Roselli, Cosimo (1439–1507), 135, 165, 397, 468
Rossellino, Antonio (1427–79), 96, 131, 586
Rossellino, Bernardo (1400–61), 82, 96, 237, 380, 386, 450
Rossetti, Biagio (1495), 266
Rossi, Properzia de’ (c. 1400–1530), 335
Rosso (Giovanni de’ Rosso: 1494–1540), 708
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), 8
Rovere, Francesco Maria della, Duke of Urbino (1508–16), 344, 457, 482, 517–518, 520, 591, 623, 628, 629, 630, 632, 636, 662, 714
Rovere, Giovanni della (d. 1501), 395, 308, 410
Rovere, Giuliano della (1443–1513), see Julius II, Pope
Rovere, Guidobaldo II della, Duke of Urbino (1538–74), 662
Rovere, Leonardo della (d. 1475), 395
Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 259, 308, 677, 683
Rucellai, Cosimo (1513), 551
Rucellai, Giovanni (1460), 587
Rucellai, Giovanni (1475–1526), 508, 696
Ruralia commoda (Crescenzi), 530
Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 314, 516, 672, 684
Rutilius Namatianus (416), 491
S
Sabba, Santi di Cola (fl. early 16th cent.), 502
Sabellicus (Marcantonio Coccio: 1436–1506), 318
Sacchetti, Franco (c. 1335–1400), 80, 584, 592, 697
sacre rappresentazioni, 597
Sacrosancta (Council of Constance), 365–366
Sade, Donatien, Comte (better known as the Marquis) de (1740–1814), 5
Sade, Laura de (d. 1348), 5, 6–7, 8, 10, 21, 36, 38, 47
Sadoleto, Iacopo (1477–1547), 320, 458, 489, 490, 493, 574, 577, 633
St. Peter’s (San Pietro in Vaticano), Rome, 195, 372, 379, 380, 441, 448, 449, 450–451, 472, 497–498, 502, 503, 639–640, 641, 719–720, 722
dome, 719, 722
Salaino, Andrea (fl. 1490–1520), 228
Salutati, Coluccio de’ (1330–1406), 78, 81, 82
Salviati, Francesco (d. 1478), 113, 468
Salviati, Giovanni (1517), 520
Salviati, Maria (1509), 544, 579
San Gimignano, 130, 134, 135, 250
San Marino, 339
San Quentin, battle of, 711
Sangallo the Elder, Antonio da (1455–1534), 449, 468, 652
Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da (c. 1483–1546), 449, 498, 713–714, 716, 718
Sangallo, Aristotele da (1500), 163
Sangallo, Giovanni Francesco da (1500), 163
Sangallo, Giuliano da (1445–1516), 129, 322, 341, 449, 468, 496, 497, 498, 499, 651
sanitation, 286, 533
Sanmicheli, Michèle (1484–1559), 323–324
Sannazaro, Iacopo (1458–1530), 304, 355–356, 415, 602, 727
Sano di Matteo (1420), 237
Sano di Pietro (1405–81), 238, 357
Sansovino (Andrea di Domenico Contucci: 1460–1529), 164, 294, 341, 470–471, 499, 650, 701
Sansovino (Iacopo Tatti: 1486–1570), 178, 315, 324, 472, 499, 501, 649, 650–652, 656, 659, 674
Santa Croce, Francesco di (d. 1484), 396
Santi, Giovanni (c. 1445–94), 267, 343, 452
Santo, Mariano (b. c. 1490), 533
Sanudo, Marino (1466–1535), 318, 412, 576
Sarto, Andrea del (1487–1531), 165, 166–168, 169, 472, 650–651, 702, 703
Madonna of the Harpies, 167
Sarton, George (1884-), 535*
Sassetta (Stefano di Giovanni: 1392–1450), 238
Savelli, Giambattista (d. 1498), 406
Savelli, Silvio (1501), 415
Savoldo, Giovanni Girolamo (c. 1480–1549),
Savonarola, Girolamo (1452–98), 95, 121, 123, 138, 139, 142, 143–162, 165, 166, 169, 187, 402, 411, 419, 465, 480, 544, 581, 595, 597, 607, 611, 715
Savonarola, Michele (1384–1464), 143, 532
Savoy, 176, 711
Scala, Alberto della, despot of Verona (12771301), 15
Scala, Can Grande I della, despot of Verona (1311–29), 15–16, 322
Scala, Can Grande II della, despot of Verona (1351–59), 16
Scala, Cansignorio della, despot of Verona (1359–75), 16
Scala, Mastino I della, despot of Verona (1260–77), 15
Scala, Mastino II della, despot of Verona (1329–51), 16
Scala Santa, Rome, 569
Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558), 322, 695, 728
Scaligeri, see Scala, della
Scarpagnino (Antonio Abbondi: d. 1549), 650
Schiavone (Andrea Meldalla: c. 1522–82), 671, 677–678
Schinner, Matthaeus (c. 1470–1522), 462
Schism, the Great, 361–367, 543
scholars and scholarship, 486–491, 582, 695–696; see also humanism and humanists
Scholasticism, 80, 121, 537–538
Schönberg, Nikolaus von (d. 1537), 625
science, 528–530, 692
Scolastica (Ariosto), 273
Scrovegni, Enrico (1300 f.), 22
seals, 706
Sebastiano del Piombo (Sebastiano Luciani: 1485–1547), 306, 449, 462, 499, 502, 508, 513, 522, 599, 638–639, 656
Clement VII, 625
Three Ages of Man, 509, 637, 638
Selim I, Sultan of Turkey (1512–20), 519
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (4 B.C.-A.D. 65), 488
Senigallia, tragedy of, 424, 548, 560
Serlio, Sebastiano (1475–1554), 713
servants, 587
Sforza (Muzio Attendolo: 1369–1424), 182
Sforza, Ascanio (d. 1505), 164, 402, 406, 408, 410, 430, 470–471
Sforza, Battista, Duchess of Urbino (d. 1472), 232
Sforza, Bianca Maria, wife of Maximilian I, 188, 207, 614
Sforza, Caterina (1463–1509), 338–339, 419, 420, 548, 584, 699
Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan (1450–66), 76, 177, 182–184, 193, 389, 390, 533, 610
Sforza, Francesco Maria, Duke of Milan (1522–35), 621, 626, 627, 636, 645, 711
Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, Duke of Milan (1466–76), 111–112, 177, 179, 184, 206, 338, 600
Sforza, Giangaleazzo, Duke of Milan (147681), 184, 185, 188–189
Sforza, Giovanni (d. 1510), 416, 420, 421, 429, 442
Sforza, Lodovico (1451–1508), Duke of Milan (1481–99), 173, 179, 184–191, 192, 197, 202, 203, 204, 206–207, 219, 257, 266, 200, 338, 345, 419, 429, 430, 457, 591, 600, 611, 612, 613–614
Sforza, Massimiliano, Duke of Milan (1512–15), 188, 214, 618, 619
Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), 15, 47, 272, 280, 455, 698, 699*, 726
shoes, 583–584
Sidney, Sir Philip (1554–86), 356, 727
Siena, 34–37, 236–240
church of Fontegiusta, 640
duomo, 27, 35, 237
Fonte Gaia, 237;
Palazzo Pubblico, 35, 36
Torre di Mangia, 35
Siena, Council of, 368
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1411–37), 353, 364–365, 366, 367, 370
Signorelli, Luca (1441–1524), 173, 233–236, 245, 397, 450, 457, 458, 475, 498, 703, 722
Holy Family (Uffizi), 234
Orvieto frescoes, 234–235, 475, 722
School of Pan, 234
silk industry, 186
Silvestri, Guido Postumo (1479–1521), 492
Simonetta, see Vespucci, Simonetta
simony, 53–54, 154, 400–401, 408, 414, 442, 519, 589, 623, 637
singing and singers, 600, 601, 602
Sismondi, Simonde de (1773–1842), 230
Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere), Pope (1471–84), 112–113, 114–115, 130, 138, 165, 234, 245, 263, 292, 343, 374, 393–399, 400, 405, 418, 441, 477, 484, 495, 526, 528, 529, 573, 601, 602, 610, 689
Skanderbeg (George Castriota: c. 1400–68), 390
skepticism, 539, 540–544, 569
slavery, 174, 591, 592, 690
Society of Jesus, 689, 691, 714
Soderini, Francesco (1453–1524), 472, 624
S
oderini, Pietro (c. 1450–1513), 149, 162, 163, 210, 213, 469, 470, 472, 547, 549
Soderini, Vittorio (1503), 426
Sodoma (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi: 1477–1549), 214, 228, 233, 235, 238–239, 457, 458, 461, 502, 508, 639
sodomy, 576
Solari, Andrea (fl. 1493–1515 or 1520), 228, 295
Solari, Cristoforo (c. 1450-c. 1500), 187, 190, 196, 197, 295
Solari family, see also Lombardo
Sophinisba (Trissino), 598
Soppositi, I (Ariosto), 273, 490
Sopra la bellezza delle donne (Firenzuola), 582
Soranus of Ephesus (c. 100), 532
Sorel, Agnès (c. 1422–50), 606
Sorte, Cristoforo (1577), 650
Spagno, Lo (Giovanni di Pietro: c. 1470–1528) 484*
Sposalizio del Mare, Venice, 290
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), 558
Spenser, Edmund (c. 1552–99), 356, 727
spices, 594
Spilimbergo, Irene da (1530), 314–315
Spinello Aretino (c. 1346–1410), 230
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–77), 538, 728
Spoleto, 106
sports, 595
spy system, 699
Squarcialupi, Antonio (d. c. 1475), 115, 601, 602
Squarcione, Francesco (1394–1474), 251, 252, 280–281, 298, 302
Stamina, Gherardo (c. 1354-c. 1408), 100
state as god, 565–566
States of the Church, see Papal States
Stefaneschi, Iacopo Caetani (c. 1270–1343), 25–26
Stefano da Zevio (c. 1374-c. 1439), 324–325
Stephanium (Armonio), 291
Storia Florentina (Guicciardini), 544–545
Storia d’Italia (Guicciardini), 545–547
Storie Florentine (Machiavelli), 545, 554
Strabo (c. 60 B.C.-c. A.D. 25), 378
Strozzi, Alessandra (fl. 1447–65), 568, 578
Strozzi, Ercole (1471–1508), 270, 440
Strozzi, Filippo (1426–91), 129, 130, 140, 576
Strozzi, Giambattista (1530), 644
Strozzi, Lorenzo (1519), 577–578
Strozzi, Palla (1372–1462), 77, 79, 377
Strozzi, Tito Vespasiano (c. 1422-c. 1506), 270, 276, 440
Stuart, Bernard, Seigneur d’Aubigny (c. 1447–1508), 615
Suleiman I the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–66), 527
Summis desiderantes (Innocent VIII), 527
surgery, 532–533
Sweynheim, Conrad (1465), 315
Swineshead, Richard (1337), 692
Swiss mercenaries, 613, 618, 619, 621
Sylvae (Politian), 123
Sylvester I, Pope (314–35), 352, 450
Symonds, John Addington (1840–93), 639–640, 673
syphilis, 441, 534–536, 537
Syphilis (Fracastoro), 536
T
Table Talk (Luther), 533–534
Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-after 117), 43, 78, 488
Tafi, Andrea (c. 1250–1320), 91
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828–93), 728
Talanta (Aretino), 658
Talenti, Francesco (14th cent.), 24
Talleyrand-Périgord, Hélie de (1301–64), 37
tapestries, designed by Raphael, 506
Tarralba, Eugenio (1528), 543–544
Tartaglia, Niccolò (c. 1500–47), 691
Tartuffe (Molière), 658
Tasso, Bernardo (1493–1569), 255, 606
Tasso, Giambattista (1540), 706
Tasso, Torquato (1544–95), 602, 606, 712
taxation, 263, 637
Tebaldeo, Antonio (1463–1537), 440, 492
Telesio, Bernardino (1500–88), 695, 727
Tenda, Beatrice, Duchess of Milan (d. 1415), 182
Teogenio (Alberti), 108
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer: c. 190–159 B.C.), 169, 291, 598
Tertullian (c. 160-c. 230), 378
Teseide (Boccaccio), 11
Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths (474–526), 554
Theologia platonica (Ficino), 538
Thomas Aquinas, St. (c. 1225–74), 143, 537, 538, 539
Thomas of Sarzana, see Nicholas V, Pope
Thucydides (c. 470-c. 400 B.C.), 378
Tibaldi, Pellegrino (1527–96), 712
Tiepolo, Bajamente (d. c. 1329), 285
Tiepolo, Ginevra, 3rd wife of Giovanni Sforza, 429
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista (1696–1770), 683
Tintoretta (Marietta Robusti: 1560–90), 675, 676
Tintoretto (Domenico Robusti: 1565–1637), 675–676
Tintoretto (Iacopo Robusti: 1518–94), 295, 649, 650, 656, 668–677, 681, 682, 694
Bacchus and Ariadne, 673
Crucifixion, 672
Doges’ Palace frescoes, 675–676, 677
Glory of Paradise (Doges’ Palace), 675–676
Origin of the Milky Way, 673
portraits, 674
religious subjects in categories, 670*-671*
Scuola di San Marco frescoes, 669–670
Scuola di San Rocco frescoes, 671–673, 677
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731–94), 191
Titian (Tiziano Vecelli: 1477–1576), 198, 259, 295, 301, 305, 306–311, 312–313, 321. 331, 335, 501, 594, 651, 659, 661–668, 669, 670, 673, 677, 678, 679, 681, 684, 685, 722
Alfonso I d’Esté, 501
Pietro Aretino, 659, 666
l’Assunta, 310
Bacchus and Ariadne, 309
La Bella, 662
Burial of Christ, 661
Charles V, 661–662
doges’ portraits, 665
Francis I, 665
Isabella of Portugal, 663
Lavinia, 666
Man with a Glove, 665
Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, 664
mythological subjects, 664–665
Paul III, 662–663
Pesaro Family Madonna, 310
Philip II, 663
Presentation in the Temple, 663*
Ippolito Riminaldi (“Duke of Norfolk”), 666
Sacred and Profane Love, 308–309
self-portrait, 666
Supper at Emmaus, 664*
Tribute Money, 309
Venus of Pardo, 664
Venus of Urbino, 662
Tivoli, 714
Tomacelli, Pietro (c. 1335–1404), see Boniface IX, Pope
Tolstoi, Count Lev Nikolaevich (1828–1910), 220
Torbido, Francesco (c. 1483–1561), 325
Torelli, Barbara (1508), 270
Torelli, Ippolita (d. 1520), 346
Tornabuoni, Giovanni (1485), 135, 136
Tornabuoni, Lucrezia (1425–82), 585
Torre, Marcantonio della (1478–1511), 214, 222, 531
Torresano, Andrea (1479), 316, 317
Torrigiano, Pietro (1472–1522), 163–164, 464–465
Torriti, Iacopo (late 13th cent.), 91
Toscanelli, Paolo (1397–1482), 530
tournaments, 593, 595
town and country, 588
town planning, 263
Tractatus de bello (Giovanni da Legnano), 592
trade, 282, 283
trade routes, 686–687, 688
Traini, Francesco (14th cent.), 36
Trattato del governo della famiglia (Pandolfini), 587–588
Trattato della famiglia (Alberti), 587
Trattato… dell’ Orificeria (Cellini), 710
Traversari, Ambrogio (1386–1438), 78, 82, 84, 571
treachery, 591
Trent, Council of, 69, 529, 598, 645, 683, 689, 690–691
Treviso, 321
trionfi, 596
Trionfi (Petrarch), 38
Trissino, Gian (1478–1550), 508, 696*
Trivulzio, Gian Giacomo (1441–1518), 190, 214
Tromboncino, Bartolommeo (d. after 1550), 600–601
Tron, Niccolò, Doge of Venice (1462–71), 295
Tullia d’Aragona (1537), 577–578
Tura, Cosimo
(1430–95), 266–267, 452
Turin, 711
Turner, J. M. W. (1775–1851), 659
type design, 316–317
typhus, 534
U
Ubaldi, Baldo degli (c. 1327–1400), 592
Uccello, Paolo (1397–1475), 91, 99–100, 343
union of the Latin and Greek Churches, 370–371
universities, 4–5, 47, 50, 51, 85, 120, 145, 186, 262, 268–269, 334, 397, 407, 486, 531, 538, 539, 543, 600, 692, 711, 713
Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), Pope (1261–64), 51, 461–462, 610
Urban V (Guillaume de Grimoard), Pope (1362–70), 42, 52, 54, 57, 58–59, 64
Urban VI (Bartolommeo Prignano), Pope (1378–89), 15, 61, 64, 361–362
Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini), Pope (1623–44), 339
Urbino, 319, 341–345, 452, 518, 594
V
Vaga, Perino del (1501–47), 178, 472, 505, 632, 713, 714
Valla, Lorenzo (1406–57), 79, 80, 83, 103–104, 350–352, 353, 374, 378, 382, 387, 392, 537, 571
Valori, Francesco (1439–98), 152, 160
Valori, Niccolò (1492), 128
Vanini, Giulio Cesare (1585–1619), 539
Varano, Costanza (d. 1447), 582
Varano, Giulio Cesare (d. 1502), 419–420, 439
Varchi, Benedetto (1503–65), 77, 119
Varna, battle of, 371
Varoli, Costanzo (1543–75), 691, 693
Varro, Marcus Terentius (116–27 B.C.), 393
Vasari, Giorgio (1511–74), 25, 36, 67*, 87, 89, 96, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 128–129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139–140, 164, 199, 204, 205*, 206, 208, 214–215, 219, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 235, 239, 241, 246, 305, 322, 323, 325, 331, 336, 337, 398, 407, 468, 469, 499, 500, 503, 512, 513, 514–515, 640, 650, 654, 656, 663, 667, 700, 702, 703–705, 711, 712, 714, 716, 718, 720, 721
Vatican, 380, 622, 628
Appartamento Borgia, 380, 407
Belvedere, 450, 622
Library, 343, 377, 379, 393, 397, 488, 632
Museum, 406
Pauline Chapel, 714, 716
Sala Regia, 719
Sistine Chapel, 165, 234, 244, 245, 329, 397, 473–476, 601, 641; see also Michelangelo (Last Judgment; Sistine ceiling); St. Peter’s, Rome
Vaucluse, 7–8
Vecchietta (Lorenzo di Pietro: c. 1412–80), 237, 238
Velásquez, Diego Rodríguez de Silva y (1599–1660), 727
Vellano da Pádova (1488), 132
Vendramin, Andrea, Doge of Venice (1476–78), 295, 299
venereal disease, 441, 446
Venice, 39–41, 173, 263, 280, 423, 438, 443–444, 576, 577, 593, 614, 616–619, 633, 649–650, 651, 655, 656, 657, 658–83
passim, 684–685, 687–688
Ca d’Oro, 294
cathedral (former), 204
Frari, 40, 294–295, 310, 667–668
Grand Canal, 40, 289, 294, 649, 678