6. Burckhardt, 267.
7. In Portogliotti, The Borgias, 60.
8. In Symonds, Revival, 469.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Pastor, I, 117; Creighton, I, 566–9.
2. In Pastor, I, 124.
3. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 486.
4. Pastor, VII, 339; Creighton, I, 161.
5. Lea, H. C, History of Auricular Confession, III, 65.
6. Creighton, I, 147.
7. Ibid., 168.
8. Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Age, 52, 59; Hearnshaw, Medieval Contributions to Civilization, 67.
9. Emerton, E., Defensor Pacts of Marsiglio of Padua, 70–2.
10. Pastor, I, 184.
11. Niem in Milman, VII, 235n.
12. Creighton, I, 273.
13. Milman, VII, 460.
14. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 41
15. In Ogg, F. A., Source Book of Medieval History, 391.
16. Creighton, I, 297.
17. Cambridge Medieval History, VIII, 8n.
18. Creighton, IV, 8.
19. In Pastor, I, 241.
20. Creighton, II, 272; Pastor I, 284.
21. Creighton, IV, 44.
22. Ogg, 393–7.
23. Pastor, II, 215.
24. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 620f; Pastor, II, 258.
25. Creighton, IV, 71.
CHAPTER XV
1. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, VI, 558.
2. Lanciani, Golden Days of the Renaissance, 78–80.
3. Burckhardt, 105.
4. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 435.
5. Cf. Pastor, VII, 104.
6. Pastor, I, 169.
7. Pastor, II, 180; Hare, Walks in Rome, 167.
8. In Creighton, III, 11 in.
9. Pastor, II, 14; Symonds, Revival, 222–5.
10. Ibid., 226.
11. Pastor, II, 193.
12. Pastor, II, 200.
13. Burckhardt, 188.
14. Pastor, II, 198.
15. Sismondi, 613.
16. Vasari, II, 31, Bernardino Rossellino.
17. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 202.
18. Pastor, II, 102.
19. Creighton, II, 308f.
20. Pastor, II, 272f.
21. Ibid., 313.
21a. La Tour, P. Imbart de, Les origines de la Réforme, II, 7, 14.
22. Creighton, II, 245.
23. Ibid., 246.
24. Ibid., 247.
25. Platina, In vitas summorum pontificum, in Whitcomb, Source Book, 69.
26. Creighton, II, 483.
27. Ibid.
28. Burckhardt, 305.
29. Creighton, II, 483.
30. Sellery, 239.
31. Platina in Whitcomb,65.
32. Creighton, II, 488.
33. Platina, I.e.
34. Ibid., 66.
35. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, II, 442.
36. Pastor, III, 324.
37. Ibid., 256.
38. Creighton, IV, 209.
39. Thompson, J. W., 297.
40. Pastor, IV, 41–5; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 106–7; Burckhardt, 280, 505.
41. Ferrara, O., The Borgia Pope, 95.
42. Pastor IV, 238–44; Creighton, III, 63–6.
43. Ibid., 75.
44. Symonds, Despots, 388.
45. Ibid., 398n.
46. Cf. Creighton, III, 115, 285; Pastor, IV, 416.
47. Soriano in Symonds, Despots, 394n; Pastor, IV, 428.
48. Symonds, Despots, 394.
49. Pastor, V, 236–8.
50. Vespucci in Cambridge Modern History, I, 222.
51. Creighton, III, 120.
52. Ibid., 154–5; Pastor, V, 351.
53. Ibid., 352–4; Creighton, IV, 318.
54. Creighton, III, 126.
55. Ibid.
56. Burckhardt, 108; Pastor, V, 354.
57. Pastor, V, 317; Creighton, III, 126.
57a. La Tour, II, 13.
58. Pastor, V, 361–2.
59. Creighton, IV, 297–8.
60. Creighton, III, 126.
61. Ibid., 135.
62. In Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 171.
63. Creighton, III, 153; Cambridge Modern History, I, 225.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Ferrara, Borgia Pope, 55–62; Pastor, II, 541–2.
2. Creighton, III, 162.
3. Pastor, II, 455.
4. Beuf, Cesare Borgia, 19; Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 10.
5. Ibid., 18, 20.
6. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 24.
7. Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 352.
8. Id., IV, 324.
9. Cambridge Modern History, I, 225; Ferrara, 66; Creighton, III, 159.
10. Ferrara, 51; Pastor, V, 366; Gregorovius, 17.
11. Creighton, III, 160n.
12. Cambridge Modern History, I, 226.
13. Pastor, V, 385.
14. Sacerdote, G., Cesare Borgia, 94.
15. In Creighton, III, 47.
16. Cambridge Modern History, I, 234.
17. Vasari, II, 116, Pinturicchio.
18. Ferrara, 310.
18a. La Tour, II, 39.
19. Pastor, V, 396; Burckhardt, 109.
20. Portigliotti, 28f.
21. Guicciardini, I, 19–20.
22. Creighton, III, 168.
23. Ibid., 194–5, quoting the letters as given in Burckhard’s Diarium.
24. Creighton, III, 196; Pastor, V, 429; Cambridge Modern History, I, 229.
24a. Guicciardini, I, 209.
25. Creighton, III, 206; Cambridge Modern History, I, 231.
26. Ibid., 230.
27. Pastor, V, 381.
28. Ferrara, 163.
29. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 394.
30. Guicciardini, I, 29.
31. Gregorovius, 75.
32. Creighton, III, 175; Gregorovius, 39, 62; Portigliotti, 47.
33. Ferrara, 164.
34. Creighton, III, 176; Gregorovius, 65.
35. Portigliotti, 45, 48, 61.
36. Burckhard, Diarium, iii, 227, in Creighton, IV, 49n.
37. Boccaccio, Ferrarese ambassador, in Symonds, Despots, 417; Portigliotti, 56.
38. Gregorovius, 75.
39. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 21 if.
40. Guicciardini, III, 26; Pastor, VI, 153–4.
41. Guicciardini, III, 26; Creighton, IV, 13–4.
42. Portigliotti, 66.
43. In Villari, Machiavelli, I, 321.
44. Portigliotti, 66.
45. Ferrara, 318.
46. Villari, I.e.
47. Cf. Ferrara, ch. xxi.
48. Ibid., 309.
49. Ferrara, 246; Sacerdote, 198f.
50. Ibid., 221.
51. Ibid., 202.
52. Ferrara, 246; Pastor, V, 512, and Roscoe, Leo X, I, 154, acquit Caesar Borgia; Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 106; Beuf, 76–8; and Symonds, Despots, 425 accuse him; Creighton, III, 258, concludes that “it is impossible to pronounce any certain opinion.”
53. Pastor, V, 501.
54. Gregorovius, 220; Burckhardt, no.
55. Beuf, 41.
56. Gregorovius, 57.
57. Beuf, 97.
58. Cartwright, Isabella, I, 178.
59. Beuf, 7; Sacerdote, 207.
60. Ferrara, 291.
61. Burckhardt, 112; Creighton, IV, 3–4.
62. Id., III, 6n; Ferrara, 293.
63. Richard Garnett in Cambridge Modern History, I, 238.
64. In Beuf, 155.
65. Ferrara, 308.
66. Beuf, 194.
67. Ibid., 223.
68. Creighton, IV, 27.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., 29; Sacerdote, 806.
71. Guicciardini, III, 137; Machiavelli, Relation of the Murder of Vitellezzo, in Appendix to History of Florence, pp. 491–6.
72. Beuf, 292.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid and 296.
75. Creighton, IV, 36.
76. Ibid
., 40.
77. Beuf, 290.
78. Beuf, 252–8.
79. Beuf, 131.
80. Beuf, 66, 177; Guicciardini, III, 129.
81. Portigliotti, 83.
82. Villari, Machiavelli, I, 323.
83. Burckhardt, 116.
84. Pastor, VI, 128.
85. Beuf, 305–7.
86. Ferrara, 326.
87. Burckhardt, 115; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 323.
88. Cartwright, Isabella, I, 327.
89. Creighton, IV, 30, 40; Cambridge Modern History, I, 242; Beuf, 307.
90. Symonds, Despots, 426.
91. Burckhard, Diarium, ed. Celani, II, 303, in Portigliotti, 54.
92. Ferrara, 337; Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 178.
93. Ferrara, 337.
94. Gregorovius, 177; Ferrara, 336. Creighton, IV, 50n, accepts the tale.
95. Gregorovius, 189.
96. Ferrara, 252.
97. Ibid., 251.
98. Gregorovius, 108, 330.
99. Creighton, III, 264.
100. There are different accounts of Alfonso’s death; the text follows the despatches of the Venetian ambassador Capello as given in Creighton, IV, 25762. Pastor (VI, 77) suggests that Alfonso was slain by his own bodyguard.
101. Cf. Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 175.
102. Cartwright, Isabella, I, 205.
103. Creighton, IV, 21; Pastor, V, 399; Gregorovius, 175.
104. Ibid., 167.
105. Ibid., 213.
106. Ibid., 222; Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners, II, 176.
107. Gregorovius, 246–8.
108. Ibid., 290.
109. Cambridge Modern History, I, 241; Pastor, VI, 132; Sacerdote, 683; Villari, Machiavelli, I, 327; Lanciani, 76; Ferrara, 400; Roscoe, Leo X, I, 469; Beuf, 318. Portigliotti, 129–37, defends the poison theory.
110. Lanciani, 76.
111. Portigliotti, 127.
112. Gregorovius, 289.
113. Guicciardini, III, 228.
114. Machiavelli, Prince, ch. xviii.
115. Pastor, VI, 137.
116. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 195.
117. Creighton, IV, 44–50.
118. Cambridge Modern History, I, 241–2.
119. Creighton, IV, 57.
120. Pastor, VI, 208.
121. Gregorovius, Lucrezia, 310.
122. Ibid., 31.
123. Roscoe, Leo X, 1,404.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Pastor, V, 369.
2. Paris de Grassis in Roscoe, Leo X, I, 300.
3. Pastor, l.c.
4. Villari, Machiavelli, i, 367.
5. Pastor, VI, 215.
6. Ibid., 223.
7. Beuf, 364.
8. Machiavelli, Discourses, i, 27.
9. Creighton, IV, 117.
10. Ibid., 123.
11. Ibid., 124.
12. Ibid., 127.
13. Guicciardini, V, 90.
14. Creighton, IV, 163n.
15. Ibid., 130n.
16. Guicciardini, VI, in.
17. Müntz, Raphael, 293.
18. Symonds, Michelangelo, 92–4.
19. Pastor, VI, 469f.
20. New York World, May 12, 1928.
21. Nietzsche, Letter to Brandes, in Huneker, Egoists, 251.
22. Vasari, ed., Blashfield and Hopkins, IV, 37n, Michelangelo.
23. Ibid., 38.
24. In Symonds, Michelangelo, 7.
25. Cellini, Autobiography, i, 13.
26. Symonds, Mich., 134.
27. Ibid., 44.
28. Ibid., 45.
29. Maulde, 313.
30. Symonds, Mich., 58.
31. Vasari, IV, 59.
32. Symonds, 70.
33. Ibid., 100.
34. Cellini, i, 12.
35. Condivi in Symonds, in.
36. Symonds, 125.
37. Vasari, IV, 89.
38. Condivi in Symonds, 139.
39. Faure, E., Spirit of Forms, 139.
40. Vasari, IV, 91.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Montalembert, Monks of the West, I, 81.
2. Roscoe, Lorenzo, 285.
3. Guicciardini, VI, 114.
4. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 344.
5. Guicciardini, VII, 68.
6. Ibid., VI, 117.
7. Creighton, IV, 182.
8. Cambridge Modern History, II, 14; Gregorovius, History of City of Rome, VIIIa, 294; Creighton, IV, 18in. All these rest on the Relazione of Marino Giorgio, the Venetian ambassador, and on Prato’s Storia Milanese; probable but inconclusive evidence, since Giorgio did not take up residence in Rome till 1515.
9. Pastor, VIII, 391.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 84.
12. Roscoe, Leo X, II, 259.
13. Ibid., 388; Pastor, VIII, 79.
14. Müntz, Raphael, 409.
15. Taine, Italy: Rome and Naples, 185.
16. Pastor, VIII, 74.
17. Roscoe, II, 391.
18. Burckhardt, 185.
19. Pastor, VIII, 160, 162.
20. Ibid., 163–4.
21. Lanciani, Golden Days of the Renaissance in Rome, 321.
22. Burckhardt, 387.
23. Gregorovius, VIIIa, 407.
24. Lanciani, 58.
30. Roscoe, II, 82; Pastor, VIII, 127.
31. Gregorovius, VIIIa, 302.
32. Lanciani, 108.
33. Pastor, VIII, 121.
34. Cartwright, Isabella, II, 116.
35. Gregorovius, VIIIa, 309, 311.
36. Rashdall, H., Universities of Europe in the M.A., II, 39.
37. Roscoe, I, 342.
38. Huizinga, Waning of the Middle Ages, 62.
39. Pastor, VIII, 268.
40. Roscoe, I, 357.
41. Ibid., 287.
42. Ibid.
43. Maulde, 432.
44. Roscoe, II, 173.
45. Müntz, Raphael, 405; Symonds, Italian Literature, II, 147.
46. Roscoe, II, 209–302; Pastor, VIII, 238.
47. Ibid., 270.
48. Roscoe, II, 176.
49. Ibid., 110; Pastor, VIII, 184.
50. Roscoe, II, 110.
51. In Symonds, Revival, 499.
52. Ibid., 500.
53. Ibid., 503.
54. Ibid., 476.
55. Lanciani, Ancient Rome, 154f
56. In Pastor, VIII, 362.
57. Symonds, Michelangelo, 195.
58. Vasari, IV, 75.
59. Pastor, VIII, 435.
60. Symonds, 219.
61. Ibid., 51.
62. Ibid., 52.
63. Vasari, IV, 213.
64. Ibid., 218.
65. Ibid., 212.
66. Symonds, Fine Arts, 268.
67. Symonds, Michel., 203.
68. Ibid., 529.
69. 535.
70. 149.
71. Müntz, Raphael, 421.
72. Ibid., 422.
73. 420.
74. Ibid.
75. Vasari, II, 247–9, Raphael.
76. Winckelmann, History of Ancient Art, II, 316.
77. Müntz, Raphael, 462.
78. Roscoe, Leo X, I, 347.
79. Lanciani, Golden Days, 279–80.
80. Friedländer, II, 136; Pastor, VIII, 117.
81. Friedländer, I.e.
82. Ibid., 157.
83. Lanciani, Golden Days, 302.
84. Müntz, Raphael, 491.
85. Time Magazine, April 30, 1951, p. 29.
86. Vasari, II, 238.
87. Lanciani, 230.
88. Vasari, II, 241.
89. Ibid., 247.
90. Matt. 17:1–3, 141”.
91. Vasari, II, 247.
92. In Mantegna, L’ oeuvre, Introd., x.
93. Guicciardini, VII, 287; VIII, 11.
94. Ibid., VI, 412.
95. Ibid., VII, 129; Roscoe, Leo X, II, 200.
96. Cf. Ranke, History of the Popes, I, 309.
97. Pastor, VIII, 2.
98. Thompson, J. W., 423.
99. Pastor, VIII, 81, 151.
100. Ibid., 102.
101. 63–5.
102. Thompson, 423.
103. Pastor, VIII, 460.
104. Young, Medici, 296.
105. Pastor, VIII, 139.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Poggio, Facetiae, in Burckhardt, 521.
2. Machiavelli, Discourses, i, 56.
3. Burckhardt, 519.
4. Ibid., 520.
5. Thorndike, Lynn, History of Magic and Experimental Science, IV, 562.
6. Jusserand, J. J., English Wayfaring Life in the M.A., 377.
7. Ibid.
8. Aretino, Ragionamenti del Zoppino, in Burckhardt, 529; Sismondi, 744.
9. Ibid.
10. Pastor, V, 348.
11. Ibid., 349; Exodus, xxii, 18.
12. Pastor, V, 349.
13. Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in the M.A., III, 540.
14. Sismondi, 745; Burckhardt, 528.
15. Lea, op. cit., 547.
16. Ibid.
16a. Ibid., 548.
16b. Burckhardt, 508.
16c. Thorndike, IV, 761.
16d. Ibid., 435.
16e. Guicciardini, Ricordi, 57, in Burckhardt, 518.
16f. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, I, 369.
16g. Roscoe, Leo X, II, 253.
16h. Lacroix, Paul, Science and Literature in the Middh Ages, 290.
16i. Burckhardt, 211.
16j. Boccaccio, Decameron, viii, 9.
17. In Castiglioni, History of Medicine, 399.
18. Walsh, J. J., The Popes and Science, 75.
19. Ibid., 115.
19a. Cornaro, L., Art of Living Long, 43f.
20. Castiglioni, 368.
20a. Cornaro, 92, 103.
20b. Ibid., Introd., 31.
20c. Ibid.
21. Lanciani, Golden Days, 87.
22. Molmenti, Part II, Vol. I, 159f
23. Lanciani, 86.
24. Thorndike, Science and Thought in the Fifteenth Century, 221.
24. Sarton, IIIb, 1658.
25. Garrison, 187.
27. Molmenti, Part I, Vol. II, 54.
28. Pastor, V, 61.
29. Luther, Table Talk, in Pastor, V, 65.
30. Garrison, 191.
31. Ibid.
32. Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, II, 1119.
33. Castiglioni, 454.
34. Lanciani, Golden Days, 84.
35. Sudhoff in Garrison, 191.
36. Castiglioni, 453.
37. Sarton, IIIa, 274.
38. Castiglioni, 465.
39. Ibid., 459; Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 951.
40. Molmenti, Part I, Vol. II, 262.
41. Robertson, Freethought, I, 369.
42. Ibid.
43. Owen, Skeptics, 215.
44. Cambridge Modern History, II, 703.
45. Pastor, V, 157.
46. Owen, 208.
47. Ibid.