humiliated at Tilsit, 596, 668
and the rebuilding of Prussia, 597–98
rejects national bank, 601
compelled to sign alliance with N. (1812), 697
at Dresden with N., 700
withdraws to Breslau as Alexander advances (1813), 713
“An mein Volk” appeal, 714
at Lützen, 716
in drive on Paris, 724–25
in London (1814), 609
at Congress of Vienna, 732
in Paris (1815), 752
Frederick William IV, King of Prussia (r. 1840–61), 631, 645, 700
Freemasons: in Austria, 563–64
in France, 6, 15, 33, 332
in Germany, 602, 619
in Papal States, 550
in Portugal, 531, 532
in Russia, 673
in Spain, 534
free will, 331, 392, 398, 441, 651
Freiberg, Saxony, 593, 608, 613
Freischütz, Der (Weber), 613–14
Fréjus, 114, 119, 728, 771
French Academy (Académie Française), 128, 266
French Academy, Rome, 139, 279
French Empire, 197–336
French Revolution (1789–99), 3–155
abolition of slavery under, 79, 130, 153
art under, 128, 139–41, 280, 283
background and causes of, 3–12, 151–52
beginning of, 16
classes under, 118, 124–26
commerce and industry under, 126
economic crises under, 24, 55–56, 62–63, 89, 118, 125
education under, 42, 79, 115, 127–28, 154
law codification under, 130–31
literature under, 144–51
manners and dress under, 134–37, 271, 272, 369
morality under, 114–15, 117, 118–19, 129–34, 269
music under, 137
philosophy under, 142–44
press and censorship under, 20, 24, 32, 33, 83, 86, 90, 115, 128–29, 152
population under (1791), 26
religion under, 27–28, 42–43, 71–74, 79, 83, 84, 86, 105, 118, 126–27, 129
results of, 152–55
science under, 128, 142–43, 154
theater under, 137–39
wars of, see French Revolutionary Wars
see also Convention, National
Directory
Legislative Assembly
National Assembly
French Revolutionary Wars (1792–99): France declares war on Austria, 37, 312, 560
operations in eastern France, 42, 44, 46
French conquest of Rhineland (1792), 49–50, 569
annexation of Savoy and Nice, 49, 97, 98, 333
conquest and annexation of Belgium (1792), 49–50
“natural boundaries” policy, 50
formation of 1st Coalition (1792–93), 50, 53, 517, 661
France begins war on England and Holland, 53, 344, 420, 423, 517
1793 campaigns in Holland and Rhineland, 53–54, 62, 64, 74
peace overtures, 55, 75, 114
Franco-Swedish alliance, 55
Portugal at war with France, 593
French levy en masse (1793), 63–64, 74, 267
Bonaparte recaptures Toulon, 74–75
British blockade, 80, 89, 126, 142
campaign of 1794, 80
submission of Holland as Batavian Republic, 85
Peace of Basel (1795), 85, 87, 97, 114, 126, 593, 594
England and Austria continue war against France, 85, 97, 425
French conquests in Italy (1796–97), 97–105, 544
cession of papal enclaves to France at Tolentino (1797), 104, 542, 544
Franco-Portuguese peace, 114
submission of Austria in Peace of Campoformio, 114, 126, 588
submission of Papal States and Naples (1798), 108, 114, 520, 544, 545
submission of Switzerland, 108, 114, 659
Bonaparte’s Egyptian-Syrian expedition (1798–99), 108–14, 115, 670
formation of 2d Coalition, and campaigns of 1799, 113, 116–17, 119, 170, 521, 670, 676
Malta taken from French by British (1799), 114, 178
see also Napoleonic Wars
Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes, 264–65
Fréron, Élie (1719–76), 69
Fréron, Louis-Marie-Stanislas (1754–1802), 33, 47, 69, 71, 80–81, 83
Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), 380, 415
Frick Collection, 384
Fricker, Edith, see Southey, Edith
Fricker, Sara, see Coleridge, Sara
Friederike Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, Queen of Frederick William II of Prussia, 594
Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess, statue of, 611
Friedland, East Prussia, 593, 641
battle of (1807), 211–12, 256, 276, 295, 525, 596, 668, 687
Friedrich Ludwig of Hohenlohe, Prince (1746–1818), 209
Friedrich of Brunswick, Prince (1771–1815), 747
Friend, The (magazine), 439
Fries, Jakob Friedrich (1773–1843), 655
Frithjofs Saga (Tegnér), 662
Fronde rebellion (1648–53), 25
Fulda, bishopric of, 588, 591
Fulton, Robert (1765–1815), 261, 342, 346
Füssli, Johann Heinrich, later Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), 380, 660
gabelle, 8
Gag Bills, 425, 517
Gainsborough, Thomas (1727–88), 372
Galicia, 233, 558, 733
Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642), 290, 553
Gallego, Juan Nicasio (1777–1853), 534
Gallenberg, Count, 577
Galleria Borghese, 92, 555, 771
Gallican Articles, 184, 185, 550
Galvani, Luigi (1737–98), 551
Gamba, Count Pietro (d. 1827), 489, 494, 496, 497–99, 500
Gamba, Count Ruggero, 487, 489, 494, 496, 497
Garat, Dominique-Pierre-Jean (1764–1823), 137
Garde du Corps, royal, 17, 24, 25, 52, 331
Garde Française, 17, 18, 19
Garde Nationale, see National Guard
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807–82), 552, 590
Gamier, Charles (1825–98), 298
Garrick, David (1717–79), 371, 374
Gaudet, Deputy (fl. 1792), 47
Gaudin, Martin-Michel-Charles (1756–1841), 164, 250
Gaul, 5, 105, 193
Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777–1855), 607
Gautier, Théophile (1811–72), 155
Gavi, 172
Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis (1778–1850), 266, 323
Gaza, 112
Gazette de France, La, 20, 287
Geist der Zeit, Die (Arndt), 627
Gembloux, 747
Genappe, 476, 749
General Post Office, Paris, 261, 286
Geneva, 171
annexed to France, 169, 207, 659
music in, 553
revolution in, 149
taken by Allies, 721
Geneva, Lake, 29, 172, 477
Génie du christianisme, Le (Chateaubriand), 183, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315–17
Genlis, Stéphanie-Félicité (1746–1830), 136, 185, 272
Genoa, 91, 261, 541
under French, 103, 105, 108, 117, 544, 546
Masséna besieged at, 170–72
Genoa, Doge of (fl. 1805), 202
Genovese, Antonio (1712–69), 543
Gentz, Friedrich von, publicist (1764–1832), 296, 561, 619, 624
Gentz, Heinrich, sculptor (1766–1811), 611
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne (1772–1844), 108, 266, 326, 327
Geographical Society, London, 386
geography, 386, 387, 609
Geological Map of England and Wales (Smith), 387
geology, 387, 609
geometry, projective and synthetic, 323
George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1714–27) and Elector of Hanover (r. 1698–1727), 355, 592
br /> George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover (r. 1727–60), 354
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1760–1820) and ruler of Hanover (r. 1760–1815 as elector, 1815–20 as king), 193, 355, 367, 380, 519
and the Bourbons, 178
character of, 357
Catholic emancipation opposed by, 357, 360, 510, 512
and Hanover, 178, 189, 592
insanity of, 357, 358, 374–75, 510, 512–13, 527
and Louis XVI’s death, 517
popularity of, 357, 527
rejects N.’s peace overtures, 169–70, 200–201, 339
and sons, 357, 358
George IV (George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales), King of Great Britain and Ireland, and of Hanover (r. 1811–20 as prince regent, 1820–30 as king), 273, 349, 357–58, 391
becomes regent, 358
and Brummel, 369
death of, 378
and Fox, 357, 512
marriages of, 358
N. appeals to for asylum, 756–57
and Nash, 378
portrait by Lawrence, 381
unpopularity of, 358, 374
George, Mile. (Marguerite Joséphine Weimer 1787–1867), 283, 284
George, Stefan (1868–1933), 627
Georgia, 686
Gérard, Étienne-Maurice (1773–1852), 723, 745, 747
Gérard, François (1770–1837), 273, 281, 282
Géricault, Jean-Louis-André-Théodore (1791–1824), 282
German Confederation (1815 ff.), 733, 740
Germany, 587–658
art in, 610–12
class divisions in, 600, 628
commerce in, 600
drama in, 600–618
and the Enlightenment, 588, 602, 619, 628–29, 632, 658
feudalism in, 596, 600, 619, 637 (see also feudalism and serfdom, abolition of)
and the French Revolution, 600, 603–7 passim, 619–28 passim, 630, 638, 643, 645, 656, 658
and the Holy Roman Empire, 188, 587–90
industry and technology in, 125, 600
Jews in, 600, 602–4
literature of, 298, 416, 593, 600, 619–35
morals in, 604–5
music in, 565, 612–14
N.’s provinces in, 590–92
newspapers in, 624
philosophy in, 298, 602, 603, 617, 636–58
population of (19th cent.), 125
religion in, 588, 601–2, 604, 625, 634–35, 641
science in, 607–10
Mme. de Staël and, 292–93, 296–99, 305–6
theater in, 614–16
women in, 604–5, 620, 633, 634
War of Liberation in, see Liberation, War of
see also Confederation of the Rhine and names of individual states
Germany and the French Revolution (Gooch), 620*
Geschichte des Abfalls der Vereinigten Nederlande (Wieland), 622
Geschichte des Herrn William Lovell, Die (Tieck), 630
Geschichten Schweitzerischer Eidgenossenschaft (Müller), 660
Geschlossene Handelsstaat, Der (Fichte), 640
Ghent, 308, 740, 752
Giaour, The (Byron), 461, 506
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), 6, 362, 468, 477
and Mme. Necker, 146, 147
Gibraltar, 108, 178, 457, 520
Gideon, Sampson, 360
Gifford, William (1756–1826), 500
Gillet, Nicolas-François (d. 1791), 683
Gillman, Dr. James (fl. 1816), 446
Gillray, James (1757–1815), 379
Giorgione (Giorgio Barbarelli; 1478?–1511), 139
Girodet-Trioson (Anne-Louis Girodet de Roucy; 1767–1824), 314
Gironde département, 34
Girondins: in Assembly, 34–37, 41, 45
Charlotte Corday and, 57, 59
in Convention, 47–51 passim, 53, 55, 69
fall of, 56–57, 63, 66–67, 144, 145, 160
and Louis XVI’s trial and execution, 50, 51, 53
and Marat, 49, 54, 55
and religion, 43, 72
restoration of, 83
uprisings of, 62, 67, 70
and White Terror, 85
Wordsworth and, 420, 421
Gjengengeren og han selv (Baggesen), 666
“Glad Day” (Blake), 379
Glasgow, 342, 347
Glasgow University, 503, 504
Gleichenstein, Baron von, 577
Glenarvon (Caroline Lamb), 500
Glinka, Fyodor Nikolaevich (1786–1880), 687
Glogau, 716
Gluck, Christoph Willibald (1714–87), 137, 553, 582, 612
Gneisenau, Count August Neithardt von (1760–1831), 596, 598, 749
Gobel, Jean-Baptiste (1727–94), 73
Godoy, Manuel de (1767–1851), 208, 222–24, 534, 608
Godunov, Boris, Czar of Russia (r. 1598–1605), 685
Godwin, Fanny (1794–1816), 366, 400, 481
Godwin, Mary (dau. of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin), see Shelley, Mary
Godwin, Mary Jane Clairmont, 400, 474, 475–76, 481
Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, see Wollstonecraft, Mary
Godwin, William (1756–1836), 386, 397–400
atheism of, 358, 397
and the Clairmonts, 400, 467, 475
death of, 400
debates with Malthus on population, 400–402
determinism of, 397–99
on education, 361, 398, 399
and elopement of daughter with Shelley, 474–76
and French Revolution, 513, 518
in Joseph Johnson’s circle, 366, 409, 413
marriage to Mary Wollstonecraft, 366, 400
philosophical anarchism of, 353, 398, 401, 638
Shelley, correspondence with, 470, 471, 492, 495
Shelley influenced by, 397, 399, 468, 493
and Shelley’s financial aid, 400, 474, 476, 481
and Wordsworth, 400, 421, 452
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 242, 533*, 587, 603, 620*, 622–23, 633
and Bettina von Arnim, 579–80, 605
and Beethoven, 579–81, 582
and Byron, 488, 490, 491, 623
classicism of, 623
contemporaries’ assessment of, 616, 623, 625, 631, 632
Constant’s visits with, 305
on the Cuvier-Geoffroy debate, 327
and Fichte, 638, 640
and the French Revolution, 622–23, 638
and Hegel, 646, 657
meets N. at Erfurt, 226–28, 623
his opinion of N., 239, 623
on the Nazarenes, 612
and Romanticism, 416, 618, 622–23
and Schiller, 615, 622, 623
and Mme. de Staël, 292–93, 299
at Valmy, 46, 622
Voltaire and, 658
in War of Liberation, 623, 714
and the Weimar theater, 614–15
Goethe, Katharina Elisabeth, nee Textor (1731–1803), 292
Gohier, Louis-Jérôme (1746–1830), 117, 121
Goldsmid, Abraham (1756?–1810), 361
Goldsmid, Benjamin (1753?–1808), 361
Goldsmith, Oliver (1728–74), 370
Golitsyn, Prince Nikolai Borisovich (d. 1865), 583, 584
Goncourt, Edmond de (1822–96) and Jules de (1830–70), 278
Gondouin, Jacques, 280
Gooch, George, 620*
Gordon, Lady Margaret, 377
Gordon of Gight, Catherine, see Byron, Catherine
Görres, Joseph von (1776–1848), 624–25
Gosselies, 744
Gotha, 296, 615
Gothic revival, 140, 377
Gothics (Swedish poets), 662
“Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (Haydn), 571
Gotthard, J. F. (fl. 1796), 627
Göttingen, University of, 307, 591, 597, 606, 630
Coleridge at, 432–33
Gauss at, 608
the Sc
hlegels at, 632, 633
Gould, Colonel, 748
Gounod, Charles-François (1818–93), 137
Gourgaud, Gaspard (1783–1852), 751, 752, 754–57 passim, 763
at Brienne, 722, 763
and Napoleonic legend, 774
at N.’s state funeral, 775–76
at St. Helena, 758–59, 763, 764, 768, 773
Goya y Lucientes, Francisco José de (1746–1828), 222, 223, 224, 282, 533–34
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (163–133 B.C.) and Gaius Sempronius (153–121 B.C.), 35
Gradus ad Parnassum (Clementi), 553
Grand, Mme., 107
Grande Armée, 202, 225, 268, 280, 774
in 1805 campaign, 203–4
in Russian campaign, 323, 526
in Spain, 225, 228–29, 231, 241, 561
Grand National Consolidated Trades-Union, 350
Grasse, 736–37
Grattan, Henry (1746–1820), 370, 508, 509
Gravina, Admiral Federico Carlos de (1756–1806), 523–25
Gray, Thomas (1716–71), 146, 416
Graz, 217, 618
Great Britain, see England
“Great Chain of Being,” 403
Great Fear (1789), 21
Great Sanhedrin (1806), 276–77, 681
Great Terror (1794), 80, 117
Greece, 457–58, 501, 669–70
see also Greek Revolution
Greek Revolution (1821–30), 497–500
Green, Thomas Hill (1836–82), 658
Greene, Nathanael (1742–86), 394
Greenwich Observatory, 387
Grégoire, Abbé Henri (1750–1831), 275
Gregorian calendar, 206
Grenier, Paul (1768–1827), 751
Grenoble, 34, 51, 323, 736–38
Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville, Baron (1759–1834), 170, 693
Greville, Hon. Charles, 519
Grey, Charles Grey, 2d Earl (1764–1845), 360, 693
Grillparzer, Franz (1791–1872), 565, 586
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior von (1723–1807), 684
Grimm, Jacob (1785–1863), 519, 614, 629
Grimm, Wilhelm (1786–1859), 614, 629
Gros, Antoine-Jean (1771–1835), 104*, 237, 281, 282
Grosbois, Château de, 136
Grouchy, Emmanuel de (1766–1847), 742, 744–50
Grove, Harriet, 468
Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 568*
Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte), 638
Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts (Hegel), 652–55
Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin (1783–1872), 665
Guadarrama Pass, 229
Guastalla, duchy of, 220, 546, 772
Guérin, Pierre-Narcisse (1774–1833), 237, 282
Guiana, 84, 106
Guibert, Comte Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de (1743–90), 93, 148
Guicciardi, Countess Giulia, 571, 577, 578
Guiccioli, Count Alessandro, 486–87
Guiccioli, Countess Teresa (d. 1873), 486–87, 489, 491, 494, 496–98, 501