1. London Princess Theatre, directed by Charles Kean (1857). Reproduced by permission of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust 2. Directed by Anthony Quayle (1951). Angus McBean (c) Royal Shakespeare Company 3. Directed by John Barton (1973). Joe Cocks Studio Collection (c) Shakespeare Birthplace Trust 4. Directed by Terry Hands (1980). Joe Cocks Studio Collection (c) Shakespeare Birthplace Trust 5. Directed by Barry Kyle (1986). Reg Wilson (c) Royal Shakespeare Company 6. Directed by Steven Pimlott (2000). Malcolm Davies (c) Shakespeare Birthplace Trust 7. Directed by Michael Boyd (2007). Ellie Kurttz (c) Royal Shakespeare Company 8. Directed by Deborah Warner (1995). (c) Donald Cooper/photostage.co.uk

  9. Reconstructed Elizabethan Playhouse (c) Charcoalblue

  THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD

  Maya Angelou

  *

  A. S. Byatt

  *

  Caleb Carr

  *

  Christopher Cerf

  *

  Harold Evans

  *

  Charles Frazier

  *

  Vartan Gregorian

  *

  Jessica Hagedorn

  *

  Richard Howard

  *

  Charles Johnson

  *

  Jon Krakauer

  *

  Edmund Morris

  *

  Azar Nafisi

  *

  Joyce Carol Oates

  *

  Elaine Pagels

  *

  John Richardson

  *

  Salman Rushdie

  *

  Oliver Sacks

  *

  Carolyn See

  *

  Gore Vidal

  John of Gaunt was named after his place of birth, Ghent

  2 Hast thou have you--the familiar form used to intimates and inferiors band bond 3 Henry Hereford i.e. Bullingbrook; he had been created Duke of Hereford (pronounced as two syllables) by Richard in 1397

  4 boist'rous violent late recent appeal binding accusation 5 our Richard uses the plural royal pronoun leisure i.e. lack of leisure 7 liege lord, superior entitled to feudal allegiance and service

  8 sounded inquired of

  9 on ancient out of long-standing

  11 ground motive, cause

  12 sift find by questioning argument topic

  13 apparent manifest, obvious

  14 inveterate long-standing

  18 High-stomached proud/high-spirited/courageous/angry ire anger 21 gracious full of divine grace, holy/benevolent

  22 still always

  23 hap fortune

  24 immortal title i.e. immortality (in heaven)

  25 but only

  26 well appeareth is plainly apparent you come i.e. about which you come 27 appeal accuse of a crime which the accuser undertakes to prove (especially of treason) 28 object charge

  30 record witness

  32 Tend'ring cherishing

  33 misbegotten wrongfully conceived

  34 appellant (as an) accuser

  36 mark note, pay attention to

  38 answer answer for

  39 miscreant wretch, villain

  40 good high-ranking

  41 crystal clear, bright (heavenly bodies were thought to be contained within rotating crystal spheres) 43 aggravate emphasize, magnify note reproach, mark of disgrace 45 ere before

  46 right justly, rightfully

  47 cold deliberate, unimpassioned accuse i.e. diminish, cast doubt on zeal powerful feelings/loyalty 48 trial judgment, test

  49 eager sharp, biting

  50 Can arbitrate that can reach a judicial decision on cause matter of dispute betwixt between twain two 51 blood anger, passion/bodily blood cooled calmed/let flow (either through medical bloodletting or in death) 54 fair reverence of proper respect for

  56 else otherwise post hasten

  58 Setting ... royalty regardless of his royal blood (Bullingbrook is Richard's cousin, and grandson to Edward III; high blood plays on the sense of "extreme anger") 59 let supposing

  60 defy challenge to combat

  62 odds the advantage

  63 meet encounter in combat tied obliged

  65 inhabitable not habitable

  66 durst dares to

  67 this i.e. the following accusation, or possibly Mowbray indicates his sword 69 gage pledge signifying a commitment to combat (usually a glove or gauntlet, thrown down to challenge the opponent) 72 except set aside

  74 pawn gage

  76 make good prove

  77 thou canst devise you can invent

  79 gently nobly/kindly/softly

  80 in ... degree to any just, honorable extent

  82 light alight, dismount (from my horse)

  83 unjustly dishonorably/in an unjust cause

  84 lay ... charge accuse Mowbray of

  85 inherit us put us in possession

  87 Look attend to, note

  88 nobles gold coins

  89 lendings advances on payment

  90 lewd improper/vile

  91 injurious harmful

  93 Or either

  96 Complotted plotted in conspiracy with others

  97 Fetched drew/derived head source

  100 Duke of Gloucester son of Edward III, hence Richard's uncle and John of Gaunt's brother; he was murdered in 1397 at Calais, while in the custody of Mowbray and, many believe, at Richard's prompting 101 Suggest tempt, incite

  103 Sluiced out let flow, flooded out

  104 sacrificing sacrificial Abel in the Bible, killed by his brother Cain, the world's first murderer 106 chastisement correction, punishment

  109 pitch height (literally, the highest point in a falcon's flight) 113 slander of disgrace to

  118 my sceptre's awe the reverence due to my scepter

  119 neighbour neighboring, close

  120 partialize make partial, bias

  126 receipt amount received

  130 Upon ... account for the balance of a large debt

  131 fetch historically Mowbray was involved in marriage negotiations on Richard's behalf, though Richard escorted the French princess Isabel to England 135 lord of Lancaster i.e. John of Gaunt

  138 trespass sin

  140 exactly in full detail/specifically

  142 appealed with which I am charged

  144 recreant cowardly (if an adjective)/coward (if a noun)

  145 Which which accusation

  146 interchangeably in exchange, reciprocally

  147 overweening arrogant

  149 Even in i.e. by shedding chambered enclosed 150 In haste whereof to hasten which

  153 purge cure medically (by bloodletting) choler anger (literally yellow bile, the hot and dry "humor," one of four fluids in ancient and medieval physiology, believed to govern physical and mental qualities) letting shedding; refers specifically to medical practice of phlebotomy (opening a vein so as to let blood flow) 156 conclude come to terms

  157 doctors learned men, astrologers

  160 become suit, befit

  164 boot point, advantage (in refusing)

  165 dread revered

  167 fair name honorable reputation

  170 impeached accused legally baffled disgraced publicly 172 balm ointment his ... breathed the heart-blood of he who uttered 175 Lions make leopards the lion symbolized the king and featured on the royal coat of arms; Mowbray's coat of arms bore a lion leopard, i.e. walking and showing the full face 176 spots leopard spots/stains of dishonor Take take responsibility for/take over 179 away gone

  180 but gilded merely covered with gold, superficially fair loam earth, clay 181 ten-times-barred-up i.e. extremely secure chest plays on the sense of "torso"

  183 in one together, inseparably

  185 try put to the test

  189 crest-fall'n humbled/abashed

  190 impeach my height discredit my high rank, stoop

  191 out-dared cowed/terrified dastard coward

  193 parle truce (literally trumpet call instigating
negotiation) 194 motive instrument, i.e. tongue recanting renouncing a belief/making a public confession of error 195 his its (the tongue's)

  196 harbour dwell/shelter

  197 sue beg

  200 Saint Lambert's day September 17

  202 swelling growing/inflated with pride settled fixed, unchanging 203 atone set at one, reconcile

  204 design designate, identify chivalry valor or prowess in war 206 home alarms domestic calls to arms

  1 part ... blood i.e. my kinship to Gloucester (who was John of Gaunt's brother) 2 solicit urge exclaims outcries, exclamations

  3 stir take action

  4 those hands i.e. Richard's (whom Gaunt holds responsible for Gloucester's death) 11 Edward Edward III

  15 Destinies the Fates in classical mythology who cut the thread of life with their shears 19 liquor liquid

  20 faded faded, withered

  21 envy's malice's

  23 metal substance (puns on "mettle," i.e. disposition) self-mould selfsame mold/mold from which the self is made 25 consent assent, acquiesce

  28 model copy, image

  30 suff'ring allowing

  31 naked i.e. defenseless

  33 mean lowly, humble

  36 venge avenge

  37 Heaven's ... deputy i.e. Richard who, as king, was held to be God's earthly representative 38 anointed ... sight i.e. marked with holy oil at Westminster Abbey, the part of the coronation ceremony that signified the sacred nature of the king 42 complaint myself lodge a formal complaint

  43 champion defender

  46 cousin kinsman fell cruel, fierce

  49 career charge of the horse in combat

  51 courser swift powerful horse ridden in battle

  52 lists area of combat (literally, the barriers enclosing it)

  53 caitiff cowardly, villainous recreant faith-breaker 54 thy sometimes formerly your

  58 boundeth rebounds

  62 brother i.e. brother-in-law

  63 Lo look

  66 Plashy the Duke of Gloucester's country estate in Essex

  69 offices servants' quarters

  2 at all points completely, in every respect

  3 sprightfully full of high spirits

  4 Stays awaits appellant accuser, challenger

  5 champions contenders Flourish trumpet fanfare accompanying a person in authority When ... set a Quarto direction, omitted from Folio, indicating that the king, as umpire, should be set upon a raised throne 7 demand ask

  9 orderly duly, properly

  13 quarrel complaint

  18 defend forbid

  20 succeeding subsequent/who will inherit the throne issue children Tucket personal trumpet call 28 plated armored habiliments clothing, attire

  30 Depose him take his sworn deposition

  31 wherefore why

  43 daring-hardy recklessly bold touch i.e. interfere in 45 fair lawful, proper

  51 several respective/various

  55 as insofar as, to the extent to which

  56 royal fight because held in the king's presence

  57 my blood Richard's reference is ambiguous; Bullingbrook was his cousin but all subjects were the king's and part of the body politic 59 profane wrongfully let fall

  66 lusty vigorous, robust cheerly cheerfully

  67 regreet salute, welcome

  68 daintiest most delicious

  70 regenerate reborn, renewed

  71 twofold i.e. father's and son's

  73 proof impenetrability

  75 waxen i.e. soft, vulnerable

  76 furbish polish

  77 'haviour behavior, actions

  81 amazing stupefying/terrifying casque helmet

  82 pernicious ruinous

  84 Saint George patron saint of England

  90 enfranchisement freedom

  95 gentle pleasant, friendly, courteous jocund joyful, cheerful jest amuse oneself/act in a masque 97 Securely confidently

  98 couched lodged/at rest

  99 Order set in order/initiate

  106 recreant cowardly/unfaithful to duty

  108 him i.e. Bullingbrook

  112 approve prove

  114 him i.e. Mowbray

  116 Attending awaiting charge trumpet call signaling the beginning of combat 118 Stay halt, stop warder staff or baton held by the king to symbolize his authority over the combat 119 lay by put aside

  122 return inform

  123 list listen to

  124 For that because

  125 dear beloved/costly

  126 for because aspect sight

  128 boist'rous noisy, raucous/violent

  130 shock clash in combat

  136 regreet see again

  137 stranger foreign

  144 sly stealthy determinate put to an end

  145 dateless limit unlimited term dear heartfelt/grievous 147 life i.e. loss of life

  149 unlooked for unexpected

  150 merit reward maim wound

  151 common ordinary/open

  157 cunning skillfully made/requiring skill to play

  158 open not in its case

  159 touch fingering/skill

  161 portcullised shut in, as if with a portcullis (defensive iron grille, usually of a castle) 168 boots profits compassionate lamenting piteously 169 plaining complaining

  171 solemn burdensome/dark/mournful

  175 Our part therein i.e. the duty you owe to me as king 180 regreet greet (one another) again

  181 louring darkly threatening

  182 advised considered, deliberate

  183 complot conspire in

  187 so far as let me say this much

  190 sepulchre tomb

  192 fly flee

  194 clogging encumbering (like a clog, a block of wood attached to the neck or leg to prevent escape) 199 rue regret, lament

  200 stray take the wrong road/go wrong

  201 Save except

  202 glasses windows

  203 aspect look

  208 wanton abundant, flourishing

  212 vantage advantage

  214 times seasonal cycles

  215 oil-dried empty of oil time-bewasted used up by time 216 extinct extinguished

  217 taper candle

  218 blindfold death refers to the eyeless skull that symbolized death and/or to the idea of death depriving Gaunt of the power to see 224 pilgrimage i.e. journey through life

  225 current valid, genuine (as a legitimate coin)

  226 dead i.e. once I am dead

  227 advice counsel, consideration, judgment

  228 party-verdict share in the collective decision (of the king's advisers) 229 lour frown, look gloomy

  233 looked when expected that, waited for

  234 make ... away banish my own child

  235 leave permission

  239 presence ... know I cannot learn of you in person/what the royal court shall not know 240 paper i.e. letters

  245 few i.e. few words

  246 office function prodigal extravagant

  247 breathe utter dolour sorrow

  248 grief cause for grief (Bullingbrook shifts the sense to "sorrow") time short while 252 travel journey/labor

  253 miscall wrongly call

  255 sullen somber, melancholy

  256 Esteem as foil regard as a setting for a jewel

  259 Caucasus region bordering Asia Minor including the Caucasus Mountains, depicted by Ovid as cold and stony 260 cloy satiate, gorge

  263 fantastic imaginary

  264 apprehension conception, awareness

  266 Fell fierce, cruel rankle cause festering

  267 lanceth pierces (to relieve infection)

  268 bring escort

  270 adieu goodbye

  1 We did observe Richard enters mid-conversation

  2 high proud/of high rank

  4 next nearest

  5 store quantity, abundance

  6 for me on my part

  8 rheum watery discharge, i.e. tears

  9 hollow insincere
br />
  11 for because

  12 craft skill, cunning

  13 counterfeit pretend, fake

  15 Marry by the Virgin Mary

  19 cousin Aumerle's father is the Duke of York, Richard's uncle doubt doubtful 21 friends relatives

  26 reverence respect

  28 underbearing endurance

  29 banish ... him take their affection into exile with him

  30 bonnet soft brimless hat oyster-wench girl who sells oysters 31 brace of draymen pair of cart drivers

  32 supple easily bent

  34 in reversion i.e. after my death (when leased land would revert to its true owner) 35 our ... hope in terms of public expectation and favor, the nearest heir 37 stand out make a stand, hold out

  38 Expedient manage swift management

  39 leisure delay

  43 largesse generosity

  44 farm lease parts of the land to tenants who might then collect taxes on their own behalf 46 come short is insufficient

  47 substitutes those appointed to govern during the king's absence blank charters documents authorizing deputies to collect revenues, or forced loans; blank spaces were left for the names of those required to pay 49 subscribe them enter their names

  50 them i.e. the sums collected

  51 presently immediately

  57 Ely House the Bishop of Ely's palace in Holborn, London

  60 lining contents (puns on the sense of "lining of a coat")

  sick Gaunt is probably carried on stage in a chair

  2 unstaid uncontrolled

  9 listened listened to

  10 gloze flatter, talk smoothly

  11 marked paid attention to

  12 close closing cadence of a piece of music

  13 last at its end/for longest

  16 sad serious, solemn

  18 state kingly splendor

  19 metres verses venom poisonous

  21 proud arrogant/showy/splendid

  22 tardy apish belatedly imitating

  24 vanity trifle

  25 So provided there's no respect it does not matter 26 buzzed whispered busily

  27 That so that

  28 will ... regard desire rebels against reasoned consideration

  31 new inspired newly filled with divine influence (plays on the sense of "full of newly drawn breath") 32 expiring dying/breathing out

  33 riot wasteful, dissolute lifestyle

  35 Small composed of fine drops

  36 betimes early

  38 Light vanity frivolous foolishness cormorant glutton (literally, greedy seabird) 39 means resources, means of sustenance

  40 sceptred invested with regal authority

  41 earth of majesty land fit for kings Mars Roman god of war 45 happy breed fortunate race

  47 office function

  50 plot land for cultivation

  51 teeming fertile

  52 by their breed on account of their mighty ancestry

  55 sepulchre cave outside Jerusalem in which Christ was buried stubborn Jewry the residents of Jerusalem who resisted Christianity 56 world's ... son i.e. Christ

  60 tenement land or property held by a tenant pelting paltry 61 bound in bordered, surrounded

  62 envious malicious, hostile

  63 Neptune Roman god of the sea bound legally bound 64 inky ... bonds i.e. the corrupt blank charters