Using small boats, we effected a difficult landing on Ross Island shortly after midnight[84] on the morning of the 9th, carrying a line of cable from each of the ships and preparing to unload supplies by means of a breeches-buoy arrangement.[85] Our sensations on first treading antarctic[86] soil were poignant and complex, even though at this particular point the Scott and Shackleton expeditions had preceded us.[87] Our camp on the frozen shore below the volcano’s slope was only a provisional one;[88] headquarters being kept aboard the Arkham. We landed all our drilling apparatus, dogs, sledges, tents, provisions, gasoline tanks, experimental ice-melting outfit, cameras[89] both ordinary and aërial, aëroplane parts, and other accessories, including three small portable wireless outfits (besides those in the planes)[90] capable of communicating with the Arkham’s large outfit from any part of the antarctic continent that we would be likely to visit.[91] The ship’s outfit, communicating with the outside world, was to convey press reports to the Arkham Advertiser’s powerful wireless station on Kingsport Head, Mass.[92] We hoped to complete our work during a single antarctic summer; but if this proved impossible we would winter on the Arkham, sending the Miskatonic north before the freezing of the ice for another summer’s supplies.
I need not repeat what the newspapers have already published about our early work: of our ascent of Mt. Erebus; our successful mineral borings at several points on Ross Island and the singular speed with which Pabodie’s apparatus accomplished them, even through solid rock layers; our provisional test of the small ice-melting equipment; our perilous ascent of the great barrier with sledges and supplies; and our final assembling of five huge aëroplanes at the camp atop the barrier. The health of our land party—twenty men and 55[93] Alaskan sledge dogs—was remarkable, though of course we had so far encountered no really destructive temperatures or windstorms.[94] For the most part, the thermometer varied between zero and 20° or 25° above, and our experience with New England winters had accustomed us to rigours[95] of this sort. The barrier camp was semi-permanent,[96] and destined to be a storage cache for gasoline, provisions, dynamite, and other supplies.[97] Only four of our planes were needed to carry the actual exploring material, the fifth being left with a pilot and two men from the ships[98] at the storage cache to form a means of reaching us from the Arkham in case all our exploring planes were lost.[99] Later, when not using all the other planes for moving apparatus, we would employ one or two in a shuttle transportation service between this cache and another permanent base on the great plateau from 600 to 700 [100] miles southward, beyond Beardmore Glacier.[101] Despite the almost unanimous accounts of appalling winds and tempests that pour down from the plateau, we determined to dispense with intermediate bases;[102] taking our chances in the interest of economy and probable efficiency.
Wireless reports have spoken of the breath-taking four-hour non-stop[103] flight of our squadron on November 21st over the lofty shelf ice, with vast peaks rising on the west, and the unfathomed silences echoing to the sound of our engines.[104] Wind troubled us only moderately, and our radio compasses helped us through the one opaque fog we encountered. When the vast rise loomed ahead, between Latitudes 83° and 84°, we knew we had reached Beardmore Glacier, the largest valley glacier in the world, and that the frozen sea was now giving place to a frowning and mountainous coast-line.[105] At last we were truly entering the white, aeon-dead world of the ultimate south, and even[106] as we realised[107] it we saw the peak of Mt. Nansen in the eastern distance, towering up to its height of almost 15,000 [108] feet.
The successful establishment of the southern base above the glacier in Latitude 86° 7', East Longitude 174° 23', and the phenomenally rapid and effective borings and blastings made at various points reached by our sledge trips and short aëroplane flights, are matters of history; as is the arduous and triumphant ascent of Mt. Nansen by Pabodie and two of the graduate students—Gedney and Carroll—on December 13–15th.[109] We were some 8500 [110] feet above sea-level, and when[111] experimental drillings revealed solid ground only twelve feet down through the snow and ice at certain points, we made considerable use of the small melting apparatus and sunk bores and performed dynamiting at many places[112] where no previous explorer had ever thought of securing mineral specimens.[113] The pre-Cambrian granites and beacon sandstones thus obtained confirmed our belief that this plateau was homogeneous[114] with the great bulk of the continent to the west, but somewhat different from the parts lying eastward below South America—which we then thought to form a separate and smaller continent divided from the larger one by a frozen junction of Ross and Weddell Seas, though Byrd has since disproved the hypothesis.[115]
In certain of the sandstones, dynamited and chiselled[116] after boring revealed their nature, we found some highly interesting fossil markings and fragments—[117]notably ferns, seaweeds, trilobites, crinoids, and such molluscs[118] as linguellae and gasteropods—[119]all of which seemed of real significance in connexion[120] with the region’s primordial history. There was also a queer triangular, striated marking about a foot in greatest diameter[121] which Lake pieced together from three fragments of slate brought up from a deep-blasted[122] aperture.[123] These fragments came from a point to the westward, near the Queen Alexandra Range; and Lake, as a biologist, seemed to find their curious marking unusually puzzling and provocative, though to my geological eye it looked not unlike some of the ripple effects reasonably common in the sedimentary rocks.[124] Since slate is no more than a metamorphic formation into which a sedimentary stratum is pressed, and since the pressure itself produces odd distorting effects on any markings which may exist, I saw no reason for extreme wonder over the striated depression.
On January 6,[125] 1931, Lake, Pabodie, Daniels, all six of the students, four mechanics, and myself flew directly over the south pole in two of the great planes, being forced down once by a sudden high wind which fortunately[126] did not develop[127] into a typical storm. This was, as the papers have stated, one of several observation flights;[128] during others of which we tried to discern new topographical features in areas unreached by previous explorers.[129] Our early flights were disappointing in this latter respect;[130] though they afforded us some magnificent examples of the richly fantastic and deceptive mirages of the polar regions, of which our sea voyage had given us some brief foretastes.[131] Distant mountains floated in the sky as enchanted cities, and often the whole white world would dissolve into a gold, silver, and scarlet land of Dunsanian dreams and adventurous expectancy under the magic of the low midnight sun.[132] On cloudy days we had considerable trouble in flying,[133] owing to the tendency of snowy earth and sky to merge into one mystical opalescent void with no visible horizon to mark the junction of the two.
At length we resolved to carry out our original plan of flying 500 [134] miles eastward with all four exploring planes and establishing a fresh sub-base at a point which would probably be on the smaller continental division, as we mistakenly conceived it.[135] Geological specimens obtained there would be desirable for purposes of comparison.[136] Our health so far had remained excellent;[137] lime-juice[138] well offsetting the steady diet of tinned and salted food, and temperatures generally above zero enabling us to do without our thickest furs.[139] It was now midsummer, and with haste and care we might be able to conclude work by March and avoid a tedious wintering through the long antarctic night. Several savage windstorms had burst upon us from the west, but we had escaped damage through the skill of Atwood in devising rudimentary aëroplane shelters and windbreaks of heavy snow blocks, and reinforcing the principal camp buildings with snow. Our good luck and efficiency had indeed been almost uncanny.
The outside world knew, of course, of our programme,[140] and was told also of Lake’s strange and dogged insistence on a westward—or rather, northwestward—prospecting trip before our radical shift to the new base.[141] It seems that he had pondered a great deal, and with alarmingly radical daring,[142] over that triangular striated[143] marking in the slate; reading
into it certain contradictions in Nature[144] and geological period which whetted his curiosity to the utmost, and made him avid to sink more borings and blastings in the west-stretching formation to which the exhumed fragments evidently belonged.[145] He was strangely convinced that the marking was the print of some bulky, unknown, and radically unclassifiable organism of considerably advanced evolution, notwithstanding that the rock which bore it was of so vastly ancient a date—Cambrian if not actually pre-Cambrian—as to preclude the probable existence not only of [146] all highly evolved life, but of any life at all above the unicellular or at most the trilobite stage. These fragments, with their odd marking, must have been 500 [147] million to a thousand million years old.
II.
Popular imagination, I judge, responded actively to our wireless bulletins of Lake’s start northwestward into regions never trodden by human foot or penetrated by human imagination;[148] though we did not mention his wild hopes of revolutionising[149] the entire sciences of biology and geology.[150] His preliminary sledging and boring journey of January 11–18th[151] with Pabodie and five others—marred by the loss of two dogs in an upset when crossing one of the great pressure-ridges[152] in the ice—had brought up more and more of the archaean[153] slate; and even I was interested by the singular profusion of evident fossil markings in that unbelievably ancient stratum. These markings, however, were of very primitive life-forms[154] involving no great paradox except that any life-forms[155] should occur in rock as definitely pre-Cambrian as this seemed to be; hence I still failed to see the good sense of Lake’s demand for an interlude in our time-saving programme[156]—an interlude requiring the use of all four planes, many men, and the whole of the expedition’s mechanical apparatus.[157] I did not, in the end, veto the plan;[158] though I decided not to accompany the northwestward party despite Lake’s plea for my geological advice. While they were gone, I would remain at the base with Pabodie and five men and work out final plans for the eastward shift. In preparation for this transfer [159] one of the planes had begun to move up a good gasoline supply from McMurdo Sound; but this could wait temporarily. I kept with me one sledge and nine dogs, since it is unwise to be at any time without possible transportation in an utterly tenantless world of aeon-long death.
Lake’s sub-expedition[160] into the unknown, as everyone[161] will recall, sent out its own reports from the short-wave[162] transmitters on the planes; these being simultaneously picked up by our apparatus at the southern base and by the Arkham at McMurdo Sound, whence they were relayed to the outside world on wave-lengths[163] up to 50[164] metres. The start was made January 22[165] at 4 a.m.;[166] and the first wireless message we received came only two hours later, when Lake spoke of descending and starting a small-scale ice-melting and bore at a point some 300[167] miles away from us. Six hours after that a second and very excited message told of the frantic, beaver-like[168] work whereby a shallow shaft had been sunk and blasted;[169] culminating in the discovery of slate fragments with several markings approximately like the one which had caused the original puzzlement.
Three hours later a brief bulletin announced the resumption of the flight in the teeth of a raw and piercing gale; and when I despatched[170] a message of protest against further hazards, Lake replied curtly that his new specimens made any hazard worth taking.[171] I saw that his excitement had reached the point of mutiny, and that I could do nothing to check this headlong risk of the whole expedition’s success; but it was appalling to think of his plunging deeper and deeper into that treacherous and sinister white immensity of tempests and unfathomed mysteries which stretched off for some 1500[172] miles to the half-known, half-suspected coast-line[173] of Queen Mary and Knox Lands.
Then, in about an hour and a half more, came that doubly excited message from Lake’s moving plane[174] which almost reversed my sentiments and made me wish I had accompanied the party.[175]
“10:05 p.m.[176] On the wing. After snowstorm, have spied mountain range ahead higher than any hitherto seen. May equal Himalayas[177] allowing for height of plateau. Probable Latitude 76° 15', Longitude 113° 10' E. Reaches far as can see to right and left. Suspicion of two smoking cones. All peaks black and bare of snow. Gale blowing off them impedes navigation.”
After that Pabodie, the men, and I hung breathlessly over the receiver. Thought of this titanic mountain rampart 700[178] miles away inflamed our deepest sense of adventure; and we rejoiced that our expedition, if not ourselves personally, had been its discoverers. In half an hour Lake called us again.[179]
“Moulton’s plane forced down on plateau in foothills, but nobody hurt and perhaps can repair. Shall transfer essentials to other three for return or further moves if necessary, but no more heavy plane travel needed just now. Mountains surpass anything in imagination. Am going up scouting in Carroll’s plane, with all weight out. You[180] can’t imagine anything like this. Highest peaks must go over 35,000[181] feet. Everest out of the running. Atwood to work out height with theodolite while Carroll and I go up. Probably wrong about cones, for formations look stratified. Possibly pre-Cambrian slate with other strata mixed in. Queer skyline[182] effects—regular sections of cubes clinging to highest peaks. Whole thing marvellous[183] in red-gold light of low sun. Like land of mystery in a dream or gateway to forbidden world of untrodden wonder. Wish you were here to study.”
Though it was technically sleeping-time,[184] not one of us listeners thought for a moment of retiring. It must have been a good deal the same at McMurdo Sound, where the supply cache and the Arkham were also getting the messages; for Capt.[185] Douglas gave out a call congratulating everybody on the important find, and Sherman, the cache operator, seconded his sentiments. We were sorry, of course, about the damaged aëroplane;[186] but hoped it could be easily mended. Then, at 11 p.m.,[187] came another call from Lake.[188]
“Up with Carroll over highest foothills. Don’t dare try really tall peaks in present weather, but shall later. Frightful work climbing, and hard going at this altitude, but worth it. Great range fairly solid, hence can’t get any glimpses beyond. Main summits exceed Himalayas, and very queer. Range looks like pre-Cambrian slate, with plain signs of many other upheaved strata. Was wrong about volcanism. Goes farther in either direction than we can see. Swept clear of snow above about 21,000 feet. Odd[189] formations on slopes of highest mountains. Great low square blocks with exactly vertical sides, and rectangular lines of low[190] vertical ramparts, like the old Asian castles clinging to steep mountains in Roerich’s paintings. Impressive from distance. Flew close to some, and Carroll thought they were formed of smaller separate pieces, but that is probably weathering. Most edges crumbled and rounded off as if exposed to storms and climate changes for millions of years. Parts,[191] especially upper parts, seem to be of lighter-coloured[192] rock than any visible strata on slopes proper, hence an[193] evidently crystalline origin. Close flying shews[194] many cave-mouths,[195] some unusually regular in outline, square or semicircular.[196] You must come and investigate. Think I saw rampart[197] squarely on top of one peak. Height seems about 30,000 to 35,000[198] feet. Am up 21,500[199] myself, in devilish[200] gnawing cold. Wind whistles and pipes through passes and in and out of caves, but no flying danger so far.”
From then on for another half-hour[201] Lake kept up a running fire of comment, and expressed his intention of climbing some of the peaks on foot. I replied that I would join him as soon as he could send a plane, and that Pabodie and I would work out the best gasoline plan—just where and how to concentrate our supply in view of the expedition’s altered character.[202] Obviously, Lake’s boring operations, as well as his aëroplane activities, would need a great deal delivered for the new base which he was[203] to establish at the foot of the mountains; and it was possible that the eastward flight might not be made after all[204] this season. In connexion[205] with this business I called Capt.[206] Douglas and asked him to get as much as possible out of the ships and up the barrier with the single dog-team[207] we had left there. A dir
ect route across the unknown region between Lake and McMurdo Sound was what we really ought to establish.
Lake called me later to say that he had decided to let the camp stay where Moulton’s plane had been forced down, and where repairs had already progressed somewhat. The ice-sheet[208] was very thin, with dark ground here and there visible, and he would sink some borings and blasts at that very point before making any sledge trips or climbing expeditions.[209] He spoke of the ineffable majesty of the whole scene, and the queer state of his sensations at being in the lee of vast[210] silent pinnacles[211] whose ranks shot up like a wall reaching the sky at the world’s rim.[212] Atwood’s theodolite observations had placed the height of the five tallest peaks at from 30,000 to 34,000[213] feet.[214] The windswept nature of the terrain clearly disturbed Lake, for it argued the occasional existence of prodigious gales[215] violent beyond anything we had so far encountered. His camp lay a little more than five miles from where the higher foothills abruptly rose.[216] I could almost trace a note of subconscious alarm in his words—flashed across a glacial void of 700[217] miles—as he urged that we all hasten with the matter and get the strange[218] new region disposed of as soon as possible. He was about to rest now, after a continuous day’s work of almost unparalleled[219] speed, strenuousness, and results.
In the morning I had a three-cornered wireless talk with Lake and Capt.[220] Douglas at their widely separated bases; and it[221] was agreed that one of Lake’s planes would come to my base for Pabodie, the five men, and myself, as well as for all the fuel it could carry. The rest of the fuel question, depending on our decision about an easterly trip, could wait for a few days;[222] since Lake had enough for immediate camp heat and borings.[223] Eventually the old southern base ought to be restocked;[224] but if we postponed the easterly trip we would not use it till the next summer, and meanwhile[225] Lake must send a plane to explore a direct route between his new mountains and McMurdo Sound.