempsey, Terrorism and the Constitution: Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security (New York: New Press, 2002).