Jacobi, C.T., 535n
Jacobstein, Neil, 598n
Jacoby, Mitch, 536n
Jaffee, E. M., 554n
Jahnke, A., 575n
Jaiswal, J. K., 586n
Jansen, Jac J., 587n
Japan, life expectancy in, 408
Jefferson Airplane, 300, 315
Jenkins, D. E., 342
Jensen, R. J., 585n
jet engines, design of, 270, 271
jet propulsion, 138
Jobling, Mark A., 549n
Johanson, D., 502n
Johns Hopkins University, 398
Johnson, M., 553n
Johnson, R. Colin, 528n, 586n
Johnston, M. V., 539n
Joint Forces Command, U.S., Project Alpha of, 333
Jones, Douglas, 515n
Jones, Tanya, 598n
Joy, Bill, 12, 391, 394–395, 409, 411, 417, 595n, 598n
Joyce, Gerald F., 235–236
Judson, Horace F., 550n
Jung, Carl, 382
Jupiter, 280, 349
Justice Department, U.S., 284
Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 557n
Kaczynski, Ted, 32, 410, 411, 597n
Kahle, Brewster, 588n
Kahn, Ron, 303
Kalaugher, Liz, 528n
Kamat, Prashant V., 567n
Kandel, Eric R., 544n
Kanellos, Michael, 526n, 529n
Kanerva, Pentti, 172
Kant, Immanuel, 335
Kantor, Frederick W., 518n
Kapor, Mitch, 295
Kardashev, N. S., 344, 590n
Kasparov, Gary, 8, 275, 277–278, 292
Kass, D. A., 555n
Kass, Leon, 470
Katz, Lawrence, 523n, 539n
Kauffman, Stuart, 509n
Keklak, John, 580n
Keller, Helen, 341
Kelly, Jeffrey W., 550n
Kelly, T. Ross, 234, 560n
Kempermann, G., 177, 544n
Kempf, Karl, 513n
Kennedy, James, 589n
Kennedy, John F., 1, 401
Kennedy, Robert, 596n
Kentucky, University of, Institute for Molecular Manufacturing at, 240
Kephart, Thomas W., 356, 592n
Kevlar, 332
key events, of biological and technological evolution, 16–20, 17–20, 36, 501n–503n
canonical milestones, 19, 20, 502n
in “Countdown to Singularity” charts, 17–18, 17, 18, 501n
increase-in-complexity criteria for, 36–40, 507n
paradigm shifts for fifteen lists of, 18, 19, 501n–502n
punctuated equilibrium and, 44–45, 510n–511n
Kharif, Olga, 586n
kidneys, 223, 305, 418
Kim, J. J., 545n
Kim, Seong-Gi, 540n
kinematic cellular automata, 235
kinematic machine replication, 228, 229, 558n–559n
kinesthetic sensory management, 166
King, Neil, Jr., 598n
Klar, H., 575n
Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, 395
Klenow, Peter, 100, 525n
Klibanov, A. M., 239, 562n
Klimov, V. I., 566n
Kling, Ross D., 581n
Knapp, Louise, 565n
“knee of the curve,” 9, 10, 97, 154
Knight, Will, 528n, 530n, 534n, 589n
knowledge, 25, 341, 358, 375, 498n
backing up of, 323
brain limits and, 9
commonsense, 177, 267, 292
creation of, 300
downloading of, 300, 337
economy and, 96, 97
exponential growth of, 9, 73, 105, 302, 396
human learning of, 26, 293–294
information technologies’ encompassing of, 8, 85
information vs., 372, 375, 386
innate (instinct), 293–294
Internet access to, 26, 32, 261, 286
limits on pursuit of, 391
loss of, 372, 386
medical, 282, 283, 396
number of expert “chunks” of, 126
as pattern, 323, 386
personality uploading and, 124
respect for, 424
technology’s sharing of, 20, 26, 145, 202–203, 260
Koch, Christof, 194, 450, 532n, 538n, 600n
Koehler, Kenneth R., 505n
Kokinov, Boicho, 569n
Konarka, 250
Korean War, 330, 331
Kortum, Samuel, 524n
Koumura, N., 560n
Krag, Tomas, 533n
Kramer, Peter D., 169, 541n
Kramnik, Vladimir, 274–275, 277–278
Krauss, Lawrence, 590n
Krazit, Tom, 526n
Kristula, Dave, 516n
Kurzweil, Allen, 319, 587n
Kurzweil, Fredric, 1, 211
archive of, 326–327
as musician, 327, 339, 497n
Kurzweil, Hannah, 1, 2, 497n
Kurzweil, Ray (author), 504n, 505n, 544n, 548n, 550n, 580n, 582n, 592n, 593 n, 594n, 595n, 599n
biochemical programming of, 211–212
biological age of, 211
childhood of, 1–3
Chinese Room of, 465–466
congressional testimony of, 422
as cybernetic totalist, 380–381, 435
daughter of, 315
health of, 211, 225
information collecting of, 326–328
as inventor, 1, 2–3, 370, 497n
as materialist, 388, 394, 431, 473–474
as patternist, 5, 386, 388, 474
religious upbringing of, 1, 2
as Singularitarian, 368, 370–373
technology models of, 3
as technology optimist, 393, 395
virtual-reality persona experienced by, 314–315
as writer, 3, 370, 497n; see also specific books
KurzweilAI.net, 279, 489–490, 497n, 580n
Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI), 570n, 599n
Kurzweil Computer Products, 97, 570n
Kurzweil Education Systems, 337, 589n
Kurzweil Technologies, 282
Kurzweil Voice, 599n
Kurzweil Voice Report, 570n
Kwong, K. K., 540n
labor productivity, 100, 101
La Cerra, P., 539n
Lahn, Bruce T., 506n, 510n
Laino, Charlene, 581n
Lamina 1 neurons, 193, 314
laminar structures, 160
Lamm, Dick, 321
Lamoreaux, Steve K., 139–140, 537n
Landauer, Rolf, 130, 534n
language, 26, 260, 276
AI applications for, 286–288
brain region for, 173, 175, 190
evolutionary algorithms and, 92
origin of, 190
Rosetta Disk and, 588n
translation of, 288, 292, 313, 337
Turing test and, 272, 286, 288, 292, 295, 461, 464
written, 17, 18, 20, 36, 44, 48, 286, 338, 536n
see also Chinese Room analogy; speech recognition
Lanier, Jaron, 380, 386, 456, 469
criticism from software and, 435, 436, 440–441
on lock-in, 457
Lanza, R. P., 557n
laptop computers, 133–136, 337, 349, 362
laser light, computing with, 113, 119–120
Lasota, Jean-Pierre, 503n
Lassiter, L. K., 554n
Latif, Sajid, 336
Lauhon, L. J., 561n, 562n
Laurent, Gilles, 168
law, legal system, 374–375, 379, 416
law enforcement organizations, 413, 421
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 235
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 307, 533n, 585n
LDL cholesterol, 554n
learning, 120, 143, 152, 202, 260, 293–294, 317
AI and, 294
basis functions and, 179
computer, 146
&
nbsp; GNR impact on, 335–337, 589n
of handwriting movements, 181
neural, Hebb’s theories of, 156–157, 170–171
neural, Svoboda’s research on, 171–172
online, 300
to read, 175, 337, 589n
by robot scientists, 283
synaptic plasticity and, 169, 541n
of visual-spatial relationships, 175
“Leary, Timothy,” 31, 318, 368
LeDoux, Joseph, 169, 541n
Lee, Hyojune, 563n, 564n
Lee, San-Hee, 218–219
Leibniz, G. W., 167, 376, 458
Lenat, Doug, 267
Lenslet, 120
Lerner, Josh, 524n
leukemia, 215
Lewis, J. D., 554n
Li, Chao, 529n
Liao, Shiping, 235, 560n
Liao, Yihau, 575n
liberty, 421–422, 424
Libet, Benjamin, 191
libido, 318
libraries, 279, 393, 594n
Lie, Dieter C., 544n
Lieber, Charles M., 528n
Lien, Hsing-Lung, 567n
life, 86, 377, 501n
evolution of, 17, 18, 20, 47, 207–210
fragility of, 408
length of, 9, 13, 98, 141, 205, 210–215, 218–221, 241, 259, 302, 323–324, 338, 371, 372, 383, 408, 415
meaning of, 7, 311, 372, 470, 485
origins of, 15, 16, 17
purpose of, 370, 372
Life (game), 520n
light:
black hole and, 23, 486, 503n
computing with, 113, 119–120
foglets’ control of, 310
nanotechnology-based, 245, 252
light, speed of, 26, 41, 119, 133, 351–357, 520n
superseding of limit of, 21, 29, 139–140, 300, 353–356, 366, 503n, 511n
wormholes and, 354–356
Lindquist, Susan, 117, 176
linear growth:
of evolution, 18, 18, 501n
exponential growth vs., 8, 10–14, 10, 97–98, 108, 109, 137
Lineweaver, Charles H., 592n
Linux, 533n
Lipitor, 217
liposomes, 216
Lisberger, S. G., 545n
literature, 375, 498n
see also poetry
liver, 307
liver cells, 223, 557n
liver disease, 418
liver metastases, 552n
Llinas, Rodolfo, 189, 544n, 545n
Lloyd, Seth, 133–134, 342, 435, 451, 535n, 590n, 593n
on universe-scale computer, 364–365, 592n
Loan Arranger, 284
local optimization, 309
lock-in, criticism from, 429–430, 457–458
Loebner Prize contest, 294
logic, 119, 309, 481
limits to, 453–454
logic gates, 112, 121, 245, 530n, 538n
brain compared with, 446, 449–450
nanotubes as, 113, 114
reversible, 131–132, 244, 249, 434, 534n
Lohn, Jason, 281, 580n
Long, R. Q., 567n
longevity, human, 320–330, 371
Long Now Foundation, 328, 588n
Los Alamos National Lab, 139, 503n
love, 189, 389, 476, 485
boundaries and, 387
falling in, 26, 142, 382
remembering, 376
spindle cells and, 193, 194
Lovett, R., 553n
Lovley, Derek R., 248
Lowel, S., 176, 543n
Lucas, J. R., 259, 376
Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs of, 157
Lucy (Australopithecine), 509n
Ludd, Ned, 507n
“Ludd, Ned,” 31–33, 225–226, 298, 319, 367, 426
Luddites, 338, 341, 415, 507n
Ludwig Maximilians University, 235
lungs, 209, 216, 306
Lurie, Karen, 565n
Lyding, J. W., 562n, 563n
Lyman, Peter, 588n
lymph nodes, 217
macaque monkeys, 186, 193
McCabe, Thomas, 437, 600n
McCallum, John C., 515n
McCool, Joe, 582n
McCormick, Bruce H., 540n
McCrea, Keith, 567n
McCulloch, W. S., 155, 539n, 539n
McCulloch-Pitts neural-net model, 155, 170
Macer, Darryl, 267
McGill University, 242
McKibben, Bill, 391, 395, 410, 594n, 597n
McLuhan, Marshall, 14
MacRobert, Alan M., 590n
macrophages, robotic (microbivores), 254, 306
mad-cow disease, 116, 224, 543n, 549n
magic, 4–5, 388
magnetic field, 118, 119, 160, 161, 281
magnetic (disk-drive) memory, 76, 76
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 308
magnetic tape, 325
magnetoencephalography (MEG), 150, 158, 160, 186
magnetoresistance, 119
Magueijo, Joao, 592n
Maher, M. P., 548n
Mahowald, M. A., 547n
Makeig, Scott, 172, 542n
Malthus, Thomas, 427–428, 433–435
mammals, 17, 18, 20
brain matter added to, 16
embryos of, 556n
nervous system evolution in, 506n
spindle cells in, 192
see also specific mammals
Man and Superman (Shaw), 96
Mandelbrot set, 447–449, 450
MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer), 499n
Mann, David J., 562n
mannitol, 165
Mano, N., 565n, 585n
manufacturing, 250–251
law of accelerating returns and, 243
molecular, see molecular manufacturing
productivity growth and, 100–101, 101
robotics and, 276, 285–286
of silicon chips, 42, 119, 122
transistor, 60
Mao, F., 565n
Marcikic, I., 591n
Margolus, Norman, 518n
Markov, Andrei Andreyevich, 268
Markov chains, 268
Markov models, 89, 151, 152, 461, 481, 570n
defined, 539n
speech recognition and, 153, 268, 278
Mars, 280
Marshall, E., 552n
Marshall, Matt, 566n
Martin, Mike, 566n
Martinville, Léon Scott de, 52
Marx, Karl, 475
“Mass Use of Inventions” chart, 50, 512n
Masuoka, Fujio, 113
materialism, 388, 394, 431, 473–476
mathematics, 453–454
chaotic systems and, 151, 198, 449, 450
of complexity theory, 145, 151
existential risks and, 404
proofs in, 264, 283
singularity in, 22–23, 23, 485, 486
Mathematica (program), 89
Matick, Richard E., 515n
Matrioshka brain, 350–351
Matrix Semiconductor, 113
matter, 32, 33
black hole’s effect on, 7, 363
computational limits and, 72, 113, 128, 131, 133–134, 136–138, 300, 349–351, 427–428, 432, 434–435
as digital vs. analog, 14
information’s relationship with, 86, 87, 522n
nonbiological intelligence’s saturating of, 15, 21, 29, 45, 364, 375, 389, 511n
observed density of, 365, 592n
patterns of, 325, 383, 385, 431, 474
pico- and femtotechnology and, 138–139, 351
Matthews, Stephen, 539n
maturity stage, 52
Mauk, Michael D., 182–183, 545n
Max Planck Institute, 188, 195, 308, 313
Maya (illusion), 388
Maysinger, D., 564n
Mazur, Eric, 162–163
MCM-41, 252
Mead, Carver, 183, 440, 533n
analog-emulation-o
f-brain work of, 18, 126, 151, 189, 442, 533n, 538n, 545n, 547n
meaning:
as emergent pattern, 463–464
parity and, 190
meat, 224
mechanical devices, decrease in size of, 82, 82, 407
media:
technology controversy and, 393
war coverage by, 330, 331
medical diagnostic systems, 266–267
medical informatics, 265
medicine, 126, 214
AI applications in, 8, 276, 281–282
knowledge and, 282, 283, 396
nanotechnology and, 238, 242–243, 251, 253–255, 259, 300, 303–305, 377, 407
progress in, 411
regulation of, 373, 412–413, 416–417, 423
warfare compared with, 331
see also drugs; specific biotechnology practices
Medina, Javier F., 182–183, 545n
Medtronic MiniMed, 307, 530n, 585n, 586n
MEG, see magnetoencephalography
Melton, H. Keith, 580n
Meltzer, Martin I., 596n
Melymuka, Kathleen, 580n
memory, 48, 86, 316
brain and, 48, 126, 137, 138, 176, 523n
computational capacity compared with, 126–127
efficiency of, 136–138
Hebbian reverberatory, 156–157, 170–171
human longevity and, 329
learning vs., 541n
long-term, 157, 172, 175–176, 188, 543n, 544n
repression of, 176–177, 544n
short-term (working), 170, 175
in soma, 170–171
storage device for, 176
synapses and, 169, 170–171, 175–176, 200, 541n, 543n, 544n
of threatening stimuli, 541n
uploading of, 199
memory, computer, 3, 26, 135, 261, 481–482
cost of, 126
law of accelerating returns and, 57–58, 57, 58, 59, 64–65, 75–76, 75, 76, 96, 102, 436
long-term, 158–159
magnetic (disk-drive), 76, 76
molecular computing and, 115
nanotubes in storage of, 113–115
random access, see RAM
spintronics and, 118–119
storage issues and, 327–329, 588n
memory, flash, 54, 113, 115, 116
memory banks, 312
memory cells, based on atoms, 121
MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems) technology, 133, 238, 247, 306, 421
Mencken, H. L., 369
meritocracy, 472
Merkle, Ralph, 229, 230, 240, 400, 412, 559n, 560n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 595n, 598n
Merzenich, Michael, 174, 542n
mesh (peer-to-peer, many-to-many, and “multihop”) networks, 125, 280, 533n
Mesopotamia, 536n
“MEST” (matter, energy, space, and time) compression, 24
meteors, 398
methane (CH4), 400
methanol, 247
Meyerson, Bernard, 519n, 529n
mice:
beta-catenin overproduction in, 505n
brain-scanning experiments in, 161–162, 171–172
neurogenesis in, 177
robustly rejuvenated, 213
weight gain prevented in, 11–12, 303
microarrays (gene chips), 214–215, 552n